Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Determining the rate of achievement of outpatient education standards in major departments of Shiraz medical school from interns’ viewpoints, based on ministry’s clinical education standards in 2018–2019

. Nastaran Abbasi; . Mohammad Hossein Fallahzadeh; . Mitra Amini; . Simin Rezaee; . Alireza Goudarzi; . Ali Baseri

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-11

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: In order to improve outpatient education, it is necessary to carry out formativestandard evaluation to reveal the strengths and weaknesses to improve planning the quality ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: In order to improve outpatient education, it is necessary to carry out formativestandard evaluation to reveal the strengths and weaknesses to improve planning the quality of clinicaleducation. Due to numerous challenges in clinical education, the present study was conducted todetermine the extent to which outpatient education standards were achieved in the major departmentsof Shiraz Medical School.METHODS: In this quantitative combined, cross‑sectional and practical investigation in the academicyear 2018–2019, 178 interns who had passed the outpatient education in the four major wards (internalmedicine, pediatrics, gynecology, and surgery) in Shiraz Medical School were randomly selected.A 26‑item researcher‑made questionnaire, based on the Handbook of the Ministry of ClinicalEducation (Outpatient Education) for Health and Medical Education’s Criteria and indicators, wasused in three areas of preparation, timing and implementation; and the psychometric propertiesof the questionnaire were determined. For quantitative data analysis, SPSS version 22 was used.Furthermore, we performed a qualitative study through semi‑structured interviews with 16 internsand analyzed the data using MAXQDA 10 software.RESULTS: The results of the quantitative study showed that 8.4% of interns evaluated the programas poor, 66.3% moderate, and 25.3% good. The qualitative study showed that number and diversityof patients, instructor’s educational model, and number of interns had a significant role.CONCLUSION: Although the outpatient teaching in the four major departments of Shiraz MedicalSchool was evaluated relatively acceptable, it is far from the ideal point and need to be improved.

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Evaluation of in‑person continuing education programs from the perspective of ward nurses

. Nasrin Galehdar; . Maryam Ehsani; . Alireza Irajpour; . Soheila Jafari-Mianaei

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Assessing how programs are implemented from the perspective of the learnersthemselves is one of the most effective ways to improve the quality of continuing education. The ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Assessing how programs are implemented from the perspective of the learnersthemselves is one of the most effective ways to improve the quality of continuing education. The aimwas to evaluate the implementation of in‑person continuing education programs from the perspectiveof nurses.METHODOLOGY: Setting of the study was the selected hospital of Isfahan University of MedicalSciences (Al‑zahra hospital). This study is a descriptive cross‑sectional one. Using a researcher‑madequestionnaire, the implementation of continuing education programs in four areas of the aim,educational techniques, educational content, and educational field was evaluated. The sampleconsisted of 236 nurses working in these hospitals who participated in the study through conveniencesampling. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 19 using descriptive statistics.RESULTS: Based on the results, “the need for new content learning” was mentioned as the firstpriority in continuing education programs. The majority of participants scored each of the followingdomains (aim, educational techniques, educational content, and education field) as well as all itemsrelated to the continuing education program evaluation as “moderate.”CONCLUSION: Most nurses assessed the implementation of in‑person continuing educationprograms implemented in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in general and in each of thedomains as “moderate.” Therefore, in order to improve the quality of programs, it is necessary totake steps to match the goals with the needs of learners, improve teaching techniques, improve thequality of program contents, and optimize the scope of the programs.

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Effect of an e‑learning tool on knowledge of recent Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme guidelines among Medical Interns

. A. V. Ancy; . Prabha Thangaraj; . Kumaraswamy Hemalatha; . M. Bethubarani

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Medical students should have adequate knowledge on tuberculosis (TB) andnational guidelines pertaining to its control, which is a major public health problem in developingcountries. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Medical students should have adequate knowledge on tuberculosis (TB) andnational guidelines pertaining to its control, which is a major public health problem in developingcountries. The present study aims to evaluate the knowledge on TB and Revised National TB ControlProgramme (RNTCP) among medical interns and the change in the level of knowledge following thedissemination of self‑directed learning (SDL) modules using an e‑learning tool (WhatsApp).MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, nonrandomized, pre‑ and posttest study was doneamong 124 medical interns in a private medical college during July–August 2019. A semi‑structured,self‑administered questionnaire was prepared and filled by the interns in the pretest. Following theeducational intervention, the same questionnaire was administered and posttest data were collected.The pre‑ and posttest results were expressed in frequency and percentage. Wilcoxon signed ranktest was used to compare the change in the total mean score of knowledge using the e‑learning toolfollowing the dissemination of SDL modules.RESULTS: The mean age of the interns was 22.82 ± 0.82 years. Of the total 124 interns, 60 (48.3%)had heard about the recent changes in RNTCP. The Internet (25.8%) and textbooks (23.4%) werethe most common source of recent information regarding TB and RNTCP. The mean pretest scorewas 12.9 ± 3.08, which increased to 15.3 ± 2.62 during the posttest (z = −9.75, P < 0.05) followingthe intervention.CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge regarding TB and RNTCP among the interns was inadequate.The usage of an e‑learning tool “WhatsApp” was found to be effective in improving the knowledgein posttest as compared to pretest.

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The effect of case‑based teaching and flipped classroom methods in comparison with lecture method on learning and satisfaction of internship students in surgery

. Mohsen Kolahdouzan; . Mohsen Mahmoudieh; . Mehdi Rasti; . Athar Omid; . Arvin Rostami; . Nikoo Yamani

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Teaching is one of the most important needs of human societies, and selectingthe best method of teaching is so important to improve the teaching as well as learning of ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Teaching is one of the most important needs of human societies, and selectingthe best method of teaching is so important to improve the teaching as well as learning of students.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of case‑based teaching (CBT) and flippedclassroom methods in comparison with lecture method on students’ learning and satisfaction atinternship of Department of General Surgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This experimental study was performed on fifty medical surgeryinternship students in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Students were randomlydivided into two groups of control group and intervention group. The data were collected by a posttestafter holding every class and a researcher‑made form for evaluating students’ satisfaction after theend of the project. The results of this study were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using descriptivestatistical methods (mean and standard deviation) and paired t‑test.RESULTS: The comparison of the mean posttest scores in the three classes showed that the meanscores of the students in the intervention group in the first and second sessions unlike the thirdsession were higher than that in the control group; this difference was statistically significant in thefirst session (P = 005) and the third session (P = 0.002). Students’ satisfaction with case‑basedlearning method (4.03 ± 0.87) was higher than that of lecture method (2.88 ± 0.78).CONCLUSION: In CBT and flipped classroom, students’ learning and the quality of teaching wereimproved. In addition, students were more satisfied with this method in comparison with the lecturemethod. However, it should be noted that the success of using this teaching method depends onchoosing the appropriate subject.

