Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Collaboration between the government and nongovernmental organizations in providing health‑care services: A systematic review of challenges

. Mohanna Rajabi; . Parvin Ebrahimi; . Aidin Aryankhesal

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Given the expanding range of health influencing factors, increasing expectations fromthe health systems, and general challenges such as insufficient resources, the health ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Given the expanding range of health influencing factors, increasing expectations fromthe health systems, and general challenges such as insufficient resources, the health services neededby people cannot be provided completely by the governments alone. Therefore, nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs)‑government collaboration is considered a common approach in health‑careprovision for different communities. Since the NGO‑government collaboration is complicated andusually influenced by many challenges and issues, the present study was conducted to identifycollaboration challenges between the government and NGOs in providing health‑care services.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a systematic review method and searching in ISI Web ofScience, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase databases, using related keyword/terms, between March2020 and June 2020, studies on NGO‑government collaboration in the health area were collectedwithout time limitation. After completing the article selection process, those articles that consistentwith the research purpose were chosen for the final analysis.RESULTS: From 4236 initially collected studies, 16 studies were chosen for the final analysis. Basedon the content analysis of the selected articles, 70 challenges were identified in the NGO‑governmentcollaboration to provide health‑care services. These challenges were divided into five main themes:structural issues, process issues, issues related to roles and responsibilities, trust and communicationsissues, and control and power relation issues and 11 subthemes.CONCLUSION: The present study provides significant challenges by NGO‑government collaborationin providing health‑care services. Awareness of these challenges plays an important role in promotingsuch collaborations and enables these organizations to highly exploit the strengths of each other,resulting in a collaboration with win–win situation.

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Transition from physical to virtual classroom amidst COVID‑19 crisis: Analyzing students’ perspective to drive improvement in the current online teaching methodology

. Jyoti Chopra; . Anita Rani; . Shloak Chopra; . Punita Manik; . Rana Ravneesh Singh

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Among the COVID crisis, medical education is forced to shift to the virtual mode, forwhich neither the students nor the teachers are prepared. Currently, we replaced traditional ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Among the COVID crisis, medical education is forced to shift to the virtual mode, forwhich neither the students nor the teachers are prepared. Currently, we replaced traditional classroomteaching (CT) by live online classes (LOC), power‑point presentations with voiceovers (UPV), or onlypower point presentations (UP). Uncertainty of this situation necessitates analysis of the experiencesof its stakeholders to improve the implemented online teaching methodologies in coming time. Thepresent study aims to analyze and compare the effectiveness of online teaching methodologiesamong themselves and against traditional CT.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional, survey based, observational study was conductedon 250 MBBS first year students after 1 month of implementation of online teaching program.Responses were collected on Likert scaling from 1 to 5, and data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis H‑test, ANOVA with multiple comparisons post hoc Turkey test, and an independent t‑test.RESULTS: The students perceived that the understanding, convenience for attending class,notes‑taking, visibility, audibility, raising queries and overall experience was best in traditional setup.The understanding of the topic and overall experience of the students was not affected by gender.Internet connectivity problem popped up as the major issue that adversely affected the onlineteaching experience.CONCLUSIONS: Majority of students perceived that the traditional CT is best, but at the same time,they felt that a combination of live online classes and power point presentations with voice over canreplace the traditional online classes.

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Health needs assessment of the residents of the informal settlements in South‑Eastern Iran: A case study of Bam city

. Naeimeh Poortaheri; . Khalil Alimohammadzadeh; . Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; . Ali Maher; . Mohammadkarim Bahadori

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Informal settlements are considered as one of the social problems in societies. Asthe residents do not have adequate access to basic services, including health services, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Informal settlements are considered as one of the social problems in societies. Asthe residents do not have adequate access to basic services, including health services, their healthis at risk. This study was conducted to evaluate the access to health services and determine thehealth needs of informal settlements in Bam city.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was carried out in the spring of 2020 inBam. The sample size was 400 residents of informal settlements in Bam, and the multi‑stage randomcluster sampling was used. A researcher‑made questionnaire was used to collect the requireddata. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using the content validity, and its reliabilitywas 85% by Cronbach’s alpha. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 23 software anddescriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentage) as well as analyticalstatistics (Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests).RESULTS: More than 50% of the individuals had good access to general practitioners and healthcenters. However, over 50% had poor access to dental, para‑clinical, specialist, and hospital services.Furthermore, 49.3% of the people assessed their health status as poor in the previous year. A totalof 46 items in the areas of communicable and non‑communicable diseases, women’s health, mentaland social health and addiction, environmental health, etc., were identified as the most importanthealth needs of the informal settlement residents.CONCLUSION: Informal settlements are facing various health problems including environmentalhealth, mental and social health, and addiction, meeting which requires collaboration of allstakeholders as well as provision of a comprehensive program and appropriate service packages.

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Internet addiction theory‑based intervention among university students: A case of health belief model

. Mahsa Ahmadi; . Sakineh Rakhshanderou; . Soheila Khodakarim; . Mohtasham Ghaffari

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of Internet addiction has increased due to the delay betweenInternet technology and the culture of using it. According to the high prevalence of Internet ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of Internet addiction has increased due to the delay betweenInternet technology and the culture of using it. According to the high prevalence of Internet addictionamong students and its associated complications, the present study was conducted to determinethe effect of education based on the health belief model on Internet addiction status among studentsin Tehran, Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this interventional study, two dormitories were divided into twogroups of control and intervention in a completely random manner using the random cluster samplingmethod from a total of eight dormitories. Then 134 girls in each group answer two questionnaires ofYoung (about Internet addiction) and health belief model‑based scale. After the need assessmentsof the primary results, intervention was performed in the experimental group in a way that a textbookbased on the health belief model and ten educational text messages were sent to the students’ E‑mail.Two months later, questionnaires were again given to both groups. The results were analyzed withthe help of independent t‑test, Chi‑square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney test, analysis ofcovariance, and logistic regression with repetitive measures with GEE approach.RESULTS: The average scores of knowledge (P < 0.001), perceived susceptibility (P < 0.001),perceived severity (P = 0.006), perceived barriers (P  <  0.001), and self‑efficacy  (P = 0.002)between the two groups, had a significant difference after the intervention. The average scores ofperceived benefits (P = 0.6), Internet addiction behavior (P = 0.11), and the frequency of Internetaddiction (P = 0.63) after intervention did not have a significant difference in the two groups.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show the effectiveness of educational intervention designbased on the structures of health belief model on reducing the frequency of Internet addiction andadopting preventive behaviors.

