Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Big data in COVID‑19 surveillance system: A commentary

. Maryam Jahanbakhsh; . Hasan Ashrafi‑Rizi; . Majid Jangi; . Mohammad Sattari

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-2

Abstract

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Impact of stoma on lifestyle and health‑related quality of life in patients living with stoma: A cross‑sectional study

. Deena Davis; . Lakshmi Ramamoorthy; . Biju Pottakkat

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-6

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  INTRODUCTION: A person with colostomy or ileostomy undergoes a comprehensive treatmentwith a wide range of adjustments which affect the individual’s social and psychological functioning.Quality ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: A person with colostomy or ileostomy undergoes a comprehensive treatmentwith a wide range of adjustments which affect the individual’s social and psychological functioning.Quality of life (QOL) is a subjective feeling which includes physical, social, psychological, and spiritualdomains of an individual that can be affected by a stoma.AIM: This study is aimed at identifying the QOL and impact of stoma on their lifestyle pattern amongostomates attending stoma outpatient department of gastroenterology department of a governmenttertiary care center in South India during 2018.METHODS: A descriptive study using a cross‑sectional survey design was conducted among 55ostomates, following consecutive sampling technique. The data were collected using a City of HopeQOL Questionnaire for Ostomy patients which had QOL Assessment Questions from four subdomainsincluding physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. This tool also had open‑endedquestions on lifestyle assessment components.RESULTS: 63.6% of the participants had colostomy; 72.7% of the stomas were due to cancer. Themean QOL score of the participants was 4.13 ± 1.07. The ostomates scored relatively well in bothphysical (5.68 ± 1.76) and spiritual (4.32 ± 1.36) domains, but the sociological (2.85 ± 1.3) domain scorewas very low. Permanent ostomates scored significantly higher than the temporary ostomates (P = 0.04).CONCLUSION: The QOL score of ostomates was less than the scores reported in the Westernpopulation and living with stoma significantly alters their lifestyle. Therefore, follow‑up services andcounseling services to the ostomates by the health‑care professionals are needed.

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The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on osteoarthritis‑preventive behaviors in middle‑aged women

. Ensiyeh Norozi; . Fatemeh Nazari; . Mitra Moodi

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND AIM: Arthritis is the most common type of arthritis in people over 40 years.This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention on the prevention ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND AIM: Arthritis is the most common type of arthritis in people over 40 years.This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention on the prevention of arthritisamong middle‑aged women using the health belief model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized controlled field trial. The study populationwas women aged 29–59 years who referred to health centers in Birjand. Seventy‑three women wereselected by a systematic random sampling method and were randomly divided into intervention (n = 36)and control (n = 37) groups. The data collection tool was a researcher‑made questionnaire. Datawere analyzed using the Chi‑square test, Fisher’s exact test, t‑test, repeated‑measures ANOVA, andBonferroni post hoc test. As for the cases where the data were not normally distributed, the Friedmannonparametric test, Mann–Whitney U‑test, and Wilcoxon post hoc tests were used.RESULTS: In the intervention group, the mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity,benefits, self–efficacy, and behavior significantly increased, and the mean score of perceived barrierssignificantly decreased after the intervention (≤0.001). In the control group, there were significantdifferences in the mean scores of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived self‑efficacy,and performance after an intervention (P ≤ 0.001). However, this increase was significantly higherin the intervention group than in the control group.CONCLUSION: Based on the present study and according to the positive impact of the educationalintervention based on the health belief model on the prevention of arthritis, it is recommended to usethis theory in educational programs to prevent arthritis.

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Academic procrastination and self‑efficacy among a group of dental undergraduate students in Malaysia

. Eswara Uma; . Chia Hua Lee; . Siti Nor Hidayu Binti Mohd Shapiai; . Anis Nabila Binti Mat Nor; . Htoo Htoo Kyaw Soe; . Eby Varghese

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Undergraduate dental students have to do multiple tasks as part of their extensivecurriculum in order to achieve the proficiencies expected of them. During the course of ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Undergraduate dental students have to do multiple tasks as part of their extensivecurriculum in order to achieve the proficiencies expected of them. During the course of their study, atendency to procrastinate and question their self‑efficacy is detrimental for the students. The aim ofthis study was to evaluate the level of procrastination and self‑efficacy and its related factors amongdental undergraduate students.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted among all (n = 361)consented dental undergraduate students of our dental school. A twenty‑item Lay’s ProcrastinationScale for student population and a ten‑item General Self‑Efficacy Scale were used for the study aftergetting institutional ethical approval. The quantitative data were explained using descriptive statistics.Independent sample t‑test and ANOVA were used to determine the association between self‑efficacy,academic procrastination, and genders and academic years. Pearson correlation coefficient was usedto determine the association between self‑efficacy and procrastination. Multiple linear regressionanalysis was performed to determine the related factors to academic procrastination.RESULTS: High procrastination (score ≥62) was seen among 28.5% of students. The meanself‑efficacy score was 29.5. There was no significant difference between genders for procrastinationscores (P = 0.835) and between academic years (P = 0.226). Males showed significantly moreself‑efficacy (P < 0.001), and self‑efficacy did not show any significant difference (P = 0.204) betweenacademic years though a tendency for year 5 students to have lower self‑efficacy scores was observed.Academic procrastination was negatively correlated with self‑efficacy (r = −0.238 and P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: For dental undergraduates who have cognitive load as well as work associatedwith patients, procrastination and self‑efficacy are negatively correlated.

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Education promotion based on “mobile technology” in the Critical Care Nursing Department: Four‑phase intervention

. Somayeh Ghafari; . Ahmadreza Yazdannik; . Shahla Mohamadirizi

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of students’ clinical performance is an essential part of nursingeducation. Mobile technology is one of the new methods of evaluation that has opened ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of students’ clinical performance is an essential part of nursingeducation. Mobile technology is one of the new methods of evaluation that has opened a new horizonfor nursing professors. Therefore, this study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate mobile healthtechnology in critical care nursing department in four‑phase intervention.METHODS: This study was a four‑stage educational intervention in which all postgraduate studentsof intensive care nursing in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences participated in the study. The foursteps were designing and developing a logbook, needs assessment, designing and implementingan Android app, and evaluating users (students) of the Android app. Subjects' satisfaction scoreswere collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 14 questions. Data were analyzed usingSPSS 14 software.RESULTS: In this study, a clinical practice evaluation app was designed at four levels ofaccess (student, professor, department manager, and faculty dean). The results showed that morethan half of app users reported this technology in terms of an overall response to the tool (87.5%),tool specificity (100%), the amount of information displayed (75%), page layout (62.5%), informationrate (75%), recall information (87.5%), and ease of doing instructions (100%) were positive.CONCLUSION: Evaluation of clinical practice using technology was associated with increasingstudents’ satisfaction with evaluation method. In addition, this application enabled the simultaneousinteraction between the professor with the higher and lower ranks, including the department managerand student and vice versa and the simultaneous recording of this interaction.