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Management of the essential data element in the differential diagnosis of oral medicine: An effective step in promoting oral health

. Hamideh Ehtesham; . Reza Safdari; . Arash Mansourian; . Shahram Tahmasebian; . Niloofar Mohammadzadeh; . Sara Pourshahidi

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Oral soft tissue diseases include a broad spectrum, and the wide array of patientdata elements need to be processed in their diagnosis. One of the biggest and most basic ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Oral soft tissue diseases include a broad spectrum, and the wide array of patientdata elements need to be processed in their diagnosis. One of the biggest and most basic challengesis the analysis of this huge amount of complex patient data in an increasing number of complicatedclinical decisions. This study seeks to identify the necessary steps for collecting and managementof these data elements through establishing a consensus‑based framework.METHODS: This research was conducted as a descriptive, cross‑sectional study from April 2016 toJanuary 2017, which has been performed in several steps: literature review, developing the initialdraft (v. 0), submitting the draft to experts, validating by an expert panel, applying expert opinionsand creating version v.i, performing Delphi rounds, and creating the final framework.RESULTS: The administrative data category with 17 and the historical data category with 23data elements were utilized in recording data elements in the diagnosis of all of the different oraldiseases. In the paraclinical indicator and clinical indicator categories, the necessary data elementswere considered with respect to the 6 main axes of oral soft tissue diseases, according to Burket’sOral Medicine: ulcerative, vesicular, and bullous lesions; red and white lesions of the oral mucosa;pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa; benign lesions of the oral cavity and the jaws; oral andoropharyngeal cancer; and salivary gland diseases.CONCLUSIONS: The study achieved a consensus‑based framework for the essential data elementin the differential diagnosis of oral medicine using a comprehensive search with rich keywords indatabases and reference texts, providing an environment for discussion and exchange of ideasamong experts and the careful use of the Delphi decision technique.

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Role of self-efficacy, outcome expectation, and outcome expectancy in promoting oral health behaviors in adolescent girls

. Masoumeh Alidosti; . Elahe Tavassoli

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Oral health is a very important issue for different groups, especially adolescents.Social cognitive theory seeks to describe and promote people’s health behaviors ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Oral health is a very important issue for different groups, especially adolescents.Social cognitive theory seeks to describe and promote people’s health behaviors in a variety of ways.The aim of this study was to determine the role of self‑efficacy, outcome expectation, and outcomeexpectancy in promoting oral health behaviors in adolescent girls in Shahrekord.METHODS: The present study was performed as an intervention in junior high schools inShahrekord (school year: 2018–2019). Using cluster sampling method, a total of eighty adolescentgirls studying in Shahrekord public schools were selected and randomly divided into two groups ofintervention and control. A researcher‑made questionnaire was used to collect data on demographicvariables, outcome expectation, and outcome expectancy constructs. In addition, a checklist wasused to assess the status of oral health among the participants. Education for the experimental groupwas held in four sessions, each lasting 50–60 min. The data required for the study were collected inthree stages: before the intervention, immediately after, and 2 months after the intervention. UsingSPSS statistical software version 18, the collected data were analyzed through paired t‑test andanalysis of variance via repeating the observations.RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographicvariables. Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups interms of the mean scores of outcome expectation, outcome expectancy, and self‑efficacy; however,after the intervention, there was an increase in the scores of the experimental group (P < 0.001). Twomonths after training, there was also a significant increase in the mean score of oral health behaviorin the experimental group (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Training based on perceived self‑efficacy, outcome expectation, and outcomeexpectancy played an important role in creating the desired attitude toward oral health‑promotingbehavior among students.

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The effect of educational classes during pregnancy on the level of sexual satisfaction after delivery in nulliparous women

. Farzaneh Rahimi; . Shadi Goli; . Fariba Eslami

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In the postpartum period, changes in sexual desire and marital satisfaction can beseen. Learning and giving enough information on changes in pregnancy and postpartum can ...  Read More BACKGROUND: In the postpartum period, changes in sexual desire and marital satisfaction can beseen. Learning and giving enough information on changes in pregnancy and postpartum can helpto increase marital satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of prenataltraining on the level of postpartum marital satisfaction in nulliparous women.METHODS: This study is a semi‑experimental two‑group study in which 150 nulliparous women weredivided into two groups: control and intervention groups. The samples into intervention group receivedroutine prenatal care and eight sessions of prenatal education with a training package (educationalpamphlet on sexual health and sexual issues and an educational CD on pregnancy and pelvicexercises), and the control group received only routine prenatal care along with a pregnancy educationpamphlet. Marital satisfaction was measured before intervention during pregnancy and 3 monthsafter delivery (after intervention) using the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale. Data were analyzedusing t‑test, paired t‑test, Mann–Whitney, and Chi‑square test.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in demographic and obstetric variables and pregnancystatus between the two intervention and control groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant differencein marital satisfaction during pregnancy between the two groups (before intervention) (P > 0.05).However, there was a significant difference in the level of postpartum marital satisfaction in theintervention group (P < 0/05). So that, the average marital satisfaction is increased from 52.2 to 64.6.CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that eight sessions of prenatal education class with atraining package (educational pamphlet on sexual health and sexuality and training CD of prenataland pelvic floor exercise) can improve postpartum marital satisfaction in women.

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Willingness to quit alcohol use and its associated factors among male outpatients attending urban primary health centers in Delhi

. Bharathnag Nagappa; . Yamini Marimuthu; . Gokul Sarweswaran; . Manikandanesan Sakthivel; . Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy; . Tanveer Rehman

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Harmful use of alcohol has led to 1.7 million deaths from noncommunicable diseasesand 1 million injury deaths including road traffic accidents, self‑harm, and interpersonal ...  Read More CONTEXT: Harmful use of alcohol has led to 1.7 million deaths from noncommunicable diseasesand 1 million injury deaths including road traffic accidents, self‑harm, and interpersonal violence. Theopportunistic screening can be used to screen for substance abuse in outpatient department (OPD)attendees of primary health‑care (PHC) settings in India.AIMS: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of willingness to quit alcohol useamong alcohol users and factors associated with it.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A facility‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted in urban PHCsand willingness to quit alcohol was assessed among the alcohol users. Alcohol Use DisorderIdentification Test (AUDIT) scale was used to assess the alcohol use disorder score. Data wereentered using Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 14.RESULTS: It is found that two‑third of the male OPD patients are using alcohol and 59% of thealcohol users were willing to quit alcohol. Education (adjusted prevalence rate ratio [aPR] = 1.9;95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–2.9), occupation (aPR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1–1.8), higher AUDITscores (aPR = 2.7; 95% CI: 2.2–3.5), frequency of alcohol use (aPR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.0), andpositive family history of alcohol‑related illness times (aPR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3–2.0) were significantlyassociated with willingness to quit alcohol.CONCLUSION: Two‑third of the male OPD patients are using alcohol and 59% of the alcohol userswere willing to quit alcohol. Education, occupation, higher AUDIT scores, frequency of alcohol use,and positive family history of alcohol‑related illness were significantly associated with willingnessto quit alcohol.