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Backpack improper use causes musculoskeletal injuries in adolescents: A systematic review

. Razie Toghroli; . Leila Reisy; . Morteza Mansourian; . Farbod Ebadi Fard Azar; . Arash Ziapour; . Nafiul Mehedi; . Nazila NeJhaddadgar

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: This research is one of the very few studies, which seeks a focalized examinationto observe the effects of the backpack on the teenager students. Adolescents prefer rucksacks ...  Read More BACKGROUND: This research is one of the very few studies, which seeks a focalized examinationto observe the effects of the backpack on the teenager students. Adolescents prefer rucksacks asone of their favorite school bags during their school studies. This study inspects how knapsacksgradually bring changes as injuries in the bodies of school‑going adolescents. There are amplestudies in the past literature, which evidence the injuries of backpack among adolescents, such asbackache, neck pain, and shoulder pain. The principal objective of this study is to determine theeffects of backpacks on musculoskeletal injuries among school‑going adolescents based on previousstudies support in this research field.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review study selected observational studies from the pastliterature indexed in the databases of Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL during 1999–2020. This review focused on the keywords of “Backpack,” “Musculoskeletal Injuries,” and “Adolescent”from MESH and selected 14 out of 210 articles based on the research objective. According to theCrombie Checklist, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and investigating the quality of the report, thisreview focused on literature evidence to the field under investigation.RESULTS: Based on the chosen 14 articles, the findings of the present review indicated twooutcomes by considering the impact of the backpack on musculoskeletal injuries and pains amongadolescents. The results of the review studies specified that there was a statistically significantpositive relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries and pain using a backpackamong most of the male and female adolescents. The findings also stipulate that injuries and painintensity among female adolescents were higher than the male students.CONCLUSION: The results of this review study specified that improper use of the backpack,which exceeded the standard weight, caused chorionic pain and injuries between both genders ofadolescents. The generalizability of the results is suitable for this review study.

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Application of health education and promotion theory‑based interventions on patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review

. Bahram Mohebbi; . Maryam Sabouri; . Azar Tol

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-14

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Adopting healthy behaviors can lead to better outcomes which can deeply impactcardiovascular diseases (CVDs) development; consequently, tailoring appropriate theory‑basedinterventions ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Adopting healthy behaviors can lead to better outcomes which can deeply impactcardiovascular diseases (CVDs) development; consequently, tailoring appropriate theory‑basedinterventions may improve various outcomes among patients at CV risks. This study aimed to assesspublished researches on the application of health education and promotion of intrapersonal andinterpersonal theories/models’ interventions on patients with CVD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this systematic review, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar,Scopus, Science Direct, and SID, Magiran databases for English and Persian studies were searchedusing relevant keywords, respectively. We searched for interventional studies published with no timelimits until the end of 2020 assessing the application of health education and promotion theories/modelsinterventions on adult patients with CVDs. Two reviewers individually reviewed abstracts/full‑textarticles to assess inclusion according to predefined criteria. In case of discrepancy between the tworesearchers, a third expert was requested to assess papers, and final selection decision was madebased on the agreement among the three evaluators. This systematic review was conducted usingthe following data extraction steps and assessing the quality of the studies and results.RESULTS: From 60 articles, 35 studies met inclusion criteria. Most interventions improved at leastsome educational including models constructs (20%), clinical (14.2%), and practical (88.5%) outcomerelated to CVDs. It is noted that attention to educational, practical, and clinical outcomes was focusedin published papers, respectively. Furthermore, based on the study categorization using models,some CVDs and theories/models were more concerned compared to others.CONCLUSIONS: Health education and promotion theory‑based interventions on patients with CVDappeared beneficial in the most published paper.

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The knowledge of COVID‑19 treatments, behaviors, and attitudes of providing the information on COVID‑19 treatments: Perspectives of pharmacy students

. Dyah Aryani Perwitasari; . Imaniar Noor Faridah; . Haafizah Dania; . Lolita Lolita; . Lalu Muhammad Irham; . Muthia Dewi Marthilia Alim; . Maratun Shoaliha; . Mochammad Junaidy Heriyanto

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Increasing community awareness about the transmission and treatment ofCOVID‑19 will stop the spread of the virus. Pharmacy students are the potential facilitator to givecommunity ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Increasing community awareness about the transmission and treatment ofCOVID‑19 will stop the spread of the virus. Pharmacy students are the potential facilitator to givecommunity education about COVID‑19 treatment. The objective of this study is to evaluate thepharmacy students’ knowledge of COVID‑19 treatment, behavior, and attitude of providing theinformation about COVID‑19 treatment.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted cross‑sectional study, recruiting 429 pharmacystudents from three schools of pharmacy in Indonesia. The questionnaire about the knowledge ofCOVID‑19 treatment, behavior, and attitude of providing the information on COVID‑19 treatment metthe validity and reliability criteria. We defined the proportion of knowledge, behavior, and attitude ofthe students using SPSS® version 22.RESULTS: Most of the students are in the earlier years (46.63%), female (84.15%), find the informationabout COVID‑19 from many sources of media (85.08%) including scientific articles and knowinformation about COVID‑19 transmission around their life area (76.46%). The students’ knowledgeabout antiviral and plasma convalescent is good (>70%), the positive behaviors are related to theCOVID‑19 treatment information regarding to the antiviral and the provision of Vitamin C (>50%), andthe positive attitude are related to giving information about the use of avigan®, plasma convalescent,chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and immunomodulator (>50%).CONCLUSIONS: As a future pharmacist, the knowledge of pharmacy students about COVID‑19treatment needs to be improved since earlier years. Furthermore, using the good knowledge aboutCOVID‑19 treatment, the positive behavior and attitude of providing information of the students, thecommunity behavior and attitude will be improved. The high year students have a tendency for thegood knowledge and positive behavior and attitude of providing the information.