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A study of 0‑14‑year‑old children’s access to health centers in rural areas using a buffer model (a case study of villages based in Kermanshah province, Iran)

. Ali Almasi; . Alireza Zangeneh; . Shahram Saeidi; . Razie Toghroli; . Raziyeh Teimouri; . Akram Sadat Hoseini; . Neda Kinipour; . Fatemeh Mahmoodi; . Kobra Gholami Kiaee

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-4

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Children are among the most vulnerable groups in society, whose health is ofprominent significance. Moreover, as a group of clients with special needs in the health care ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Children are among the most vulnerable groups in society, whose health is ofprominent significance. Moreover, as a group of clients with special needs in the health care system,they require special attention. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the 0–14‑year‑oldchildren’s access to health centers in rural areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present cross‑sectional study, both the latest publisheddemographic statistics related to the Population and Housing Census, announced by the StatisticalCenter of Iran in 2011, and the information about the public and private hospitals in the province,collected by Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, were used as the basis for the analyses.In addition, given the importance of the spatial nature of the research, geographic information systemwas used for data analysis, and a buffer model was also applied.RESULTS: The results revealed that out of the total population of 0–14‑year‑old children residing inrural areas within 15,000 and 30,000‑km radii of Kermanshah Province, 87.94% and 75.11% of girlsversus 88.15% and 75.38% of boys lacked access to health centers, respectively.CONCLUSION: It was found out that the 0–14‑year‑old children’s access to health centers was in poorcondition in rural areas of Kermanshah Province, which would endanger the health of this age group.

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The Health Disparities Field Experience: College students and community health workers in the field

. Ernesto A. Moralez; . Beti Thompson; . Kaitlin Englund; . Marilyn Drennan; . Nicole Mandall; . Helena Loest

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

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  CONTEXT: Immersing students studying health promotion and disease prevention into communitysettings facing health disparities is an essential supplement to their academic experience. ...  Read More CONTEXT: Immersing students studying health promotion and disease prevention into communitysettings facing health disparities is an essential supplement to their academic experience. As partof many public health professions, these students will likely need to understand the values andbeliefs of different cultures so that decisions of appropriate health promotion and treatment can bemade equitably. This paper evaluates an education immersion program that was part of a NationalCancer Institute funded collaboration supporting the recruitment and training of university students incancer research. The primary aim of the Health Disparities Field Experience (HDFE) was to facilitatean experience for students pursuing a health‑related degree to understand the conceptual issuesin border/rural health and the cultural contexts related to health disparities among medically andfinancially indigent populations in the region.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted using qualitative research methods usinga variation of the content analysis approach using open codes to categorize the data. Six studentswere selected to participate in the HDFE (five graduate students and one undergraduate) and all sixof the participants completed pre‑ and post‑test surveys.RESULTS: From the analysis of the data, posttest qualitative responses indicated that threeparticipants saw racism as a primary cause of cancer‑related disparities, a change from theirpretest responses. When asked about the personal impact of the HDFE, respondents mentionedthe importance of the experiential component.CONCLUSIONS: Participants learned about health disparities from the HDFE and expressed highsatisfaction with this approach to education.

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Identifying the prerequisites, facilitators, and barriers in improving adolescents’ mental health literacy interventions: A systematic review

. Azita Shahraki Mohammadi; . Sirous Panahi; . Azadeh Sayarifard; . Ahmad Ashouri

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  The present study aimed at identifying the prerequisites, facilitators, and barriers to adolescentmental health literacy interventions. To that end, databases PsycINFO, Science Direct, ...  Read More The present study aimed at identifying the prerequisites, facilitators, and barriers to adolescentmental health literacy interventions. To that end, databases PsycINFO, Science Direct, Scopus,Emerald, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were systematically searched, out of which39 articles that had the inclusion criteria were analyzed by the content analysis. Databases searchedfrom September 30, 2018, to October 10, 2018, with the keywords “health literacy,” “mental healthliteracy,” “mental disorders,” adolescents, students, and more. Seven themes were identified as theprerequisites for interventions to improve adolescents’ mental health literacy including education at theschool level, parents’ education, training of trainers and providers, cooperation and participation amongproviders, intervention assessment and monitoring, provision of educational content, considerationof the cultural and linguistic issues. Five themes were identified as facilitators: using interactivelearning and teaching methods, supplying diverse and stimulating educational content, employingtrainers with different backgrounds, having direct contact with people with mental illness, and utilizingtechnological advancements in education. Finally, short‑time intervention, the collaboration betweenschool administrators and researchers, lack of valid information sources were identified as barriers.

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Attitude towards mobile learning among resident doctors involved in undergraduate medical education at a government medical college in Delhi, India

. Saurav Basu; . Yamini Marimuthu; . Nandini Sharma; . Pragya Sharma; . Navya Gangadharan; . Sahadev Santra

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition of the role of mobile learning (M‑learning) forundergraduate (UG) academic education and teaching purposes, but teacher attitudes toward itcan ...  Read More BACKGROUND: There is growing recognition of the role of mobile learning (M‑learning) forundergraduate (UG) academic education and teaching purposes, but teacher attitudes toward itcan be variable.OBJECTIVE: To determine the attitudes toward the incorporation of M‑learning methods for UGmedical education among resident doctors at a government medical college in Delhi, India.METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted for 3‑months duration (2019) among 60 finalyear junior and senior resident doctors. The participants were selected from all the preclinical andparaclinical department, and one clinical department selected randomly based on the probabilityproportion to size method. The data was collected using self‑administered instruments including themodified 20‑item M‑learning Perception Scale (MLPS).RESULTS: Social media (36.7%) and instant messaging platforms (85%) were routinely used by theparticipants for exchanging academic (medical) and health‑related information. The mean score for allthe MLPS item responses was >3, indicating positive attitudes toward M‑Learning. The participantsexpressed maximum agreement with the views stating M‑Learning can “supplement traditionalteaching,” was “reliable for personal use,” and “improves the quality of lessons.” The responses ofthose participants having preexisting familiarity with health information and education portals, andthose aware of massive open online courses correlated significantly with higher MLPS scores.CONCLUSION: M‑learning is visualized as an increasingly relevant teaching and learning mediumby early‑career resident doctors involved in UG medical education in India.

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Creativity and its determinants among medical students

. Mohammad Amiri; . Ahmad Khosravi; . Reza Chaman; . Zakieh Sadeghi; . Mehdi Raei

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

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  INTRODUCTION: The ultimate goal of education at all levels is the ability to generate and fosterstudents’ creativity. This study aimed at determining and comparing creativity ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The ultimate goal of education at all levels is the ability to generate and fosterstudents’ creativity. This study aimed at determining and comparing creativity and its influencingfactors among medical students.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this cross‑sectional study conducted in 2019, 720 medical studentsin Shahroud public and private universities were selected and studied through stratified clusterrandom sampling. Data were collected using the Guilford Creativity Questionnaire. The data wereanalyzed using Chi‑square, Pearson correlation coefficient, t‑test, and multiple logistic regressionwith a significance level of 0.05.RESULTS: The mean creativity score of the students was 131.4 ± 13.8. The mean creativity scores onthe fluency, elaboration, originality, and flexibility dimensions were 49.2 ± 5.3, 22.1 ± 3.4, 34.8 ± 4.7,and 25.4 ± 3.5, respectively. In terms of creativity levels, 75.2% of the students (n = 542) hadmoderate creativity and 23.8% (n = 171) had high creativity. A significant relationship was observedbetween creativity and educational level (P = 0.006). Multiple logistic regression results showed thateducational level with an odds ratio of 0.59 was associated with a decreased chance of creativity.CONCLUSION: Most of the students had moderate creativity. Moreover, among the factors examinedin this study, variables other than the field of the study and educational level had no significant effecton students’ creativity. Therefore, using collaborative and cooperative learning and problem‑basedlearning strategies, teachers’ critical thinking styles, establishing teamwork groups, concept mapping,and using innovative and creative teaching methods can help to enhance students’ creativity.