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The effect of counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy on mental health and quality of life among infertile couples: A randomized controlled trial

. Masoumeh Hosseinpanahi; . Mojgan Mirghafourvand; . Azizeh Farshbaf‑Khalili; . Khalil Esmaeilpour; . Masoumeh Rezaei; . Jamileh Malakouti

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Infertility by creating a disturbing and debilitating condition is considered as animportant individual, public, and social health problem. The purpose of this study was ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Infertility by creating a disturbing and debilitating condition is considered as animportant individual, public, and social health problem. The purpose of this study was to determinethe effect of counseling based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on mental health andquality of life in infertile couples.METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 54 infertile couples referring to the Sanandaj‑IranInfertility Clinic were assigned into two groups of counseling and control by random blocking with a1:1 ratio. The consulting group received 8 weekly 90‑min sessions of group counseling based onACT. The General Health Questionnaire‑28 (GHQ‑28) and Fertility Quality of Life were completedbefore and 1 month after the completion of the intervention. Primary outcome measures were meanscore of mental health and quality of fertility life. Independent t‑test, ANCOVA, and Mann–WhitneyU‑test were used to analyze data.RESULTS: There was no significant intergroup difference in demographic information (P > 0.05). Onemonth after the end of the intervention, the mean overall mental health score in the couples of thecounseling group was significantly less than the control group (adjusted mean difference [aMD]: −8.4;95% confidence interval [CI]: −10.4–−6.4; P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean overall score of qualityof life in the counseling group couples was significantly more than the control group (aMD: 14.8;95% CI: 11.8–17.9; P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Based on the effectiveness of counseling based on ACT on mental health and qualityof life in infertile couples, it can be used in the infertility clinics. Health‑care providers and counselorsshould train in the ACT courses to improve the mental health and quality of life of infertile couples.

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Review of environmental challenges and pandemic crisis of Covid‑19

. Mohsen Poursadeqiyan; . Edris Bazrafshan; . Maryam Feiz Arefi

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Spread of novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 [SARS‑CoV‑2]) has become a global and pandemic crisis. Some measures such as excessiveuse ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Spread of novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 [SARS‑CoV‑2]) has become a global and pandemic crisis. Some measures such as excessiveuse of disinfectants, increased production of nonbiodegradable waste, and water pollution will bethe consequences of fighting against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), which harms theenvironment. Due to the fact that these effects will be identified in the long term, they may beneglected in the current situation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the environmentalchallenges caused by the SARS‑CoV‑2 pandemic crisis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a review study conducted by search in databases, includingScopus, PubMed, and science direct until early May 2020. Keywords included “SARS‑CoV‑2,”“COVID‑19,” and “Environment.” Studies published in English and conducted in different countrieswere also selected for the analysis. The guidelines published by reputable organizations such asthe World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control prevention (CDC), and the Ministryof Health have also been used in this study.CONCLUSION: The results of this study have shown that the COVID‑19 virus, in addition to humandamage and mortality, also affects the environment, and the damages and losses resulting fromthis pandemic may be identified later. Water pollution, increasing chemical pollution in the air, andincreasing the production of nonbiodegradable waste are of these issues. For this purpose, it isrecommended that, in addition to trying to improve the control of this pandemic, other environmentalaspects in disinfection methods and disposal of dry and wet contaminated waste should be donemore accurately and based on standard protocols. Infectious waste, in addition to the problem ofstandard sanitation, will become a major challenge that pollutes the environment. Based on this, itcan be said that if home quarantine is observed voluntarily, in addition to reducing the risk of theSARS‑CoV‑2 and reducing the volume of visits to medical centers, it can be associated with anotherpositive achievement, which is the reduction in waste production and protection of the environment.

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Exploring the educational opportunity and implementation of CARE among dental students in India

. Soni Rajput; . Amit Kumar; . Manjunath P. Puranik; . Namita Shanbhag

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Empathy is considered to be backbone of the patient–physician relationship. Theconsultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure is widely used internationally to measureempathy. ...  Read More CONTEXT: Empathy is considered to be backbone of the patient–physician relationship. Theconsultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure is widely used internationally to measureempathy. However, no validated tool is available to gather patient feedback on dentists’ empathyin India.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the reliability and validity of a CARE measureand to assess the factors influencing CARE score and to determine if there was an associationbetween their CARE score and satisfaction of the patient.SETTING AND DESIGN: A cross‑sectional study was done in dental colleges.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire study was carried out among 100 patients from 6dental colleges in Bangalore using validated CARE measure.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Internal consistency of items was evaluated by the Cronbach’s alpha,and construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis. Satisfaction was assessed bya question response on 5‑point Likert scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performedwith significance set at 5%.RESULTS: The mean CARE score was 43.80 ± 5.36. Internal reliability was high (Cronbach’salpha: 0.859) and was reduced by the removal of any of 10 items. High corrected item‑total correlationsranged from 0.752 to 0.847. Factor analysis showed a single solution with high item loadings (>0.80).Self‑perception of overall health (odds ratio [OR] = 3.78), relationship with family (OR = 4.61) andfriends (OR = 3.78), and previous dental experience (OR = 16.00) were more likely, whereasdentist‑provided treatment (OR = 0.20), number (OR = 0.07) and dental treatment taken (OR = 0.13),presence of anxiety (OR = 0.03), and fear (OR = 0.05) were less likely to have CARE score. Thesatisfaction of the patient regressed significantly with the relationship with family members (ß = 0.77)and CARE score (ß = 0.21).CONCLUSION: This study confirms the educational opportunity and implementation of CARE indental students. CARE scores among patients varied depending on personal factors and dentaltreatment‑related factors. The satisfaction of the patient was influenced by the relationship withfamily members and CARE scores.

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Why the tremendous potential of uploading health educational material on medical institutions’ website remains grossly underutilized in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution?

. Sudip Bhattacharya; . Amarjeet Singh

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Due to the short span available for consultation with clinicians, patients try to become well versedwith their clinical conditions before the medical consultation. They search Google ...  Read More Due to the short span available for consultation with clinicians, patients try to become well versedwith their clinical conditions before the medical consultation. They search Google for their medicalinformation; here comes the problem of authenticity of the sources. It is very difficult to obtain authenticmedical information for the patients from the Internet. As a result, sometimes, patients ask questionsto the overburdened doctors and irritate them. To solve this problem and wider dissemination ofauthentic medical knowledge, the existing website of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Educationand Research (PGIMER) has been utilized. In PGIMER, Chandigarh, health education materials intext and video formats have been uploaded on the PGIMER website for empowering patients. Allthese have been successfully tested in the outpatient departments of PGIMER, Chandigarh. To ourknowledge, this unique approach is the first of its kind in India. We hope this approach of sharingmedical information through the PGIMER website may help patient empowerment to a large extent.Later, this concept can be replicated in all medical colleges in India.

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The effect of motivational interviewing‑based training on the rate of using mental health services and intensity of suicidal ideation in individuals with suicide attempt admitted to the emergency department

. Zohreh Sedghy; . Naser Yoosefi; . Ali Navidian

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Unless mental health care is provided to suicide attemptersafter discharge from the emergency department, suicide prevention opportunities may be lost. Thepurpose ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Unless mental health care is provided to suicide attemptersafter discharge from the emergency department, suicide prevention opportunities may be lost. Thepurpose of this study was to determine the effect of motivational interviewing (MI)‑based training onusing mental health services and reducing the severity of suicidal thoughts.METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was performed on seventy suicide attempters who hadbeen admitted to the emergency department of three university hospitals in Southeast Iran in 2019.Eligible patients were chosen through convenience sampling, and they were randomly divided into theexperimental (n = 35) and control (n = 35) groups. The intervention group received three MI sessionson the day of discharge and the 1st week after discharge. Twelve weeks after the intervention, theBeck Scale for Suicidal Ideation and the using mental health services were completed in both thegroups. Data were analyzed using Chi‑squared test, independent t‑test, and paired t‑test.RESULTS: While there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the meanscore of suicidal ideation on the pretest, the experimental group experienced a significant decreasein this respect at the end of the study; thus, this group scored 8.86 ± 5.30, which is considerablylower than that obtained in the control group (15.85 ± 6.65) (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, at the end ofthe study, the rate of using mental health services increased much more in the experimental groupthan in the control group (P = 0.01).CONCLUSION: MI training had a significant positive impact on mitigating suicidal ideation andpromoting mental health services use. To improve mental health and to better serve suicidalindividuals, it is recommended that short‑term interventions be developed in the form of post‑dischargeeducation for suicidal patients admitted to the emergency department.