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Health‑promoting services provided in pharmacies: A systematic review

. Arash Shirdel; . Abolghasem Pourreza; . Amin Daemi; . Batoul Ahmadi

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  Pharmacies are a major component of health systems and a major part of health serviceprovision. This study aimed at identifying and introducing the potentials of pharmaciesin health ...  Read More Pharmacies are a major component of health systems and a major part of health serviceprovision. This study aimed at identifying and introducing the potentials of pharmaciesin health promotion. This was a systematic review that searched PubMed, Web of Science,Science Direct, SID, Magiran, and IranMedex from February 1990 to September 2018 forrelated materials. The main search keywords were (pharmacy services), (communitypharmacy services), (retail pharmacy services), (pharmacy practice intervention). Inclusionwas limited to those papers that discussed the health‑promoting services provided inthe pharmacies. The quality of included papers was assessed by the Critical AppraisalSkills Program checklists. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews andMeta‑Analyses chart was followed in all stages of the study. Of the 4156 papers retrieved,18 met the inclusion criteria and included in the analysis. Study findings were categorizedinto three main categories: Health and prevention services, services related to treatments,and the awareness about the pharmacies’ functions. The health and prevention categoryconsisted of education, vaccination, screening and prevention of diseases, family planning,blood pressure monitoring, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, and weight management. Thetreatment‑related services consisted of adherence to medication, medication consultation,minor pains, and emergency medical services. Pharmacies can provide a wide variety ofservices besides the medications. Purposeful development of the services provided in thepharmacies and involving them in an extended array of services may accelerate the healthpromotion activities of the health system and result in improved quality of life and decreasedcosts. To do so, the legal, educational‑skill, and pricing challenges should be resolved.

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Predictability of constructs of theory of planned behavior in adopting urinary tract infection prevention behaviors among pregnant women

. Sheida Moradpour; . Hossein Shahnazi; . Akbar Hassanzadeh

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is a common infection in women during pregnancy, leading tomany complications for both mother and fetus if untreated. The present study aimed to ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection is a common infection in women during pregnancy, leading tomany complications for both mother and fetus if untreated. The present study aimed to investigate thepredictability of constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in adopting urinary tract infectionprevention behaviors in pregnant women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present cross‑sectional study, we selected 100 pregnantwomen who visited the comprehensive health service centers of Zarrinshahr using conveniencesampling from July to September 2019. We collected data by a questionnaire designed based onthe constructs of the TPB and analyzed data using SPSS 20 and linear regression test and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient. A significant level was considered as α < 0.05.RESULTS: In the study, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed direct relationships between thescore of behavior and the scores of knowledge (P = 0.005), attitude (P = 0.02), perceived behavioralcontrol (P < 0.001), and behavioral intention (P = 0.001). Linear regression analysis indicated thatamong the above variables, the perceived behavioral control, knowledge, and behavioral intentionwere significant predictors of scores of urinary tract infection prevention behaviors, respectively, interms of their importance.CONCLUSION: In this study, perceived behavioral control is detected as the main predictor ofdoing urinary tract infection prevention behaviors in pregnant women and should be considered indesigning educational interventions.

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Comparison of asynchronous and synchronous methods of online teaching for students of medical laboratory technology course: A cross‑sectional analysis

. Shakti Kumar Yadav; . Shikha Para; . Garima Singh; . Ruchika Gupta; . Namrata Sarin; . Sompal Singh

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In the wake of the novel coronavirus pandemic, the closure of educational institutionshas imposed a situation of potential gap in learning. Since training of medical and ...  Read More BACKGROUND: In the wake of the novel coronavirus pandemic, the closure of educational institutionshas imposed a situation of potential gap in learning. Since training of medical and paramedicalstudents is vital in creation of our army of these frontline health‑care workers, this study was aimedat comparing the asynchronous and synchronous methods of online teaching for imparting trainingto students of medical laboratory technology (MLT).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study included 33 students of the 1st‑year batchof MLT course at a tertiary level hospital. Ten lectures each from the subject of biomedical statisticswere delivered through asynchronous (lecture shared on WhatsApp group) and synchronous (onlinelive lecture) methods followed by a brief examination for each topic. A short survey was designed toassess the students’ perception of clarity of concepts, confidence of solving the examination, andtheir preference for one of these methods. Appropriate statistical tests were applied to the data.RESULTS: Synchronous method of online teaching was preferred by majority of thestudents (P < 0.001). Students’ clarity in understanding of the concepts (P < 0.001) and confidenceof the ability to solve examination questions (P < 0.05) was higher after synchronous teaching. Theexamination scores after synchronous online teaching were significantly higher (P = 0.0156) thanthose for topics covered through asynchronous method.CONCLUSION: Online teaching, especially the synchronous method, offers an opportunity ofcontinuum of training during crisis situations such as the ongoing novel coronavirus pandemic. Thewide availability of internet services and the ever‑changing global situation mandates readiness forthis modality of teaching, both for the teachers and the students.

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Investigating the current status of the student evaluation system in Iran University of Medical Sciences: A step to improve education

. Shahnam Sedigh Maroufi; . Parisa Moradimajd; . Maryam Jalali; . Ghobad Ramezani; . Somayeh Alizadeh

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Medical education has special features due to the need various areas oflearning. The present study was conducted to provide a complete picture of the evaluation systemin ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Medical education has special features due to the need various areas oflearning. The present study was conducted to provide a complete picture of the evaluation systemin Iran University of Medical Sciences for improving the evaluation system and medical sciencesexaminations.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was cross‑sectional study that conducted throughself‑reporting of educational departments, a comprehensive review of the student evaluation systemin the affiliated faculties of Iran University of Medical Sciences from 2017 to 2018. Educationalmembers and heads of nine faculties and 80 departments participated in this study. The researchtool was a researcher‑made questionnaire, include two parts: (1) 10 general questions about theactivities of the educational groups regarding the student evaluation system and (2) 20 questionsabout the types and quality of examinations.RESULTS: From 80 questionnaires, 71 were completed by the managers of the departments. Theresults showed that 62% of the faculty members in the educational departments in the last 2 years didnot participate in the workshop on the methods of evaluation and making tests. 56% of the facultieshave a reference for continuous monitoring of students’ assessment and evaluation, and in 87% ofthe cases, the content is given in accordance with the objectives. The use of logbooks was morecommon (28%) than other methods to assess practical skills.CONCLUSION: Empower faculty members on the use of various tools, strengthening the supervisionof formative evaluation and use of medical education graduates to promote evaluation methodsseems necessary.