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The effect of theory‑based educational intervention on correct principles of manual material handling among men

. Farough Mohammadian; . Zahra Sadat Asadi; . Mohsen Moradinia; . Reza Tajik; . Rasoul Abhar; . Manijeh Soleimanifar

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-9

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  BACKGROUND: Changing human behavior for the purposes of improving the way people workis an integral part of most educational interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Changing human behavior for the purposes of improving the way people workis an integral part of most educational interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of amodel based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on correct principles of manual materialhandling (MMH) among male soldiers.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was a quasi‑experimental, pretest‑posttest research witha control group. Furthermore, 140 soldiers, from an area located in the city of Bandar Abbas, Iran,were selected through a simple random sampling and they were divided into two groups: interventionand control (70 subjects in each group). The data were collected using a three‑part questionnaireincluding demographic information, the theory constructs, and MMH behavior. The intervention groupwas given the relevant education, and after 2 months, the both groups were evaluated.RESULTS: Based on regression analysis, attitude toward behavior and perceived behavioral controlwere predictors for correct principles of MMH. There were significant differences between the meanscores of the theory constructs before and after the education in intervention group (P < 0.001);however, no significant differences were observed in the theory constructs in the control groupafter the intervention. Before the education, the mean score of MMH of the intervention groupwas 38.30 ± 6.45; but after, the education, this changed into 44.20 ± 6.01, and significantlyincreased (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Educational intervention based on the TPB was effective in improving behavior forcorrect MMH in soldiers. Thus, the use of such educational programs according to the constructs ofthe planned behavior theory is recommended.

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Improving menopausal symptoms and reducing depression in postmenopausal women: Effectiveness of transferring experiences in group education

. Shervin‑Sadat Hashemian; . Soghra Masom‑Alipour; . Arash Najimi

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-6

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  INTRODUCTION: One of the most critical stages of women’s lives is menopause. Meanwhile,group training can have a significant effect on reducing menopausal symptoms. The aim of ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: One of the most critical stages of women’s lives is menopause. Meanwhile,group training can have a significant effect on reducing menopausal symptoms. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the effectiveness of group training on reducing menopausal symptoms inpostmenopausal women.METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled trial. The study population was 96 postmenopausalwomen visiting health centers in the city of Shazand (Markazi Province, Iran). Data collection toolsin this study were the Menopausal Rating Scale Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory.Group training intervention consisted of four training sessions. The duration of each session was2 h. The questionnaires were completed in two stages of pre‑ and post‑test (8 weeks later) for theintervention and control groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (absolute and relativefrequency, mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (independent t‑test, paired t‑test,and analysis of covariance).RESULTS: The mean age in the intervention group and the control group was 49.93 ± 3.44and 51.66 ± 2.93 years, respectively. In the intervention group, the mean menstrual time was2.37 ± 167 years and in the control group, the mean time elapsed from the last menstrualperiod was 3.91 ± 2.68 years. The mean scores of menopausal physical symptoms (F = 58.69),menopausal symptoms (F = 43.45), menopausal urinary and genital symptoms (F = 33.50), anddepression (F = 58.25) had a significant decrease in intervention group, while in the control group,these changes were not significant (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Regarding the findings of this study, which indicates the effect of group trainingprogram on the improvement of physical, psychological, urinary and genital symptoms, andmenopausal depression, it seems that group training in menopause can be an effective method.

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Effect of information, motivation, and behavioral skills model on adherence to medication, diet, and physical activity in HIV/ADIS patients: A health promotion strategy

. Mahboobe Ameri; . Ehsan Movahed; . Jamileh Farokhzadian

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Adherence to treatment is one of the major challenges in patients with HIV/ADIS. Ifthe patients do not adhere, they will face recurrent consequences, such as disease progression. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Adherence to treatment is one of the major challenges in patients with HIV/ADIS. Ifthe patients do not adhere, they will face recurrent consequences, such as disease progression. Theaim of this study was to investigate the effect of information, motivation, and behavioral Skills (IMB)model on medication adherence, diet adherence, and physical activity in HIV/ADIS patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This interventional study was conducted on 122 patients with 20 yearsof age and over with HIV/AIDS in Kerman City, Iran, in 2018. A total of patients were selected bycensus method and categorized into the intervention and control groups. Later, a researcher‑madequestionnaire on IMB was used before and 3 months after the intervention to assess medicationadherence, diet adherence, and physical activity .The intervention study consisted of at least 8training sessions (90 min) over a 12‑week period.RESULTS: In adherence to medication, information (P = 0.034) and personal motivation (P = 0.003)constructs and in adherence to diet, information (P = 0.025), personal motivation (P = 0.001),self‑efficacy (P = 0.010), and skills (P = 0.011) were significantly different between the two groupsafter the intervention (P = 0.011). However, regarding the adherence to physical activity, no significantdifference was found between the two groups after the intervention.CONCLUSIONS: The IMB model can be effective in promoting the diet adherence in HIV/AIDSpatients. In this regard, more qualitative and quantitative studies are recommended on the adherenceto medication and physical activity.

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Service learning experiences of doctor of physical therapy students with a severe mental illness population

. Sean Karyczak; . Ann A. Murphy; . Michelle Zechner; . Ellen Z. Anderson; . Anthony Zazzarino

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-6

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  INTRODUCTION: Physical therapists provide important services to improve physical health forthe general population; however, physical therapy interventions are less utilized with underservedpopulations ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Physical therapists provide important services to improve physical health forthe general population; however, physical therapy interventions are less utilized with underservedpopulations such as those with severe mental illness (SMI). The quality of services for thesepopulations is impacted in part by negative provider attitudes and lack of preparation to work withthe SMI population. This study examined the impact of structured educational field experience on thephysical therapist’s attitudes and knowledge about working with the SMI population. This will informfuture educational practices to best prepare students to provide quality of healthcare to the population.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven graduates of a doctor of physical therapy (DPT) programfrom a Mid‑Atlantic University in the United States who participated in an SMI service‑learning (SL)experience completed a semi‑structured qualitative interview in 2016. Questions about how theexperience impacted their current work were asked. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed,and examined using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Coding and investigator triangulationwere conducted. All interviews reached thematic saturation.RESULTS: The graduated DPT students reported attitudinal changes toward people with SMI throughqualitative interviews. They reported an improvement in their skills, greater competence to work withthe SMI population, and an increased focus in the use of person‑centered services.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that DPT students gain an understanding of boththe SMI population and themselves during SL. Using SL as part of the DPT educational curriculumcan offer students and the opportunity to build confidence in working with the SMI population. SLcan also improve their skills and attitudes toward the population, key areas that are identified asbarriers to receiving quality physical healthcare among the SMI population.