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Exploring the process of turning back to professional nursing practice in Iran: A grounded theory

. Nooredin Mohammadi; . Naiemeh Seyedfatemi; . Alireza Nikbakht Nasrabadi; . Mokhtar Mahmoudi

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The current nursing shortage is complicated because of turnover intentionamong nurses. Most of the inactive nurses returned to professional nursing practice. Returned toprofessional ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The current nursing shortage is complicated because of turnover intentionamong nurses. Most of the inactive nurses returned to professional nursing practice. Returned toprofessional nursing practice program was low attrition rates and a more cost‑effective strategy thatprepared inactive nurses returning to practice. This study aimed to explain the process of returnedto professional nursing practice.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a grounded theory study, which lasted from about2018 to 2020. Data were collected through semi‑structured interviews and observations withparticipants after signing an informed consent form. The average interview duration was 45 min. Thestudy participants were selected through purposeful sampling from both public and private hospitalsaffiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. Interviews were verbatim transcribed and analyzedusing a constant comparative analysis method.RESULTS: In this study, 16 participants were selected, including ten nurses, two educationalsupervisors, two head nurses, and two matrons. The “transformed competence” as the core conceptand the four main concepts of “feeling alienated with the new environment,” “getting prepared forrestart,” “gradual maturity in clinical practice,” and “components of organizational culture” wereextracted from the data analysis process.CONCLUSION: The process of returned to professional nursing practice in the context of theorganizational culture of incentive learning leading to a high level of competence, and in the contextof the organizational culture of inhibiting learning, is leading to deficiency incompetence.

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Effective characteristics on designing the information system of medicinal plants from users’ perspective

. Masoomeh Latifi; . Sohrab Salimi; . Nader Alishan Karami; . Nasrin Davari Dolatabadi; . Leili Allahbakhshian Farsani

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Designing information systems will increase the efficiency and effectiveness ofthe system according to the information needs of the stakeholders. The present study examined ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Designing information systems will increase the efficiency and effectiveness ofthe system according to the information needs of the stakeholders. The present study examined theeffective features of designing the information system of medicinal plants from the perspective of itsusers as a prerequisite for the design of this system.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This applied research was carried out using survey method anda researcher‑made questionnaire. The study population consisted of two groups of informationusers (faculty members, students, and researchers of medicinal plants) and informationdisseminators (librarians), and 308 individuals were selected by cluster sampling from five universities.Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS softwareversion 22.RESULTS: The results showed that in view of the two groups of users, there was a significantdifference in the search options in the database of medicinal plants and the displaying characteristicsof the search results. On an average, the rank of the two groups in these two domains was largelydifferent. In other cases, the users considered shared features for capabilities and facilities in aninformation system of medicinal plants.CONCLUSION: According to the results, for obtaining the information system of medicinal herbswith better capabilities and facilities, it is essential for designers to pay attention to all elements andobjections in the interaction of the human and the system, especially in the field of search.

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Health literacy knowledge and experience survey: Cross‑cultural adaptation and the psychometric properties of the Iranian nurse version

. Akram Parandeh; . Fatemeh Rahmati-Najarkolaei; . Mohsen Saberi Isfeedvajani

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Nurses’ knowledge and Experience with Health Literacy can affect the treatmentprocess, improving the quality of health care and effectively communicating with all ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Nurses’ knowledge and Experience with Health Literacy can affect the treatmentprocess, improving the quality of health care and effectively communicating with all clients. Evaluationof nurses’ knowledge and experience requires a reliable instrument. This study aimed to translatecross‑cultural adaptation and testing of Health Literacy Knowledge and Experience Survey (HL‑KES).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional methodological study was done during 2018–2019.The study was carried out in two stages: the first phase was designed to obtain a translation andcross‑cultural equivalent of the (HL‑KES), based on the World Health Organization (2018) and theSousa and Rojjanasrirat (2011) Guidelines in six steps: preparation, forward translation, reconciliation,back translation, back translation review and pretesting and cognitive debriefing of the translatedquestionnaires. The second phase was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of thequestionnaire.RESULTS: The content validity index and content validity ratio values of all items were >0.62 and0.79, respectively. Based on the Kuder–Richardson formula, the reliability of the knowledge dimensionwas reported as 0.7. Furthermore, split‑half coefficient for inter‑rather reliability and test–retest were0.76 and 0.96, respectively. The reliability of their experiences with the HL‑KES was measured usingCronbach’s alpha, in which it was 0.82.CONCLUSIONS: The Persian version of the instrument for assessing nurses’ knowledge andexperience with health literacy had good validity and reliability. It is recommended that it should beused in educational, clinical environments, and also in future research studies.

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Efficacy of Lecture cum demonstration versus video‑based teaching regarding active management of third stage of labor in terms of knowledge and skills of GNM students: An interventional study

. Deepshikha David; . Simarjeet Kaur; . Adiba Siddiqui; . Jyoti Sarin

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Educational interventions have been associated with improved performance andsignificant changes, especially in perinatal outcomes. Teaching is one of the main components ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Educational interventions have been associated with improved performance andsignificant changes, especially in perinatal outcomes. Teaching is one of the main components ineducational planning which is a key factor in conducting educational plans through various teachingstrategies such as simulation, demonstration and video teaching.AIM: The study aimed to assess lecture cum demonstration (LCD) versus video‑based teaching (VBT)regarding active management of the third stage of labor (AMTSL) in terms of knowledge and skillsof General Nursing Midwifery (GNM) students.METHODS: This was a quasi‑experimental study conducted on 100 GNM third‑year students selectedby purposive sampling and randomly assigned to LCD (n = 50) and VBT (n = 50) groups. Samplecharacteristics performa, Structured Knowledge Questionnaire, and observational checklist wereused to collect data from GNM students through self‑report and observational technique.RESULTS: The study results showed that the mean posttest knowledge scores of LCD (17.32 ± 2.14)and VBT group (16.90 ± 2.41) were nearly equal and mean rank posttest skills score of LCDgroup (54.40) was slightly higher than VBT group (49.51), but computed “ t ” value of mean posttestknowledge and computed “ Z ” value of skill score of both LCD and VBT group (0.47, 0.54) werefound to be statistically non‑significant at 0.05 level of significance.CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that both LCD and VBT were found to be effective in improvingknowledge and skills of GNM students regarding AMTSL.