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The relationship between depression, stress, anxiety, and postpartum weight retention: A systematic review

. Shahin Bazzazian; . Hedyeh Riazi; . Mohammadreza Vafa; . Zohreh Mahmoodi; . Malihe Nasiri; . Tahereh Mokhtaryan-Gilani; . Giti Ozgoli

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-11

Abstract

  Postpartum weight retention (PPWR) is a factor that causes permanent obesity and subsequentchronic and noncommunicable diseases. The relationship between depression/stress/anxiety andPPWR ...  Read More Postpartum weight retention (PPWR) is a factor that causes permanent obesity and subsequentchronic and noncommunicable diseases. The relationship between depression/stress/anxiety andPPWR has been studied in some articles, but there is no definitive conclusion in this regard. Thepresent systematic review was conducted to investigate the relationship between depression/stress/anxiety and PPWR. An extensive search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Webof Science, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran, Irandoc databases using Medical Subject Headingsterms (or their Persian synonyms) from 2000 to 2020. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used forarticles selection. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.Out of 371 reviewed articles, 24 articles were selected. The total sample size was 51,613 (range:49–37,127). The mean of PPWR ranged from 0.5 kg (standard deviation [SD] = 6.49) to 6.4kg (SD = 8.5). There was a statistically significant relationship between depression/stress/anxietyand PPWR in 12 of 23, 4 of 6, and 3 of 8 studies. This review demonstrates the relationship betweendepression/stress/anxiety and PPWR. Time of depression/stress/anxiety assessment is an importantissue, as well as different measurement tools. Prevention of the mothers’ psychological problemsthrough educational and supportive programs may help to limit PPWR.

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Management of students’ uncivil behaviors in academic environments: A context‑based educational intervention

. Fatemeh Farzi; . Shirin Hasanvand; . Fateme Goudarzi; . Monireh Tahvildarzadeh Gavgani; . Yaser Mokhayeri

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Incivility has been raised as a growing concern and a hot topic in nursing education.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a context‑based educational intervention ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Incivility has been raised as a growing concern and a hot topic in nursing education.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a context‑based educational intervention on thenursing students’ civility index and their perception of uncivil behaviors.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was done from 2019 to 2020 inKhorramabad, Iran. A context‑based educational intervention focusing on problem‑based scenarioswas conducted for 4 weeks. Clark Civility Index for Students and Classmates (2017) and ClarkIncivility Scale in the University Environment (2014) were used. Data were analyzed using Stata,descriptive statistics, and paired t‑test.RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the mean score of students’ civility indexbefore and after the intervention (8.31 points increase, P = 0.004). However, there was no significantdifference between the mean score of the civility index for classmates before and after the intervention.Furthermore, the mean score of students’ perception of incivility after the intervention increased by 5.88points, which confirmed the significant effect of the intervention in improving students’ understandingof uncivil behaviors (P = 0.018).CONCLUSIONS: Considering the effectiveness of the problem‑based scenario along with otherstrategies such as journal club and self‑learning in increasing the awareness of civility and improvingthe civility index, the use of these strategies is recommended in order to reduce incivility.

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Understanding COVID‑19 preventive behavior: An application of the health belief model in the Philippine setting

. Engracia Arceo; . John Edlor Jurado; . Leslee Anne Cortez; . Nestor Sibug; . Gestrelle Lides Sarmiento; . Amica Coleen Lawingco; . Carisse Carbungco; . Raphael Enrique Tiongco

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: With the Philippines emerging as the hotspot in the Western Pacific Region forthe COVID‑19 cases, the study aimed to understand the COVID‑19 preventive behavior of Filipinosusing ...  Read More BACKGROUND: With the Philippines emerging as the hotspot in the Western Pacific Region forthe COVID‑19 cases, the study aimed to understand the COVID‑19 preventive behavior of Filipinosusing the health belief model (HBM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross‑sectional study included 304 respondents recruited forthe whole month of July 2020 through various social media platforms. Participants were requestedto answer an online questionnaire, and results were analyzed using SPSS software.RESULTS: The majority of respondents were female (71.1%), with an average age of 29,college graduate (57.6%), and living in an area where modified general community quarantine isimplemented (63.2%). Good preventive behavior was noted among the participants, and not shakingof hands with others and refraining from touching of surfaces were reported as the most practicedbehavior. Spearman’s correlation and Pearson’s Chi‑square showed that age and sex are significantpredictors for the HBM constructs and preventive behavior. Furthermore, results showed that cues toaction, self‑efficacy, and perceived barrier have a significant association with COVID‑19 preventivebehavior.CONCLUSION: Findings prove that HBM is useful in understanding preventive behaviors in timesof coronavirus pandemic. Strategies that promote a supportive environment and help overcome theperceived barriers can guide Filipinos to adopt the desired health behavior. Interventions to promotepreventive behaviors should be focused on males and younger individuals.