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Epidemiologic assessment of self‑concept and academic self‑efficacy in Iranian high school students: Multilevel analysis

. Zahra Hosseinkhani; . Hamidreza Hassanabadi; . Mahboubeh Parsaeian; . Saharnaz Nedjat

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

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  INTRODUCTION: In social cognitive theory, self‑efficacy and self‑concept (SC) have been introducedas important constructs that associate with adolescents’ achievements. The ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: In social cognitive theory, self‑efficacy and self‑concept (SC) have been introducedas important constructs that associate with adolescents’ achievements. The aim of this study wasto investigate the determinant factors of academic self‑efficacy (ASE) and SC in Iranian high schoolstudents based on the multilevel analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive‑analytical cross‑sectional study, 1740 studentsfrom 53 high schools selected with stratified random sampling method in 2018 in Qazvin,Iran. Data collection tools were the Morgan and Jinks Self‑Efficacy Scale and the Piers‑HarrisChildren’s  SC Scale‑Second Edition. The association between some of the students and schoolvariables with ASE and SC was analyzed by hierarchical linear regression models.RESULTS: The score of the students’ standardized ASE was lower than SC. ASE and SC had astrong positive significant association with economic status, grade point average, and the educationalperiod of high school. Sex had no association with any of them. Physical activity had a positivesignificant association with SC but was no found association by ASE.CONCLUSION:  These findings revealed that for improving the adolescents’ ASE and SC should beattention to the adolescents’ family condition and school‑related factors. Proper educational, sports,and supportive programs can be effective on the adolescents’ self‑efficacy and SC.

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Needs assessment of the public health curriculum based on the first‑level health services package in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

. Pari Moradi; . Athar Omid; . Nikoo Yamani

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: After graduation, public health students should be able to work as health caregivers providing first‑level health care services. Therefore, the educational objectives ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: After graduation, public health students should be able to work as health caregivers providing first‑level health care services. Therefore, the educational objectives of public healthbachelor’s programs should ensure that they acquire the capabilities necessary for this purpose.This study identified the educational objectives that are essential for these students and comparedthem with the current curriculum in Isfahan, Iran.METHODS: This needs assessment study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, theessential educational objectives were identified using a qualitative approach, which involved eightfocus group discussions held by a group consisting of experts of the public health headquarters andpublic health network administration offices of Isfahan province and the public health graduatesworking in the province’s comprehensive health service centers, who were chosen using the purposivesampling method (n = 59). In the second phase, a comparative study was performed by turning thelist of essential educational objectives into a checklist and using it to compare these objectives withthe objectives in the current course plan in the examined curriculum. In the end, a list of educationalobjectives not included in the current curriculum of the public health bachelor’s program was created.RESULTS: The focus group discussions produced 433 educational objectives in the cognitivedomain, 79 objectives in the affective domain, and 179 objectives in the psychomotor domain, whichwere arranged in eight competency categories. Comparison of the essential educational objectiveswith the current curriculum showed that the current curriculum does not cover any of the essentialobjectives regarding care for the age groups of 18–29 and 30–59 and the first aid and only partiallycovers essential objectives in other competency categories.CONCLUSION: This study found that considering the requirements of first‑level health servicesand the tasks expected from public health graduates to be providing these services, the currentcurriculum does not cover all essential learning objectives and should be revised to meet additionalessential educational objectives.

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Psychosocial and stress-related risk factors for abnormal menstrual cycle pattern among adolescent girls: A case-control study

. Nishu Jha; . Ajeet Singh Bhadoria; . Yogesh Bahurupi; . Kanchan Gawande; . Bhavna Jain; . Jaya Chaturvedi; . Surekha Kishore

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Menstruation is a normal physiological process among reproductive age groupfemales. Although some of them show the abnormal menstrual pattern, which is influenced byseveral ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Menstruation is a normal physiological process among reproductive age groupfemales. Although some of them show the abnormal menstrual pattern, which is influenced byseveral factors, including sociodemographic status, psychosocial stress, improper sleep level,etc. The identification of these risk factors associated with abnormal menstrual patterns may permitrisk stratification among adolescent girls. This study was planned to determine various factors whichdepict menstrual cycle pattern among adolescent girls in urban India.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A school‑based case–control study was carried out in urban Indiafrom May to December 2019. Urban locality and schools were randomly selected, and data werecollected in two phases. Adolescent girls in the age group of 10–19 years studying in governmentand private (both Hindi medium and English medium) schools of urban India were screened for theabnormal menstrual pattern. Equal numbers of age‑matched controls were also enrolled. Data werecollected with the help of self‑administered predesigned pretested semi‑structured questionnaire.Chi‑square test, Fisher’s exact test, unpaired t‑test, and McNemar tests were used to analyze datausing SPSS version 23.0.RESULTS: A total of 100 cases and 100 age‑matched controls (mean age 14.8 ± 1.5 years) wereincluded in the study, almost half of the cases and controls have normative menarche. Impropersleep patterns increased stress levels, and low education status of mothers show statisticallysignificant (P = 0.047) association with abnormal menstrual patterns.CONCLUSION: More stress, improper sleep levels, and low education status of mothers amongschool‑going adolescent girls were strongly associated with abnormal menstrual patterns with moresymptoms during menstruation.

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Effect of a mobile application intervention on knowledge, attitude and practice related to healthy marriage among youth in Iran

. Sahebjan Torkian; . iroozeh Mostafavi; . Asiyeh Pirzadeh

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Mobile app education is one of the new educational models. Hence, the purposeof this study was to determine the effectiveness of mobile app intervention on knowledge, attitude,and ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Mobile app education is one of the new educational models. Hence, the purposeof this study was to determine the effectiveness of mobile app intervention on knowledge, attitude,and practice of youth for a healthy marriage.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted in 2019 on 88 youngpeople who were selected by simple random sampling in premarital counseling center of Falavarjancity (Isfahan). Then, participants were randomly allocated to an intervention and a control group.Mobile application intervention was installed on the intervention group’s mobiles. Data were collectedby questionnaire in two times. Data were analyzed using paired t‑test and independent t‑test.RESULTS: The mean (Standard deviation) of couples’ age was 21.11 (5.06) years. The resultsshowed that after the installation of educational consulting app in the intervention group, the meanscore of knowledge (P = 0.001), attitude (P = 0.001), and practice (P = 0.001) after intervention weresignificantly higher than before the intervention.CONCLUSION: Mobile‑based educational and counseling app increases couples’ knowledge,attitude, and practice in premarital education. Therefore, it is recommended that this type ofeducation (mobile app) be used to promote premarriage education classes.