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Qualitative study of social determinants of child marriage in Kurdish regions of Iran: Evidence for health promotion interventions

. Javad Yoosefi Lebni; . Mahnaz Solhi; . Farbod Ebadi Fard Azar; . Farideh Khalajabadi Farahani

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-11

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: One of the most thought‑provoking problems in the world is child marriage that isaffected by various factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: One of the most thought‑provoking problems in the world is child marriage that isaffected by various factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the social determinantsof child marriage in Kurdish regions of Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional contentanalysis approach. The participants of the study were 30 Iranian‑Kurdish women married under theage of 18 who were selected through purposeful and snowballing sampling. Data collection wasconducted through semi‑structured interviews and face‑to‑face interviews and continued until thesaturation of concepts was achieved. Graneheim and Lundman method was used to analyze thedata, and Guba and Lincoln criteria were used to strengthen the research.RESULTS: In general, findings include 5 categories and 17 subcategories: 1 – economicfactors  (financial problems and economic benefits); 2  –  sociocultural factors  (social customs,cultural beliefs, community encouragement, social learning, gaining prestige, and social support);3 – individual factors (physical characteristics, personality traits, lack of awareness of the damagingconsequences of early marriage, and fear of the future); 4 – family factors  (dysfunctional family,weak awareness of parents, and harm prevention); and 5 – structural factors (high demand, limitedaccess to educational services, and the lack of supportive social and legal structures).CONCLUSION: By raising the level of awareness and attitude of girls and their families aboutthe consequences of early marriage, creating the culture of correcting cultural beliefs and socialmisconceptions, passing appropriate laws, and the use of local and national media to prevent childmarriage, this social harm can be reduced.

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Association between health literacy and adopting preventive behaviors of breast cancer in Iran

. Rahman Panahi; . Peyman Namdar; . Fatemeh Samiei Siboni; . Somayeh Fallah; . Mohammad Anbari; . Leila Dehghankar; . Leili Yekefallah; . Mahya Shafaei

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Health literacy plays an important role in adopting preventive behaviors. Consideringthe relatively high prevalence of breast cancer in women, this study aimed to assess ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Health literacy plays an important role in adopting preventive behaviors. Consideringthe relatively high prevalence of breast cancer in women, this study aimed to assess the associationbetween health literacy and adopting the preventive behavior of breast cancer in Iran.METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross‑sectional study, in which 375 female students at ImamKhomeini International University in Qazvin in the academic year of 2018–2019 were selected througha stratified random sampling method. Demographic and background questionnaire, the standardquestionnaire of Health Literacy for Iranian Adults in addition to another questionnaire for measuringbreast cancer preventive behaviors, were used for collecting data. Data were analyzed using SPSS22 using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.RESULTS: The mean of the breast cancer preventive behaviors and health literacy were 8.92 ±1.82 out of 16 and 70.80 ± 12.49 out of 100. Regression results showed that there was a statisticallysignificant association between the adoption of breast cancer preventive behaviors and physicalactivity (P < 0.001) and health literacy (P < 0.018). Accordingly, the chance for adopting the preventivebehaviors in good level among students with rare and without physical activity was 0.105 and0.100 times, respectively, more than students who had been doing physical activity on a daily basis.Moreover, the same chance among students with adequate and very adequate health literacy was1.802 and 2.169 times more than students with inadequate health literacy.CONCLUSION: The results indicated that students with lower levels of health literacy and lessphysical activity had shown less tendency to adopt preventive behaviors of breast cancer. Therefore,special attention should be paid to health literacy (HL), particularly physical activity, application ofhealth information, and assessment in students when designing educational programs to preventbreast cancer.

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The potential beneficial effects of education and familiarity with cesarean section procedure and the operating room environment on promotion of anxiety and pain intensity: A randomized controlled clinical trial

. Jamshid Eslami; . Neda Hatami; . Azadeh Amiri; . Marzieh Akbarzadeh

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Anxiety before and pain intensity after cesarean section is among the factors thatshould be taken into consideration among the candidates for cesarean section. The present ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Anxiety before and pain intensity after cesarean section is among the factors thatshould be taken into consideration among the candidates for cesarean section. The present studyaimed to investigate the effect of familiarity with cesarean section and the operating room environmenton anxiety and pain intensity among the mothers undergoing cesarean section.METHODS: This clinical trial was conducted on 80 women referred to the hospitals affiliated toShiraz University of Medical Sciences for cesarean section in 2018. The participants were randomlydivided into a control (n = 40) and an intervention group (n = 40). The intervention group took partin four educational sessions, while the control group received the hospital’s routine care. The BeckAnxiety Inventory was completed by the two groups before and after the intervention. The McGill PainQuestionnaire was also filled out by the two groups in the ward after the cesarean section. After all,the data were entered into the SPSS software, version 21, and were analyzed using independentt‑test and ANCOVA.RESULTS: The results showed no significant difference between the two groups regarding themean score of anxiety prior to the intervention. After the intervention, the mean score of anxietywas 7.98 ± 3.77 in the intervention group and 19.70 ± 6.45 in the control group, and the differencewas statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Indeed, the mean intensity of pain was 43.98 ± 7.63 in theintervention group and 57.75 ± 10.69 in the control group after the intervention, and the differencewas statistically significant (P < 0.017).CONCLUSION: The patients’ familiarity with cesarean section and the operating room environmentcaused a decline in the anxiety level prior to cesarean section as well as a decrease in the scoreof pain after the operation. Hence, midwives and nurses have to play effective roles in decreasingpregnant women’s anxiety and pain through identification of strategies for empowering them andmanaging their worries.

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Lifestyle‑related advice in the management of obesity: A step‑wise approach

. Sakshi Chopra; . Anita Malhotra; . Piyush Ranjan; . Naval K. Vikram; . Namrata Singh

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Obesity is a commonly encountered health‑care problem that is an independent risk factor for chronicmetabolic complications. Primary care physicians are the first point of contact ...  Read More Obesity is a commonly encountered health‑care problem that is an independent risk factor for chronicmetabolic complications. Primary care physicians are the first point of contact in the managementof obesity. Weight management is a step‑wise intensification of interventions that initiates withlifestyle modification. Dietary and physical activity advices are integral components of all weightloss consultations and should ideally be imparted by a dietician or a nutritionist. In case of theirnonavailability, the onus for lifestyle counseling rests with the physician. The prescription for alow‑calorie diet coupled with increased physical activity might seem simple, but the success lies incompliance and sustainability of this advice. Compliance can be enhanced through patient‑specificdiet and activity plans along with corrections in eating and activity behavior. Barriers in patient’senvironment must also be addressed to achieve sustainable weight loss. This review covers practicalinsights in standard lifestyle management techniques, which can help the physicians to set betterweight loss goals, adapt to patient specific lifestyle counseling, and apply strategies to enhancecompliance for sustained weight loss.