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Medication error trends in Middle Eastern countries: A systematic review on healthcare services

. Saba Aidah; . Syed Wasif Gillani; . Afifa Alderazi; . Fawaz Abdulazeez

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Medication errors (MEs) are a critical worldwide concern and can cause genuine clinical ramificationsfor patients. Studies concerning such errors have not been undertaken as much in ...  Read More Medication errors (MEs) are a critical worldwide concern and can cause genuine clinical ramificationsfor patients. Studies concerning such errors have not been undertaken as much in the MiddleEastern region. The aim of this study was to systematically review and identify studies done in theMiddle Eastern nations to recognize the principle contributory factors included and to estimate theprevalence in the region. A review of the retrospective, prospective, cohort, and case–control studiesbased on MEs in the Middle Eastern nations was directed in January 2020 utilizing the accompanyingdatabases: Embase, Medline, PubMed, Ebsco, Cochrane, Scopus, and Prospero. The searchmethodology incorporated all ages and in English only dating back to 2010. The search methodologyincluded articles about MEs in the Middle East with errors in people of all ages, articles in English,and articles dating back to 2010. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses appraisal instrument was used to assess the quality of the included articles. Individualdata extraction, pooled analysis, and the accompanying databases were used for data analysis ofthe MEs in eligible studies. Fifteen of the 18 articles reviewed from four Middle Eastern countrieshad low risk of bias, while three out of 18 had medium risk of bias. A total of 58,221 reported peoplewere studied, with a total of 34,730.9 reported MEs. The pooled analysis showed that numbers oferrors were mainly prescribing errors (n = 22,715.25), general prescription errors (n = 8097.16), andcommission errors (n = 158.2). Iran had the highest rate amid the reported administration errors, at25.07% (599.11/2388.9). Measuring a patient’s clinical laboratory values was another less commontype of prescription ME. Lebanon reported to have the highest monitoring errors, with a rate of 13.13%(277.91/2117). A negative trend was shown in the amount of MEs in the vast majority of the nationsunder the examination. The under-reporting or uncertain information recommended that significanchanges are needed in the healthcare sector. There is solid need of literature on healthcare servicesin the region to completely understand and address the MEs and issues.

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Identifying the roles of medical librarians in COVID‑19 crisis in Iran

. Zahra Kazempour; . Mohammad Reza Soleymani; . Nayere Sadat Soleimanzade Najafi; . Hasan Ashrafi‑rizi

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-12

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The best mechanisms for medical librarians to be more involved in health, especiallyduring crisis condition, and to expand their roles are using experiences of other individuals ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The best mechanisms for medical librarians to be more involved in health, especiallyduring crisis condition, and to expand their roles are using experiences of other individuals andperforming new activities. This study aimed to identify the roles of medical librarians in the COVID‑19crisis in Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was done by a qualitative content analysis method.Research participants in the first phase included whole scientific papers (19 documents) which hadbeen published by medical librarians related to the COVID‑19 issue and in the second phase 10medical librarians involved in the COVID‑19 who were interviewed and continued until data saturation.Data were collected through each interview, and data analysis was performed using content analysismethod. Then, obtained information of the first and second phases was merged together, and codes,subcategories as well as main categories were formed.RESULTS: According to the results, 7 main categories and 24 subcategories regarding the rolesof librarians in COVID‑19 crisis were identified. The main categories include hygiene  servicespromotion, development of health information‑seeking skills, health research services, interaction‑leveldevelopment, evidence‑based policy development, information dissemination services promotion, andmanagement services development. Furthermore, regarding barriers to the role of medical librariansin the COVID‑19 crisis in Iran, four subcategories were identified that are medical librarian‑relatedbarriers, organization‑related barriers, profession‑related barriers, and context of society (countryconditions)‑related barriers.CONCLUSION: Medical librarians relatively have been able to provide effective health informationservices to managers, health‑care specialists, and the general public in a variety of health fields.

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Effect of positive thinking training on stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life among hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial

. Nasrin Shokrpour; . Shima Sheidaie; . Mehdi Amirkhani; . Leila Bazrafkan; . Ameneh Modreki

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Given the relationship between positivity interventions and psychological problems,this study aimed to investigate the effect of positive thinking training on stress, anxiety, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Given the relationship between positivity interventions and psychological problems,this study aimed to investigate the effect of positive thinking training on stress, anxiety, depression,and quality of life of hemodialysis patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental and interventional study conductedon 70 hemodialysis patients referred to Fasa hemodialysis centers, Iran, between April 2019 andOctober 2019. Patients were selected using a simple sampling method and randomly divided intocontrol (n = 35) and intervention (n = 35) groups. The intervention group was trained on positivethinking skills in eight sessions of a workshop. Before and after the intervention, stress, anxiety,depression, and quality of life in both the groups were measured using the Depression, Anxiety,and Stress Scale-21 and Short Form-36 Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using paired t-test,independent t-test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and Chi-square tests.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean scores of stress, anxiety, depression,and quality of life in the two groups before the intervention.(P > 0.05), and in the control group, therewas no statistically significant difference before and after the intervention (P = 0.092, P = 0.228,0.280, respectively). In the intervention group, the mean score of stress and anxiety decreased from23.65 ± 4.12 to 16.68 ± 4.41 (P < 0.001) and from 17.77 ± 5.15 to 14.57 ± 4.18 (P = 0.002), respectively,and that of the patients’ quality of life also increased from 35.19 ± 10.07 to 55.98 ± 11.71 (P < 0.001).However, the mean score of depression did not change significantly after the intervention (P = 0.689).CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, the use of positive thinking interventionprograms with other methods for hemodialysis patients’ care and treatment is recommended as anonpharmacological, cost-effective, and uncomplicated method.

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Exploring the occupational health needs of oncology nurses: A qualitative study

. Mozhgan Soheili; . Fariba Jokar; . Maryam Eghbali‑Babadi; . Mehran Sharifi; . Fariba Taleghani

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Although the work environment of oncology nurses is highly complex andchallenging, their occupational health needs are scarcely studied. This study aimed to explore theoccupational ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Although the work environment of oncology nurses is highly complex andchallenging, their occupational health needs are scarcely studied. This study aimed to explore theoccupational health needs of oncology nurses.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative descriptive study was conducted in 2018–2019. Theparticipants consisted of 52 oncology nurses and 11 other key informants. They were chosen fromeight cancer treatment centers in different cities of Iran. Data were collected through semi‑structuredindividual interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis.RESULTS: The occupational health needs of oncology nurses were grouped into three maincategories included needs for self‑care, development of professional competency, and a safe andhealthy work environment.CONCLUSION: The work environment of oncology nurses needs to be optimized in terms of physical,psychological, organizational, and sociocultural conditions. Furthermore, the necessary measuresshould be taken to encourage oncology nurses to implement self‑care, thus creating the preparednessto face the challenges of the workplace by developing their professional competencies.