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The gap in the clinical learning environment: The viewpoints of nursing students

. Mohammadreza Yazdankhahfard; . Maryam Ravanipour; . Kamran Mirzaei

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The clinical environment is an essential and irreplaceable resource in preparingnursing students for their professional role. Despite many changes that occur in the clinical ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The clinical environment is an essential and irreplaceable resource in preparingnursing students for their professional role. Despite many changes that occur in the clinical learningenvironment (CLE), these environments remain important to nurse training. With regard to theimportance of students’ viewpoints in the evaluation of CLE, this study was performed to thedetermination of nursing students’ viewpoint of the actual and preferred CLE at Bushehr Universityof Medical Sciences in Iran 2013.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross‑sectional analytic study, due to the small size of theresearch population, all nursing students (86 students) of Bushehr University of Medical Sciencesin Iran who had passed at least one clinical course were selected through the census. Participantswere invited to complete anonymously the actual and preferred Farsi versions of the CLE Inventoryconsisting of 42 items originally developed by Professor Chan (2001). Data were analyzed usingfrequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, and paired t‑test.RESULTS: The results indicated that there were significant differences between students’ perceptionsof the actual and the preferred CLE (P < 0.001). The highest and lowest mean scores of actual CLEbelonged to student involvement and individualization, respectively, and the highest and lowest meanscores of preferred CLE belonged to task orientation and individualization, respectively.CONCLUSION: In general, students prefer a more positive CLE than what they actually haveexperience and would prefer an environment with higher levels of clarification of personalization,student Involvement, satisfaction, task orientation, innovation, and individualization.

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Assessing sexual and reproductive health dimensions tools in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus with regard to Consensus‑based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments checklist

. Nasrin Azimi; . Abbas Ebadi; . Hamid Alavi Majd; . Assadollah Rajab; . Giti Ozgoli

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  A valid tool is of paramount importance in determining women’s sexual and reproductive healthstatus, meeting their health needs, and recognizing the effectiveness of some interventions. ...  Read More A valid tool is of paramount importance in determining women’s sexual and reproductive healthstatus, meeting their health needs, and recognizing the effectiveness of some interventions. Thisreview study aimed to assess sexual and reproductive health dimensions tools in women with type1 diabetes mellitus with regard to Consensus‑based Standards for the selection of health statusMeasurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. In this review study, in addition to Iranian databases(MagIran, Sid, Irandoc), non‑Iranian databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science)and Google Scholar search engine were considered. The mentioned databases were searchedfor articles in English and Persian published within 2000–2019, using the search strategy for eachdatabase and Boolean operators along with appropriate keywords according to the MESH term.Articles with nonresearcher‑made tools measuring the sexual and reproductive health conceptsand dimensions were included in the present study. Afterward, the psychometric properties of thetools were assessed according to the COSMIN checklist. In the selected articles, there were 14psychometrically valid tools to be assessed from 151 articles containing the sexual and reproductivehealth dimensions; among which, seven tools were evaluated with regard to COSMIN. None ofthe tools also had all the features noted in COSMIN. Moreover, all the concerned scales were notinterpretable and accountable; however, a majority of them had internal consistency and constructvalidity. In this study, there was no valid and specific tool for measuring sexual‑reproductive healthstatus in this population group. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a valid tool according to thedimensions and needs of specific reproductive health in type 1 diabetes.

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Comparison of self‑medication practices with analgesics among undergraduate medical and paramedical students of a tertiary care teaching institute in Central India – A questionnaire‑based study

. Chaitali Ashish Chindhalore; . Ganesh Natthuji Dakhale; . Akhil B Giradkar

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Inappropriate self‑medication can increase chances of adverse drug reactions, diseaseaggravation, or drug interactions. Analgesics are most commonly used as self‑medication.AIMS: ...  Read More CONTEXT: Inappropriate self‑medication can increase chances of adverse drug reactions, diseaseaggravation, or drug interactions. Analgesics are most commonly used as self‑medication.AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare analgesic self‑medication practices amongmedical and paramedical undergraduate students of a tertiary care teaching institute in Central India.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional, observational study was conducted in 216undergraduate medical (MBBS and BDS) and paramedical (occupational therapy/physiotherapyand BSc nursing) students. A predesigned, self‑developed, semi‑structured questionnaire was used.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The Chi‑square test was used for testing statistical significance.RESULTS: The overall prevalence of self‑medication with analgesics was 83.33%. Self‑medicationwas significantly high among medical students as compared to paramedical students (P = 0.003).Significantly more medical students were aware about adverse drug reactions of analgesics ascompared to paramedical students (P = 0.019). The most common source of information aboutdrugs was previous prescription (58.33%), followed by media including the Internet (53.70%). Themost dominant symptom compelling self‑medication was found to be muscular pain (42.12%),followed by headache (36.57%). 54.16% of the students revealed that self‑medication providesquick relief from pain. The most commonly used analgesic was paracetamol (82.40%), followedby diclofenac (22.68%). A significant number of paramedical students do not know exactly whatprecautions should be taken while taking analgesics (P = 0.002).CONCLUSIONS: Medical students are more indulged in self‑medication practices with analgesics.Paramedical students need to be educated regarding safe use of analgesics.

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Designing a truth-based communication model in patient ethical care process

. Alireza Nikbakht Nasrabadi; . Soodabeh Joolaee; . Elham Navab; . Maryam Esmaeilie; . Mahboobeh Shali; . Neda Sheikhzakaryaee

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Providing information based on truth is very important in patients’ treatment‑relateddecisions and reduces emotional and physical sufferings as well as patient ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Providing information based on truth is very important in patients’ treatment‑relateddecisions and reduces emotional and physical sufferings as well as patient costs. The aim of thisstudy was to design a model that is based on the culture and health‑care context of Iran in order toestablish a truth‑based communication and provide accurate information to patient.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted in 2019. Data were collectedthrough semi‑structured interviews with 18 nurses who had been selected by purposeful samplingmethod. Data analysis was performed in two steps. In the first step, the participants’ experiences weredetermined using the grounded theory approach. In the next step, using Walker and Evant’s (2011)method, the concepts and statements were combined and presented in a central concept.RESULTS: The central concept in this study was “an attempt to establish a truth‑based communicationwith patient,” and then, a truth‑based communication model was presented. The components of themodel were presented in three parts: improving patient communication skills, managing the situationin which the truth is presented, and the patient’s participation in decision‑making.CONCLUSION: To present the truth of the treatment, which can sometimes be unpleasant andbitter, it is very important to improve communication skills and choose an effective communicationstrategy. To establish a truth‑based communication, it is necessary to create a suitable ground forcommunication, which should be provided in clinical setting and community.