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Investigation of the relationship between the safety climate and occupational fatigue among the nurses of educational hospitals in Zabol

. Mohsen Poursadeqiyan; . Maryam Feiz Arefi; . Saeed Khaleghi; . Ali Sadeghi Moghaddam; . Ehsan Mazloumi; . Mehdi Raei; . Mahsa Hami; . Alireza Khammar

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Some working and organizational conditions, such as psychological stress andshift work, are factors that threaten the health of staff working in health centers. These ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Some working and organizational conditions, such as psychological stress andshift work, are factors that threaten the health of staff working in health centers. These factors cancause fatigue in a long time. Fatigue reduces the ability to process information and decrease torespond to hazardous conditions and will affect the safety of the environment. Therefore, the purposeof this study was to determine the relationship between safety climate and occupational fatigue innurses working in Zabol city.METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was performed on 143 nurses working in educational hospitalsof Zabol in 2019. The proportional sampling method was used, and the Swedish OccupationalFatigue Questionnaire and the Nurses Safety Questionnaire were used for data collection. Datawere analyzed using independent t‑test, analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis tests,and SPSS‑21 software.RESULTS: In the present study, 57.3% were women and 42.7% were men. The mean score ofoccupational fatigue was 85.09 ± 41.49, and the mean score of safety climate was 67.15 ± 12.73. Thereis a significant inverse relationship between occupational fatigue and safety climate. The comparisonof safety climate and its subscales between occupational and demographic variables showed that thescore of male supervisors’ attitude was 01.36 ± 2.41 while the score of female supervisors’ attitudewas 8.88 ± 2.61, and this difference was significant. Furthermore, cumulative burnout, the attitude ofsupervisors, and the safety climate were significantly different between different educational levels.CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that there is a relationship between occupationalfatigue and safety climate. Issues related to safety and risk factors in hospitals due to the high risk ofdisease outbreak and mortality, in addition to being economical, are important in terms of the humanaspect as well. In addition, the activity of nursing staff is more important compared to other groupsbecause of providing health care and communicating with patients; thus, more education about thesafety climate of the workplace environment in hospitals can reduce nurses’ fatigue.

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A roadmap for implementing general policies of resistance economy in the Isfahan Universities of Medical Sciences

. Masoud Ferdosi; . Reza Rezayatmand; . Yasamin Molavi Taleghani

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-81

Abstract

  CONTEXT AND AIMS: The country development can be promoted through applying policies of theresistance economy in the health system and universities. Therefore, this paper aimed to provide ...  Read More CONTEXT AND AIMS: The country development can be promoted through applying policies of theresistance economy in the health system and universities. Therefore, this paper aimed to provide ascientific analysis of resistance economy policies and providing a roadmap for their implementationin the field of health care of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a qualitative study. The basis, general purposes, and strategiesof the resistance economy were extracted from the review of the policy of the resistance economywith a political research approach. Then, effective programs and indicators to achieve the goals ofthe resistance economy were proposed by holding 10 sessions of a centralized group discussion.Finally, the implementation of the resistance economy in the deputies of the University of MedicalSciences was approved by these programs and indicators along with other components and Delphiquestionnaire to 30 experts. Framework analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze thedata from the group discussion and the Delphi stage, respectively.RESULTS: Implementation of general policies of resistance economy in the field of health andtreatment of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with eight thematic bases, 39 goals, 54 strategies,and 98 programs and indicators were approved by experts. The eight areas of people‑centered,economic growth, economic justice, support for internal services, economic flexibility, economicstability, economic influence, and economic health were identified as the thematic bases ofcommunicative policies of the resistance economy in the field of health.CONCLUSION: The implementation of resistance economy policies entails planning in the long run,culture‑building, appreciating the resistance economy in health issues, cooperation, and synergyamong different institutions, restructuring the education system at different levels of the health system,and entrepreneurship training.

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Nursing empowerment by simulation in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy short‑time complication control: Protocol study

. Anahita Zarei Mahmodabadi; . Masoumeh Zakerimoghadam; . Samerand Ghazi Fatah; . Ahmad Sohrabi; . Zahra Abbasi Dolatabadi

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is one of the most suitable methodsfor long‑term nutritional support. In this study, the empowerment of intensive care nurses ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is one of the most suitable methodsfor long‑term nutritional support. In this study, the empowerment of intensive care nurses is examinedby a simulation technique to control the short‑term complications of PEG.METHODS: A two‑group clinical trial study will be conducted on eighty intensive care nurses ina teaching hospital in Tehran. The study participants will be randomly assigned to one of the twocontrol and intervention groups based on the inclusion criteria. A pretest will be given to both groupsusing a researcher‑made tool. Then, the empowerment package developed by the researcher willbe provided to the intervention group in two stages. Next, a posttest will be administered. After thisstage, patients’ complications with PEG will be observed using a researcher‑made checklist. Nurses’performances in both control and intervention groups will be evaluated in terms of preventing andcontrolling short‑term complications up to 1 week after PEG insertion. All of the data collected in thisresearch will be analyzed with statistic tests such as independent t‑test, standard deviation, T pair,ANOVA, and mean based on the SPSS 16 software.RESULTS: At present, the research team is designing an empowerment package for nurses andtools needed to evaluate the nurses’ empowerment.CONCLUSION: This study will attempt to design and evaluate the empowerment package of graduatenurses with a cognitive empowerment approach and using a simulation technique to care for patientswith PEG and to control their short‑term complications.

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Effect of e‑learning methods on Dental education: An observational study

, Mohan Kumar p; . Sruthima N. V. S Gottumukkala; . K. S. V. Ramesh; . T. Sreenivasa Bharath; . Gautami S. Penmetsa; . C. Naresh Kumar

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The progress in the usage of technology in hardware, software, and cost‑effectiveInternet connectivity enable the availability of science‑related information and its ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The progress in the usage of technology in hardware, software, and cost‑effectiveInternet connectivity enable the availability of science‑related information and its usage in all thedeveloping countries. Hence, in this practical world, there should be a need to implement effectiveand affordable dental education strategies to attain oral health for all in the coming years.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to reduce the need to teach theory‑based, on‑site classes,e‑learning came into existence. E‑learning for dental education may alleviate the burden of severehealth worker shortages and deliver affordable access to high‑quality dental education.METHODOLOGY: Evaluation and assessment methods were done to know the effectiveness ofe‑learning in dental education by conducting continuing dental education on newer materials andmethods, assignments/formative assessments and by open discussions of case descriptions andtheir treatment modalities through Edmodo app in our dental institute. Effect on knowledge, skills,attitudes, and satisfaction levels of dental students compared to other traditional methods.RESULTS: Dental e‑learning has the capacity to develop into a leading‑edge to strengthen clinicaltraining skills among dental students by conducting continuing dental education, assignments,formative assessments, case descriptions, and their treatment modalities through e‑learning are thebest ways to improve quantity and quality in dental education.CONCLUSION: The probable prospective of e‑learning could be innovative or revolutionary becausethis helps in both theoretical‑related and clinical‑related advancements, and it is possible only withe‑learning in developing countries to meet the quality in education.