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Collaborative method consisting lecture, problem‑based learning and weblog for clinical courses of medical students in comparison with lecture method

. Masoumeh Sharifzadeh; . Jila Agah; . Ahmad Khosravi; . Shahram Samadi; . Seyd Javad Davari Sani

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Lecture is a common teaching method, which is not considered efficient for thedevelopment of critical and intellectual acquisition in the students of clinical courses. Although ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Lecture is a common teaching method, which is not considered efficient for thedevelopment of critical and intellectual acquisition in the students of clinical courses. Although intheory combined methods are known acceptable, in practice, they are not commonly applicable.The present study aimed to compare the combination of problem‑based learning (PBL), weblogs,and lectures with lecture alone to achieve an advantageous teaching method for clinical courses.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 63 medicalstudents (5th year) taking obstetrics and gynecology clinical courses at Sabzevar University ofmedical sciences, Iran. The participants were selected via census sampling. Based on the Student’snumber and using the random number table, the students were randomly assigned to two groupsof interventions. The exclusion criteria were unwillingness to participate and absence for more thantwo sessions. Initially, the similarity of obstetrics and gynecology knowledge in both groups wasconfirmed based on a pretest (P > 0.05). A conventional lecture was performed for both groups. Inthe intervention group (B), the researcher asked each student (32 persons) to provide a case/problemfrom mentioned subjects outside the class concerning the given lecture and upload it to the lecturer’sweblog to show commonalty. In the next session, the presented cases were initially discussed, andanother lecture was carried out. Finally, two methods were compared through identical theoreticaland practical exams and scored based on a Likert scale using a questionnaire. Data analysis wasperformed in SPSS 19 using t‑test and Chi‑square at the significance level of P < 0.05.Results: Group B achieved higher grades in the scientific exams (P < 0.001), especially in thedomains of perception, learning and memorizing of subjects, motivation, and communication withthe classmates and tutor (P = 010). Therefore, satisfaction was higher in the intervention groupcompared to the control group (P = 0.001).Conclusion: The training of pensive, creative, and active experts for the future of medicine requiresthe combination of new collaborative methods with lectures, which are undoubtedly effective learningtechniques. According to the results, PBL and weblogs could be invaluable for the improvement ofstudents’ knowledge, as well as the relations between tutors and students.

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Evaluation of Elderly’s Integrated Healthcare components in primary healthcare centers of Tehran, Iran

. Hajar Ziaeefar; . Maryam Tajvar; . Mehdi Yaseri; . Abolghasem Pourreza

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Over the past few decades, significant demographic and epidemiological changeshave been occurred and led to serious changes in the health-care needs of the elderly. Integratedcare ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Over the past few decades, significant demographic and epidemiological changeshave been occurred and led to serious changes in the health-care needs of the elderly. Integratedcare has been emerged as a strategy to provide better care for the elderly in the community. The aimof this study was conducted to evaluate components of integrated health-care program of the elderly.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran(Iran) in 2019. For the purpose of the study, a two-stage cluster sampling method was employed.In the firs stage, primary health-care centers were selected, then in the second stage, a systematicrandom sampling was conducted based on the number of the elderly covered by each center. levelof frailty, medication use awareness, and self-care ability were evaluated by the elderly self-reportquestionnaire. The questionnaire was piloted with thirty respondents. The test–retest reliability scorefor the questionnaire was r = 0.795, P < 0.001. Data analysis of the questionnaire was conductedusing generalized estimating equation model by SPSS software Version 22. Statistical significancefor all analyses was set at P < 0.05.RESULTS: Findings of the components showed that the mean ± standard deviation of frailty (80 ± 17)and self‑care ability (87 ± 17) were higher than the mean of medication use awareness (49 ± 19).Frailty and self‑care ability (β = frailty, self‑care) of the elderly had a positive statistical significancewith the ones with good financial status (β = 5, 10) and without chronic disease (β = 4, 5). Medicationuse awareness had a negative statistical significance with illiteracy (β = −9.5).CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the medication use awareness of the elderly should be prioritizedby improving integrated health‑care program.

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Investigating the reasons for students’ attendance in and absenteeism from lecture classes and educational planning to improve the situation

. Sepideh Mokhtari; . Sakineh Nikzad; . Saeedeh Mokhtari; . Siamak Sabour; . Sepideh Hosseini

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: This study investigated the reasons for the students’ attendance in and absenteeismfrom lecture classes from the perspective of professors, students, and educational ...  Read More BACKGROUND: This study investigated the reasons for the students’ attendance in and absenteeismfrom lecture classes from the perspective of professors, students, and educational planning to changethe unsatisfactory status quo.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a narrow needs assessment survey which wasperformed on students (n = 70) of the Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,in four stages. In the first stage, the opinions of professors and students about the reasons forabsenteeism from the lecture classes were collected. In the second stage, the results of the firststage were discussed by an expert panel to find solutions for the problem. The results of the surveywere tabulated, summarized, and discussed. In the third stage, online classes were held as one ofthe solutions and evaluated in the fourth stage.RESULTS: The results showed that various factors, such as professor empowerment, evaluationsystem, audiovisual equipment of the classes, educational curriculum, and class schedules, areassociated with the students’ attendance in the classes. Along with these factors, one of the mostimportant reasons for students’ absenteeism from classes in recent years might be the generationaldifferences of students. The evaluation of online classes showed that the ratio of the number ofstudents who actively participated in the online classes to the number of students participating inthe online classes varied from 30% to 64% (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: In addition to improving the factors associating students’ attendance in classes,online education is a proper solution for reducing absenteeism in lecture classes and increasingstudents’ active participation from the perspective of professors and students.