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Disordered eating: The psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Eating Attitudes Test‑8

. Esmaeil Mousavi Asl; . Sajjad Khanjani; . Behzad Mahaki; . Youkhabeh Mohammadian

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Disordered eating attitude may lead to full‑blown eating disorders. Recentlongitudinal studies show that disordered eating attitudes either remain stable or even increase ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Disordered eating attitude may lead to full‑blown eating disorders. Recentlongitudinal studies show that disordered eating attitudes either remain stable or even increase fromchildhood to adulthood. The current study was done to determine the psychometric properties of theEating Attitudes Test‑8 (EAT‑8) and introduce the suitable measure for researchers and therapist inthe field of clinical psychology and psychiatrist.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Persian version of the EAT‑8 was produced through forwardtranslation, reconciliation, and back translation. A sample of 302 students were selected throughconvenience sampling method and completed a set of questionnaires, including the EAT‑8,Eating Attitudes Test‑16 (EAT‑16), Eating Beliefs Questionnaire‑18 (EBQ‑18), self‑esteem scale,and self‑compassion scale short‑form. The construct validity of the EAT‑8 was assessed usingconfirmatory factor analysis and divergent and convergent validity. Internal consistency and test–retestreliability (2 weeks’ interval) were conducted to evaluate the reliability. Data analysis was conductedusing SPSS (version 22) software and LISREL (version 8.8).RESULTS: EAT‑8 was found to be valid and reliable measures, with good internal consistency andgood test–retest reliability among students. In terms of convergent validity, EAT‑8 showed a significantpositive correlation with self‑report measures of EAT‑16 and EBQ‑18. EAT‑8 showed a negativecorrelation with self‑compassion and self‑esteem, thus demonstrated a good divergent validity. Theresults of this study also provide support for the one‑factor model of the EAT‑8.CONCLUSION: The EAT‑8 showed good validity and reliability and could be useful in assessingdisordered eating in Iranian population. The EAT‑8 shows notable promise as a measure for use indisordered eating research and clinical settings.

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Impact of experiential learning among medical undergraduates: A randomized controlled trial

. Akila Prashant; . Devananda Devegowda; . Prashant Vishwanath; . Suma M. Nataraj

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Experiential learning sessions as a teaching aid have been applied early in themedical undergraduate curriculum to improve the knowledge and inculcate research interest. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Experiential learning sessions as a teaching aid have been applied early in themedical undergraduate curriculum to improve the knowledge and inculcate research interest. Wecompared the ability of 1st‑year medical undergraduates to answer the molecular biology questionsamong those who had attended the experiential learning sessions of molecular biology techniquesversus those who did not attend.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was carried out with 200 1st‑year medicalundergraduates, among whom 69 students were selected by simple random sampling for thedemonstration of the molecular biology techniques, such as isolation of genomic DNA, polymerasechain reaction, cell culture techniques, western blotting, and high‑performance liquid chromatographyfor 1‑week duration. Student’s feedback was collected on a five‑point Likert sc ale at the end of thesession to understand how they agree or disagree with a particular statement. The content validityrate (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire were determined, and its internalconsistency was examined by Cronbach’s alpha. The internal assessment marks of these students,valued by faculty who were blinded to their training sessions, were compared with the rest of the131 students by independent t‑test to know the outcome of these experiential learning sessions.RESULTS: On CVR and CVI assessment, all the questions scored more than 0.70 and 0.85,respectively. Cronbach’s alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.85. Student’s feedback indicatedthat these sessions did complement the cognitive skills acquired for these techniques. We alsofound a statistically significant improvement (P = 0.006) in the examination performance betweenthe students who attended versus those who did not attend the experiential learning sessions.CONCLUSION: Experiential learning, through demonstration and hands‑on experience, enhance dthe learning of molecular biology techniques among 1st‑year medical undergraduates.

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Evaluation of the relationship between religious beliefs and academic achievements of dental students

. Ramin Sarchami; . Shakiba Rajaei; . Shima Aalaei

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Considering the importance of the academic level of university graduates in theadvancement of communities, it is necessary to evaluate factors affecting the academic achievementsof ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Considering the importance of the academic level of university graduates in theadvancement of communities, it is necessary to evaluate factors affecting the academic achievementsof university students. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between religious beliefs andacademic achievements of students in the Dental School in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this correlational study, all the dentistry students in the last 4 yearsof education were selected as the study samples. Of 109 students who had the inclusion criteria,81 (31 males and 50 females) completed the questionnaires. The data collection tools were threequestionnaires, including Gluck–Stark’s questionnaire, two researcher‑made questionnaires on“sympathy with and responsibility for patients,” and the “self‑satisfaction” questionnaire. Data wereanalyzed with descriptive and deductive statistics (t‑test, Friedman test, and Pearson’s correlationcoefficient).RESULTS: According to the analyses, a significant and positive correlation was found betweenreligiosity and students’ overall mean grades (r = 0.27, P = 0.016) or “sympathy with and responsibilityfor patients” (r = 0.21, P = 0.05). No significant correlation was found between self‑satisfaction andreligious beliefs.CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, the religious beliefs of the studentswere at a moderate level. On the other hand, this variable had a direct relationship with academicachievement and responsibility. Therefore, attention has to be paid to the promotion of these beliefsamong students in colleges. Reinforcement of religious beliefs will improve the students’ academicachievement. Based on the findings of this study, it should be considered by university professorsand educational planners that the average score of students with higher religiosity was higher, andwith the increase of religious beliefs, academic achievement is increased.

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Improving service delivery using the self‑reporting of errors by midwives and midwifery student

. Marjan Beigi; . Fahimeh Khorasani; . Shahnaz Kohan

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Reporting medical errors is one of the common methods for identifying andpreventing mistakes in‑hospital care. This study was conducted to identify the status of reportingand ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Reporting medical errors is one of the common methods for identifying andpreventing mistakes in‑hospital care. This study was conducted to identify the status of reportingand related factors in two groups of midwives and midwifery students.METHODOLOGY: This research was analytic correlational; it was conducted among all the midwivesworking in the midwifery and labor departments and midwifery students in Isfahan University ofMedical Sciences. The data collection tool included a checklist of errors and the researcher‑construedquestionnaires of awareness and attitude toward reporting errors. The results were examined usingdescriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient, andindependent t‑test) by SPSS software version 20.RESULTS: In this research, the error reporting in midwifery staff was 79.1% and the most frequenterror was related to the patient’s process of testing; the error reporting among the students was90% and the most frequent error occurred in the labor processes. The present study also showedthat there was a direct relationship between awareness and attitude toward reporting medicalerrors (P < 0.001), while there was not a significant relationship between the midwifery students’awareness and attitude toward reporting the medical errors (P = 0.31).CONCLUSION: According to the study, hospital midwives reporting is less than midwifery students.Accordingly, it is recommended to focus on the error and risk management committee to strengthenthe reporting system.