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Learning promotion of physiotherapy in neurological diseases: Design and application of a virtual reality‑based game

. Leila Shahmoradi; . Sohrab Almasi; . Nastaran Ghotbi; . Marsa Gholamzadeh

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The virtual reality‑based (VR) game can be considered as a new approach toeducation and to enhance the skills of health‑care students.AIMS: The purposes of this research ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The virtual reality‑based (VR) game can be considered as a new approach toeducation and to enhance the skills of health‑care students.AIMS: The purposes of this research were to design a VR game and to apply it to teach physiotherapyin neurological diseases.METHODOLOGY: In this study, at first, a VR game was designed for upper limb rehabilitation inbrain‑injured patients based on the literature and the opinions of physiotherapy experts and gamedesigners. Then, the designed game was used for teaching physiotherapy in neurological diseases.Thereafter, the opinions of 31 undergraduate students about the teaching session were evaluatedby two anonymous questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics throughSPSS (version 19).RESULTS: The VR game developed under expert supervision. The evaluation showed that themedian score for students’ perception of learning was 3.11. The median scores of questions relatedto the “facilitating level of virtual reality” and “student satisfaction” were 8.66 and 9, respectively. Theanalysis of students’ responses to open‑ended questions highlighted the therapeutic aspect of thegame compared to its educational aspect.CONCLUSIONS: Application of VR games in education can enhance the students’ perceptionof learning. Furthermore, it can provide a better understanding of physiotherapy in patients withneurological diseases as well as the satisfaction of students. However, the survey indicated that thegood results of this teaching method are due to the use of VR for guiding the patient’s movements.

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Psychometric evaluation of a questionnaire to evaluate organizational capacity development for faculty development programs

. Mahla Salajegheh; . John Sandars; . Ali Norouzi; . Azim Mirzazadeh; . Roghayeh Gandomkar

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Organizational capacity development is an important outcome of facultydevelopment programs, but there is a lack of an appropriate instrument for its evaluation.AIMS AND ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Organizational capacity development is an important outcome of facultydevelopment programs, but there is a lack of an appropriate instrument for its evaluation.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire to evaluate theorganizational capacity development for faculty development programs and to test its psychometrics.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The initial capacity development for faculty developmentquestionnaire (CDQ‑FD) of 26 items was developed based on a literature review and opinionof experts. Content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), content validity index foritems (I‑CVI), and the content validity index for scales (S‑CVI) were computed for content validity.Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were performed for constructvalidation.RESULTS: The score for CVR, CVI, I‑CVI, and S‑CVI was 0.71, 0.83, 0.87, and 0.90, respectively.EFA resulted in a three‑factor model with total variance extraction of 64%. Cronbach’s alpha andSpearman Brown coefficient were investigated for reliability assessment. The Cronbach’s alpha ofoverall scale was 0.8 and the test‑retest reliability of the overall scale was 0.78. The final CDQ‑FDcontained 21 items and three categories.CONCLUSIONS: The CDQ‑FD questionnaire appears to be a valid and reliable instrument for theevaluation of organizational capacity development for faculty development in the medical education.

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The factors affecting academic burnout in medical students of Mashahd University of Medical Sciences in 2013-2015

. Nasrin Shokrpour; . Leila Bazrafcan; . Amir Rezaei Ardani; . Shabnam Nasiraei

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Academic burnout is one of the issues involving the educational systems at alllevels, which wastes the human resources and expenditures. Academic burnout refers to the ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Academic burnout is one of the issues involving the educational systems at alllevels, which wastes the human resources and expenditures. Academic burnout refers to the senseof exhaustion due to educational requirements, the sense of cynicism and indifference, and thesense of lack of competence. Considering the fact that burnout has already been studied in differentprofessions and in cultures different from that of ours, there is a need to identify these factors amongthe Iranian medical students and accordingly propose some strategies to reduce burnout symptomsamong these students. With this end, this study aimed to identify and quantify the importance ofpossible factors causing burnout among medical students in the 2nd and 4th years of their studies inMashahd University of Medical Sciences and provide some suggestions.METHODS: The present research is a cross‑sectional study conducted in 2017. The participantsincluded medical students who had entered Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran in 2013and 2015 and were in their 4th and 2nd year of their studies in the university. A questionnaire preparedand validated by Maslach et al. was used to collect the data and distributed among 195 participantswho were selected randomly as the sample.RESULTS: The results showed that the mean scores given by 195 selected respondents regardingemotional exhaustion, indifference, and inefficiency were respectively 3.89, 3.87 and 4.12 out of 7.CONCLUSION: Based on the results, students had the highest level of academic burnout inpersonal inefficiency or incompetence component and the lowest level was observed in indifference.Therefore, burnout and its components were explicitly seen among medical students; the authoritiesare recommended to take measures to reduce academic burnout among the students.

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Module to facilitate self‑directed learning among medical undergraduates: Development and implementation

. Somdatta Patra; . Amir Maroof Khan; . Madhu Kumari Upadhyay; . Rahul Sharma; . Om Prakash Rajoura; . Sanjiv Kumar Bhasin

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Currently, self‑directed learning (SDL) is emphasized in medical institutions all over theworld. The skills of SDL enable one to be a lifelong learner, a necessity to cope ...  Read More CONTEXT: Currently, self‑directed learning (SDL) is emphasized in medical institutions all over theworld. The skills of SDL enable one to be a lifelong learner, a necessity to cope up with fast‑expandingmedical knowledge.AIMS: This study aims to develop and implement an “SDL” module for medical undergraduates andfind out their perception about the same.SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross‑sectional study using a mixed‑method design (having bothqualitative and quantitative components) was conducted in the Department of Community Medicine,UCMS, Delhi, India.METHODS: A module was developed following an extensive literature review and focus groupdiscussions with the teaching staff of the institute. First‑semester undergraduate students wereinvited to participate in the study and asked for feedback using a semi‑structured questionnaire.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Quantitative data were expressed in mean, range, and frequency. Forqualitative data, thematic analysis was performed.RESULTS: The module was implemented with 160 students, in November for 10 hour distributedover 5 weeks. Feedback could be obtained from 130 students. Sixty‑seven percent of students weresatisfied and 66% reported as motivated to study the allotted topic further. Qualitative analysis showedthat though the students liked the learning process based on this module, they also felt facilitatorscould have been more active in imparting knowledge and skills.CONCLUSIONS: To make learners equipped with the ability to learn throughout a professionallearning course, SDL as a learning tool should be introduced in the medical undergraduate curriculum.

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The deficits of the Iranian educational system in teaching children with conduct disorders

. Sajad Sajadi; . Ghoncheh Raheb; . Masoumeh Maarefvand; . Khadijeh Abolmaali Alhosseini; . Abolfazl Ghasemi

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: One of the serious issues in the field of children’s social and mental health globally,is conduct disorder. Concerning the special problems of these children, their ...  Read More BACKGROUND: One of the serious issues in the field of children’s social and mental health globally,is conduct disorder. Concerning the special problems of these children, their need for appropriateeducation seems vital. Thus, this study aimed to identify the educational deficiencies in the Iranianeducation system in terms of educating children with conduct disorder.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a qualitative content analysis study of the directed type.The population was in Tehran City, Iran. This research was performed on 23 individuals using atriangulation sampling technique and in‑depth interviewing. The study subjects were children withconduct disorder, their parents, teachers, and social workers, and psychology experts. The studyparticipants were selected using a purposive sampling method, and the tool used for data collectionwas a checklist of questions that has been approved by 4 experts. MAXQDA (version 12) softwarewas used for data analysis in this study.RESULTS: The obtained data suggested that the deficits of the educational system in Iran areclassified into four categories, including the lack of knowledge and skills of school staff, the lack ofnecessary workforce, the lack of appropriate hardware facilities, and the lack of coordination andcooperation between individuals and systems.CONCLUSION: Considering the present study results, to improve the educational status of childrenwith conduct disorder and reduce their problems, it is necessary to resolve the identified educationaldeficiencies as soon as possible by the government, policymakers, and educators.