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Investigating the interaction between fertility, pregnancy, and multiple sclerosis

. Freshteh Ashtari; . Fatemeh Mokhtari; . Mahboubeh Valiani; . Mohammad Soudavi; . Homa Saadat; . Hamidreza Tolouei; . Marjan Mansourian

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. Mostwomen with MS are diagnosed during their reproductive ages. The aim of this study was to ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. Mostwomen with MS are diagnosed during their reproductive ages. The aim of this study was to evaluatethe interaction between fertility, pregnancy, and MS.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive–analytic study was conducted on 110women suffering from MS with a history of pregnancy (between 2007 and 2017 years) in Isfahan,Iran. Samples were selected in a census model. Women completed a researcher-constructedquestionnaire by telephone. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic information, MSand its symptoms and treatment, and reproductive system and the history of pregnancy associatedwith MS. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using Chi-square, ANOVA, and t-test.RESULTS: The mean age of women was 32.4 years. In this population, the average number ofpregnancies was 1.61, the number of deliveries was 1.35, the number of abortions was 0.24, thehistory of ectopic pregnancy was 0.01, the number of alive children was 1.36, and the number of deadchildren was 0.01. The average time of the last MS attack before the pregnancy was 21.36 months.Fatigue (24.5%) was the most common symptom exacerbated during pregnancy. MS symptomsimproved in 55.0% of women in the second trimester.CONCLUSIONS: MS had no effect on the pregnancy status, such as the number of abortions,ectopic pregnancy, alive and dead children, and the duration of pregnancy. Symptoms of the diseaseimproved during pregnancy. Therefore, pregnancy has a protective role against MS.

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The effect of multi‑stage mobile training based on Gagne instructional design on learning, retention, and satisfaction of health volunteers

. Samane Mofrad; . Nahid Zarifsanaiey; . Leila Bazrafkan; . Hadi Raeisi Shahraki

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: One of the most important ways to acquire knowledge in the present age is educationbased on new technologies, including mobile learning. The purpose of this study was to ...  Read More BACKGROUND: One of the most important ways to acquire knowledge in the present age is educationbased on new technologies, including mobile learning. The purpose of this study was to investigatethe effect of a multi‑stage mobile training based on Gagne instructional design on learning, retention,and satisfaction of health volunteers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this interventional study, 112 health volunteers a Health Centrein Mashhad during 2019–2020 were enrolled. The participants were randomly divided into twogroups: mobile education based on Gagne model (n = 56) and conventional lecture (n = 56).A researcher‑made questionnaire was completed by the eligible subjects before, after, and 2 monthsafter the intervention to assess their learning, retention and satisfaction in educational methods.Face validity, content validity, and reliability of the data collection tool and model fitness indiceswere confirmed. Content validity of data collection tools verified by experts and its reliability wascalculated to be 0.78. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS‑25, using descriptive (mean andstandard deviation [SD]) and analytical statistical tests (independent t‑test).RESULTS: The results showed that 2 days and 2 months after the intervention, learning, and retentionrate was significantly higher in the mobile learning based on Gagne model group in comparison toconventional lecture group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the intervention group was generally satisfiedwith the mobile training method.CONCLUSION: Mobile learning based on Gagne model is recommended for improving learning,retention among health‑care workers

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Simulated consult and treatment exercise improves radiation oncology trainee confidence and knowledge

. Luca F Valle; . Palak Kundu; . Stephanie M Yoon; . J Daniel Pennington; . Minsong Cao; . Percy P Lee; . Amar U Kishan

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-4

Abstract

  Malignant epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) represents the most common indicationfor emergent radiotherapy. First‑year residents must quickly gain competence in managingthis ...  Read More Malignant epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) represents the most common indicationfor emergent radiotherapy. First‑year residents must quickly gain competence in managingthis condition prior to taking call for the department. We sought to develop a hybriddidactic/simulation exercise to assist first‑year radiation oncology residents in developing askillset relevant to treating a MESCC case in an emergency situation. This was a prospective,qualitative survey study conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles, during theyears 2014–2016. Following an introductory lecture during orientation for academic years2014–2016, residents completed a simulated consultation on a patient with suspected MESCC.Subsequently, they worked with radiation therapists to complete the clinical treatmentprocedure (including field placement and manual calculation of monitor units needed todeliver the prescribed dose) to a phantom placed on a linear accelerator. Residents werethen surveyed about whether the exercise increased confidence in their ability to successfullycomplete a consult, and urgent treatment if needed, for MESCC. All residents agreed orstrongly agreed that this exercise had improved this ability, and all agreed or stronglyagreed that the exercise was valuable and should be retained in the curriculum. Simulatedconsultation and treatment of MESCC provides new residents with increased confidence andknowledge regarding this relatively common indication for emergent radiation.

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Thematic analysis of the policies of Iran’s health higher education

. Mitra Sarshar; . Shahram Yazdani; . Mohammad Pooyan Jadidfard; . Lida Shams

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-12

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In 1985, the Iranian parliament approved the integration of Medical Education andHealth Services and the establishment of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, which ...  Read More BACKGROUND: In 1985, the Iranian parliament approved the integration of Medical Education andHealth Services and the establishment of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, which hassince been the policymaker of Health Higher Education in Iran. The policies are not based on a codifiedframework and many were abolished at some point. Some critical issues are not addressed and someactivities overlap. The purpose of the present study was to identify the content themes of core policiesin the Iranian Health Higher Education system and provide a detailed policy orientation taxonomy.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted in 2019 using the thematiccontent analysis of documents relevant to Higher Education and Health Higher Education, includingupstream documents, and documents and enactments of the Deputy Minister of Education and itspolicy centers.RESULTS: From 586 policy documents, six main themes or six core policy orientations in theHealth Higher Education System were identified, including Development of Medical EducationSystem Policies; Ensuring the Alignment of Operations with Policies; Policies Related to MedicalEducation Development; Value‑orientation; Networking and Development of Medical EducationSystem Interactions; and the Development of Research, Management, and Translation of MedicalEducation knowledge.CONCLUSION: Developing a taxonomy of Health Higher Education policy orientations helpspolicymakers identify the neglected and overstressed areas. It can provide education policymakerswith categorized and comprehensive information to quickly access accurate information, makeinformed decisions, avoid mistakes, and increase productivity.