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Relationship between internet addiction and mental health in adolescents

. Yousef Veisani; . Zahra Jalilian; . Fathola Mohamadian

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Internet addiction (IA) currently is the major public health concern, especiallyin adolescents, although the results of previous reports are not generally uniform. This ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Internet addiction (IA) currently is the major public health concern, especiallyin adolescents, although the results of previous reports are not generally uniform. This study wasconducted to determine IA in adolescents and to examine the correlation of IA with mental healthin adolescents.METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted in 2019 in Ilam city. In this study, 362 personswere included using stratified cluster sampling; clusters were geographical area and schools. The validquestionnaires including Internet Addiction Test and 28‑item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‑28)were used to interview. The correlation statistical technique was used to determine the associationbetween the two variables. The significance level was considered <0.05.RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation age of the responders was 16.40 ± 2.47 years; the totalscore of IA and mental health was 43.02 ± 16.50 and 19.27 ± 9.72, respectively. We found that5.5% of the adolescents had a severe level of IA. The lack of control with anxiety, neglect work andsocial dysfunction, and neglect social life and severe depression in internet users were found to bestatistically significant: r (365) = 0.151, P < 0.033; r (365) = 0.126, P < 0.021; and r (365) = 0.125,P < 0.033, two‑tailed, respectively.CONCLUSION: According to the results, the excessive use of internet, lack of control, and neglectsocial life are significantly correlated with mental health in adolescents; these results could becontribute to improve the theoretical models for IA in adolescents.

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Investigating the effect of education on man immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome preventive behaviors in vulnerable women living in peripheral neighborhoods: Applications of the health belief model

. Somayyeh Khazaeian; . Ali Navidian; . Fariba Shahraki Sanavi; . Lila Hadipoor

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pervasive disease, andits epidemic is spreading around the world. The only way to effectively fight against humanimmunodeficiency ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pervasive disease, andits epidemic is spreading around the world. The only way to effectively fight against humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is good‑quality health. The present study aimed to investigatethe effect of an educational intervention program on HIV/AIDS preventive behaviors based on theHealth Belief Model (HBM) in vulnerable women residing in peripheral neighborhoods.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a quasi‑experimental research conducted among 200vulnerable women, randomly selected from four community health centers in peripheral neighborhoodsin 2019 in Zahedan, Iran. The data were collected using a researcher‑made questionnaire, containingdemographic information, HIV knowledge, and the HBM constructs. Besides, the data were collectedbefore, immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention in both groups. Data analysis wasperformed in SPSS (version 24) using descriptive statistics, Chi‑square test, independent t‑test,repeated‑measures analysis of variance, and multivariate linear regression.RESULTS: The findings revealed no significant difference in the mean scores of knowledge andthe HBM constructs before the educational intervention (P > 0.05). However, after the intervention,this difference was significant in three time intervals (P < 0.05). Despite the effectiveness ofthe educational intervention in the mean scores of knowledge and the HBM constructs in theintervention group compared with the controls, the largest effect size was observed, respectively, inknowledge (d = 0.762) and perceived barriers (d = 0.612), and the smallest effect size was reportedin cues to action (d = 0.421). As well, the F‑statistic ratio (0.847) demonstrated that the selecteddemographic variables had failed to explain variations in knowledge mean scores (P = 0.497).CONCLUSION: HBM‑based training interventions were positive for HIV/AIDS prevention behaviors.However, training alone does not seem to have enough effect on behavior persistence. Therefore,further research is recommended to investigate the role of predictive factors, especially socialdeterminants of health and their relationship to different parts of the model, to take more effectivemeasures for behavioral stability at the same time as training.

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Students’ perception regarding pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy as teaching–learning methods in undergraduate medical education

. Alka Bansal; . Smita Jain; . Lokendra Sharma; . Neha Sharma; . Charu Jain; . Moksh Madaan

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Medical education is tricky to imbibe and difficult to apply. Variousteaching–learning  (TL) methods have been tried from time to time to enhance the proficiency ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Medical education is tricky to imbibe and difficult to apply. Variousteaching–learning  (TL) methods have been tried from time to time to enhance the proficiency ofstudents. The aim was to assess the students’ perception toward three different TL methods (pedagogy,andragogy, and heutagogy) in medical education.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative experimentalquestionnaire‑based study was doneon population of second‑year MBBS students of SMS Medical College, Jaipur, in October 2019.They were taught topic of anticancer drugs using pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy methods.Then, their opinion regarding these methods was collected and evaluated. The reliability of thequestionnaire was ascertained by Cronbach’s alpha value which turned out to be 0.89. The datacollected were analyzed statistically using one‑way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and PrincipalComponent Analysis (PCA).RESULTS: The results showed that all these methods differ significantly from each other as theP < 0.05 considering 5% as level of significance. PCA revealed that andragogy and heutagogy werefound to be most effective in this study.CONCLUSION: Competency‑based andragogy and capability‑based heutagogy are more effectiveTL methods than didactic lecture‑based pedagogy for MBBS undergraduate students.

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Correlation between general health and sexual function in older women in an Iranian setting

. Nazila NeJhaddadgar; . Arash Ziapour; . Jaffar Abbas; . Afrouz Mardi; . Maryam Zare

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The world’s population is aging and this trend continues. Older adults are livinghealthier and longer than in the last decades and their sexual function should also ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The world’s population is aging and this trend continues. Older adults are livinghealthier and longer than in the last decades and their sexual function should also be consideredalong with their general health. This study aimed to examine the correlation between general healthand sexual function in elderly women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross‑sectional correlation study, 1245 women over 60 yearsold were selected in Ardabil health‑care centers by a convenient sampling method. Demographicdata of all participants were noted and general health and sexual function were evaluated by theGoldberg General Health Questionnaire and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Questionnaire.RESULTS: The participants’ mean ± standard deviation age was 75.1 ± 7.2 years, most of thewomen (40.08%) were illiterate, and the majority of them were living with their married (44.81%)or single children (27.14%). The general health score for 380 older women (30.52%) was under22 (healthy). About 60% of the women had engaged in sexual activity during the past 4 weeks,and the total mean score of FSFI was 17.36 ± 1.44. In addition, 84.33% of the women hadsexual dysfunction (FSFI < 26.55). The age (P < 0.05), educational level (P < 0.001), living withchildren (P < 0.01), and general health status (P < 0.01) were found to be significantly related tosexual function. The total scores for FSFI and the scores for all domains except for satisfactionwere in positive correlation with the score for the total and all domains of general health (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Sexual function in elderly women is affected by several factors, such as generalhealth. Therefore, to promote successful aging in women, sexual function and general health requiremore attention when implementing women’s health initiatives.

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Health‑related quality of life and related factors among pregnant women

. Fatemeh Estebsari; . Zahra Rahimi Khalifeh Kandi; . Farideh Jalili Bahabadi; . Kimia Estebsari; . Davoud Mostafaei

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Quality of life is significant in all stages of life, including within pregnancy. The hormonal,emotional, psychological, and physical factors specific to pregnancy can affect ...  Read More CONTEXT: Quality of life is significant in all stages of life, including within pregnancy. The hormonal,emotional, psychological, and physical factors specific to pregnancy can affect and threaten thequality of life of pregnant mothers.AIMS: This study sought to investigate the health‑related quality of life (HRQoL) and related factorsamong pregnant womenSETTINGS AND DESIGN: This cross‑sectional study was performed on 300 pregnant women whowere in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy without any risk of high‑risk pregnancy coveredby a community health center in Yazd, Iran, between 2018 and 2019.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The required data were collected using demographic questionnaireand HRQoL (SF‑12v2) questionnaireSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software and ANOVAstatistical tests (P < 0.05).RESULTS: Physical dimension of quality of life of pregnant women had the mean and standarddeviation of 43.7 ± 7.3 and that psychological dimension had the mean and standard deviation of31.5 ± 11.8. Physical dimension of quality of life was significantly correlated with maternal age,gestational age, body mass index before 12 weeks of pregnancy, mother’s education and job aswell as spouse’s level of education (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the psychological dimension of qualityof life was significantly correlated with gestational age, mother’s education and occupation as wellas spouse’s level of education (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: According to the findings, attention to physical and psychological aspects of qualityof life of pregnant women and demographic factors affecting it is essential for improving maternaland child health during and after pregnancy.