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The role of communication skills in the promotion of productivity of health human resource in Iran: A cross‑sectional study

. Behrooz Pouragha; . Mahnaz Keshtkar; . Mahdieh Abdolahi; . Hojjat Sheikhbardsiri

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Organization survival is dependent on communications and managers spend a mainportion of their time to establish communications. The identification, improvement, and developmentof ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Organization survival is dependent on communications and managers spend a mainportion of their time to establish communications. The identification, improvement, and developmentof communication skills serve as the essential components of successful organizations. The presentstudy aimed to investigate the role of communication skills in human resource (HR) productivity inNorth Iran and aimed to investigate the role of communication skills in health HR (HHR) productivityin North Iran.METHODS: The study employed a cross‑sectional design and was conducted in six deputiessupervised by the Alborz University of Medical Sciences, in 2019. The statistical population includedall 302 employees were selected as the sample population according to the Cochran’s formula. Usingtwo researcher‑made questionnaires of communication skills and HHR productivity, we assessedthe role of communication skills in HHR productivity.RESULTS: According to the research findings, there were significant relationships betweencommunication skills including verbal skills, listening skills, and effectiveness skills with HHRproductivity (P ≤ 0.05). There was a significant relationship between age group, gender, level ofeducation, and travel home‑university distance with communication skills and resource productivityof employees (P ≤ 0.05).CONCLUSION: This study examines the role of communication skills in the promotion of HHRproductivity who work in the administrative section of the University of Medical Sciences in Iran.Findings suggest that health planners and authorities may need to examine factors that contribute tothe promotion of the communication skills for increase HHR productivity of employees and improvedperformance of health organizations.

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Hospital managers’ skills required and onward challenges: A qualitative study

. Farideh Moradi; . Razie Toghroli; . Jaffari Abbas; . Arash Ziapour; . Javad Yoosefi Lebni; . Amin Aghili; . Nadya Baharirad, Mohammad Mohseni; . Ali Soroush

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The qualification of managers in terms of management skills is one of the mostimportant factors in the continuous success of each organization, and utilizing such skills ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The qualification of managers in terms of management skills is one of the mostimportant factors in the continuous success of each organization, and utilizing such skills can havea positive contribution in the effectiveness of the organization while improving the performance ofthe employees in line with the objectives and goals of the organization. The study's primary objectivewas to examine the necessary skills of the hospital managers and their capabilities to manage thechallenges in providing health care facilities to their patients and employees.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a qualitative that deep interviews were performed with22 managers (senior and middle managers) of educational hospitals of Kermanshah city, and thesample size was 22 individuals. The interviews were analyzed by a MAXQDA software applicationafter transcription.RESULTS: This study includes 8 themes and 23 subthemes. The strategic skill, the perceptiveskill, the human relations skill, work experience, and personal characteristics were among the skillsnecessary for hospital managers. Some of the challenges facing the hospital managers includedrapid changes in the policies, the limitations of financial resources, and lack of proportion betweenthe educational and occupational spheres.CONCLUSION: Because of their existential philosophy and differences with other service sectors,managing hospitals poses a particular sensitivity. In this regard, the role of the hospital manager is veryimportant. Therefore, in order to meet the satisfaction of those receiving services, decision‑makersand policy‑makers must think twice when selecting and appointing hospital managers and evaluateand appraise this group in terms of abilities and skills necessary for managing such an importantservice section.

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Evaluation of health experts’ education program for becoming multiprofessionals (family health caregiver) regarding health system transformation plan: An application of CIPP model

. Tahereh Moghadas‑Dastjerdi; . Athar Omid; . Nikoo Yamani

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the health experts andprofessionals’ education program in order to become multiprofessionals regarding health systemtransformation ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the health experts andprofessionals’ education program in order to become multiprofessionals regarding health systemtransformation plan by a descriptive and educational evaluation method based on the context, input,process, and product (CIPP) evaluation model in 2018.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The statistical population included managers and experts of healthdeputy (13 people), managers and authorities in health networks (32 people), teachers (251 people),and learners (1914 people). Data were collected by four researcher‑made questionnaires based onthe CIPP model and evaluation checklist of facilities and equipment. The view of experts was used tomeasure the face validity and content validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficientwas used to determine reliability. Data were entered into SPSS 23 software, and data were providedusing descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation).RESULTS: The evaluation indicators of the educational course in the field of context wereevaluated desirable by province’s managers and experts (95% questions), city managers (100%questions), teachers (95% questions), and health caregivers (80% questions). In the field of input,it was evaluated desirable by managers and experts’ input of province (60% questions) and citymanagers (70% questions) and it was evaluated semi‑desirable by teachers (78.95% questions)and health caregivers (88.24% questions). In the field of process, it was evaluated desirable byprovince’s managers and experts (73.68% questions) and city managers (66.67% questions) andit was evaluated semi‑desirable by teachers (66.67% questions) and health caregivers (94.4%questions). In the field of product, it was evaluated semi‑desirable by managers and experts ofprovince (63.63% questions), teachers (81.81% questions), and health caregivers (100% questions)and it was evaluated desirable by city managers (72.72% questions).CONCLUSION: Holding initial service education course of health caregivers has been necessary, andthe public health, family, and midwifery disciplines needed to be educated in a university appropriateto the description of tasks of health caregivers.

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Evaluating the efficacy of handwashing demonstration on hand hygiene among school students – An interventional study

. Shubhi Goel; . Byalakere Rudraiah Chandrashekar

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Washing of hands and maintenance of appropriate hand hygiene plays a significantrole in preventing the spread of many communicable diseases. However, literature demonstratingthe ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Washing of hands and maintenance of appropriate hand hygiene plays a significantrole in preventing the spread of many communicable diseases. However, literature demonstratingthe efficacy of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended handwashing procedure amongschoolchildren in India is scanty.AIM: The aim of this study was to assess hand hygiene efficacy through graphical assessmenttechnique utilizing ultraviolet (UV)‑sensitive fluorescent lotion before and after handwashingdemonstration among students aged 12–18 years.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an interventional study carried out over a period of 5 daysamong 21 schoolchildren aged 12–18 years in their respective school premises. Participants wererequested to rub their hands with an UV‑sensitive fluorescent lotion and then wash them. Handswere air‑dried and examined under UV rays for blue light emission in a dark room. Emission of bluelight highlighted parts of hand where lotion is still present and area not washed properly. Such areaswere painted with nontoxic skin‑friendly paints. Painted hands were imprinted over graph papers.Hand hygiene demonstration was provided to the participants as per the WHO guidelines by qualifiedpublic health dentists using audiovisual aids. Postintervention, the procedure followed at baselinewas adopted to obtain imprints of uncovered (not covered during hand hygiene process) parts ofhands. The mean percentage of uncovered parts of hand was assessed and compared betweenbaseline and postintervention.RESULTS: The overall mean percentage score of uncovered hand area significantly reduced from73.90 ± 19.81 mm2 at baseline to 20.05 ± 17.0 mm2 after demonstration of proper hand hygieneguidelines (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Hand hygiene demonstration by qualified public health dentists using audio‑visualaids has significantly contributed to improving their hand hygiene practice.

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