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Quality improvement in the surgery‑related processes: Managerial challenges and solutions from hospitals of Iran

. Tina Beyranvand; . Aidin Aryankhesal; . Asgar Aghaei Hashjin

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: There is a growing global movement toward quality and safety in healthcareand quality improvement (QI) in general surgery. The first step in any QI initiative is identifying ...  Read More BACKGROUND: There is a growing global movement toward quality and safety in healthcareand quality improvement (QI) in general surgery. The first step in any QI initiative is identifying thechallenges and barriers to achieve such goals and then to define appropriate actions. This studyaims to provide an overview of the QI challenges in Iranian hospitals’ surgery‑related processes andsuggest applied solutions accordingly.METHODS: This is a sequential (qual‑quant) mixed‑method study from November 2019 to January2020, involving 21 face‑to‑face interviews with hospital managers, quality officers, and surgery‑relatedclinicians and staff, followed by a Delphi consensus‑seeking stage to finalize solutions. MAXQDAsoftware was applied for organizing the concepts, and thematic content analysis was used foranalyzing the data as an inductive approach to extract the emerging themes and sub‑themes.RESULTS: The managerial problems were classified into four groups of (I) defects and delays incompleting patient medical records, (II) irregularity and the lack of transparency in the direction ofprocesses in the hospital, (III) inappropriate and unrealistic operating scheduling, and (IV) poorsafety considerations. The proposed solutions included imposing stricter regulations for competingfor medical records, such as reduction of payments, development of guiding brochures or protocolsfor patients on their arrival, assigning a certain number of experienced nurses and surgeons forschedule management, rewarding the report of medical and surgical error cases, and developing aregular monitoring program for the proper implementation of surgical safety guidelines.CONCLUSION: There are various managerial barriers that hamper QI in hospitals’ surgery‑relatedprocesses. Implementing simple but agreed solutions can lead to saving patients’ lives, reduction ofthe unnecessary use of resources, and enhance of patient and staff satisfaction.

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Health, safety, and environmental status of Iranian school: A systematic review

. Mohsen Poursadeqiyan; . Maryam Feiz Arefi

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Schools are considered as a first community, which plays an essential role in developing the child’slife skills; thus, it is important to provide safety and health in these places. ...  Read More Schools are considered as a first community, which plays an essential role in developing the child’slife skills; thus, it is important to provide safety and health in these places. Accordingly, health, safety,and environmental (HSE) issues in schools are among the important issues that should be considered.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the studies conducted on the HSE status of Iranianschools. A systematic search of databases, including Google Scholar, SID, PubMed, IRANDOC,MEDLIB, and Science Direct, was performed using keywords by March 2020. The reference listsof key studies were also scanned to find additional articles that are suitable to include in this study.Twenty‑five studies met the inclusion criteria. The results of the studies showed that the surveyedschools had favorable status in terms of HSE indicators, and only 12% of the studies reported poorstatus. About 88% of schools had favorable or average condition. Some cases, such as lack of safeemergency exit and inadequate ergonomic seats, have been reported, and some differences havebeen observed in schools in rural and urban areas. The results showed that the health and safetysituation in most of the urban schools in Iran is good and relatively favorable. However, there havealso been some problems; hence, the implementation of integrated HSE management is imperative toimprove the status of schools. Personal health education and safety education are also recommended.

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Effects of virtual and lecture‑based instruction on learning, content retention, and satisfaction from these instruction methods among surgical technology students: A comparative study

. Mohammad Hassan Ghasemi Abarghouie; . Athar Omid; . Ahmad Ghadami

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: There are various instructional methods worldwide and virtual instruction is oneof them. This widely used method involves online instruction and e‑learning. The present ...  Read More BACKGROUND: There are various instructional methods worldwide and virtual instruction is oneof them. This widely used method involves online instruction and e‑learning. The present studycompares the effects of lecture‑based and virtual instruction on student learning, satisfaction, andcontent retention among surgical technology students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population of this two‑stage, quasi‑experimental study consistedof 40 surgical technology students at the School of Nursing and Midwifery. After fulfilling inclusioncriteria, they were randomly assigned to the virtual instruction group (VG, n = 20) and the traditional,lecture‑based instruction group (TG, n = 20). Data were collected via a researcher‑made studentsatisfaction questionnaire and two learning examinations. Their validity and reliability had beenconfirmed. The data were analyzed using SPSS 13 and analytical and descriptive tests (P < 0.05).RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the TG and the VG with respectto the mean score in the first examination (P = 0.89). However, the two groups were significantlydifferent in terms of the mean score in the second examination (P = 0.03). Regarding content retentionand recall performance, the VG outperformed the TG. Furthermore, the mean satisfaction score ofthe VG (132.24 ± 17.92) was higher than that of the TG (115.56 ± 17.57) (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Virtual instruction and lecture‑based instruction had comparable short‑term learningoutcomes. Nevertheless, with the passage of time, it was revealed that virtual instruction could resultin better learning performance and higher content retention and satisfaction.

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Perspectives towards child abuse and neglect among dental practitioners in Belagavi city: A cross‑sectional study

. T. V. Soumya Mohanan; . Roopali Manohar Sankeshwari; . Anil V. Ankola

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Child abuse (CA) is prevalent in every segment of society and is witnessed in allsocial, ethnic, religious, and professional strata. In this situation, dentists are in an ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Child abuse (CA) is prevalent in every segment of society and is witnessed in allsocial, ethnic, religious, and professional strata. In this situation, dentists are in an ideal position tohelp detect signs of CA and should be able to recognize those signs.AIM: To assess the perspectives toward CA and neglect among dental practitioners of Belagavi city.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional survey was conducted among 102 dentalpractitioners. The data were collected by self‑administered structured questionnaire. Data wereanalyzed using descriptive analyses for responses to each question, and Chi‑square test was appliedto test the association.RESULTS: 59.8% had learned the topic of CA and neglect as a student. Overall, 16 participantshave recognized suspicious case of CA and neglect in their dental office. Only 34.3% had knowledgeregarding the findings pointing to CA and neglect, and 96% had reported that there are barriersregarding reporting the same. 93% are of opinion that the topic is of utmost importance and moretraining is required in this aspect.CONCLUSION: Training and continuing dental education programs should be tailored to the specificneeds of all professionals to diagnose, report, and prevent CA.

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