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The effect of a nutrition education intervention on knowledge, attitude, and intake of foods high in fats in women

. Fatemeh Zeynalzadeh Borjloo; . Tahereh Dehdari; . Jamileh Abolghasemi; . Fatemehsadat Amiri; . Ali Vasheghani‑Farahani

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Given that many Iranian were interested in the consumption of foods that are highin fats, the present study was done to determine the effect of a nutrition education intervention ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Given that many Iranian were interested in the consumption of foods that are highin fats, the present study was done to determine the effect of a nutrition education intervention onknowledge, attitude, and intake of foods high in fat among a sample of women in Tehran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this quasi‑experimental study, 92 female referrals to the healthhouses affiliated to Tehran municipal were selected and assigned to either intervention (n = 46) orcontrol (n = 46) groups. Information (data) regarding women’s knowledge, attitude, and practice interms of foods rich in fat intake was collected by three questionnaires. Then, a nutrition educationintervention included four 40–60 min training sessions over 4 weeks was designed and conductedto the study participants in the intervention group. Two groups were followed up 2 months after theintervention. Finally, all data were analyzed by using the independent‑samples t‑tests, Student’spaired‑samples t‑test, and Pearson correlation analysis on the R software (version 6.3.2).RESULTS: The results showed that there were significant reductions in a positive attitude  towards foodwith high fat content and intake of these foods in the intervention group compared with the controlgroup after the intervention (P < 0.001). Furthermore, following the intervention, the intervention groupreported a significant increase in dietary fat nutrition knowledge than the control group (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Developing nutrition education interventions is an effective strategy for reducing theconsumption of foods rich in fat in Iranian women.

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Image retrieval behavior of medical students

. Mona Kamali; . Hasan Ashrafi‑rizi; . Mina Afshar

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The first step to properly designing image retrieval systems with the aim of meetingthe needs of students and researchers is to be fully aware of their behavior in the face ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The first step to properly designing image retrieval systems with the aim of meetingthe needs of students and researchers is to be fully aware of their behavior in the face of thesesystems and image resources. The purpose of this study is to identify image retrieval behavior ofmedical students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is an applied research that has been done by descriptive‑surveymethod. The statistical population of this study is 816 general(clinical) medical students who are studyingin the fourth and fifth years. Using Morgan and Krejcie table, the number of statistical sample memberswas 265 who were selected using random sampling method. Research data have been gathered usinga questionnaire (researcher made) and then analyzed using SPSS22 software.RESULTS: The findings showed that 78.1% of students consider the use of images in classpresentations or scientific reporting as the most important reason. According to 73.6% of respondents,the highest rate of image search is in the form of videos. About 76.2% of them consider generalsearch engines to be the most common source for receiving images. For this purpose, only 3.8% ofstudents refer to the librarians. Among the databases from which medical images can be obtained,the most well‑known source was the Springer website, which 30.6% of respondents were familiar.CONCLUSION: The process of meeting the image‑seeking needs is influenced by various individual,social, and other factors. This study can improve this process by providing the necessary suggestionsto medical students, for eliminating barriers and problems in accessing reliable resources and visualinformation they require, to clarify the necessity of promoting technical knowledge to search accuratelyand to help for finding solutions to medical and treatment educational centers to have access toreliable and up‑to‑date information.

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Dental implant quality registries and databases: A systematic review

. Roya Naemi; . Hamid Reza Barikani; . Leila Shahmoradi

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The importance of dental implant quality register has been well‑documented.However, no systematic review conducted on dental implant quality register can be found in theliterature. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The importance of dental implant quality register has been well‑documented.However, no systematic review conducted on dental implant quality register can be found in theliterature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study the existed dental implant quality registriesto explain the goals, data elements, and reports of dental implant quality registries.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This systematic study was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Webof Science, and Embase databases. For evaluating dental implant quality registers, all studies inthe English language were examined with no time limitation. Case reports, conference abstracts,and letters to the editor were excluded. The analysis of the quality of the studies was done by theSTrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology checklist.RESULTS: The primary search identified 5565 articles. After eliminating duplicate articles and articlesthat did not meet the inclusion criteria and reviewing 40 full texts, 11 studies were included in thisstudy. In this review, seven countries as Sweden, the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland, Australia,and South Korea had dental implant quality registers. Furthermore, the goals of dental implant qualityregisters were classified into the categories of research, epidemiology, administrative, clinical, andsurveillance.CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide dentists and other stakeholders useful informationon the existed dental implant quality registers and databases worldwide. It also provides a frameworkof the goals, data elements, and reports of dental implant quality registry. The establishment ofdental implant quality register will be beneficial for societies and also allows them to control thecomplications of dental implants in future.

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The short‑ and long‑term effects of a course on rational drug use: A comparative study between prefinal‑ and final‑year undergraduate medical students who attended the course in different clinical years

. Berna Terzioglu Bebitoglu; . Elif Oguz; . Nazife Gökçe Acet; . Esra Akdeniz; . Özlem Sarikaya

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Rational pharmacology use and appropriate prescribing are among the key learningoutcomes in medical education. Some medical faculties include rational pharmacotherapy coursein ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Rational pharmacology use and appropriate prescribing are among the key learningoutcomes in medical education. Some medical faculties include rational pharmacotherapy coursein their education programs at different years of education in Turkey. The aims of this study were toinvestigate the differences in effect of rational pharmacotherapy course on short- and long-terms bycomparing two cohorts who attended the course in different clinical years of medical education byidentifying which parameters of prescription items are different among groups.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in School of Medicine.Participants consisted of 157 students who attended the course in Grade 4 (n = 110, Group A) andGrade 5 (n = 47, Group B). Students were asked to complete a prescribing task both upon completionof the course and 1 year after. The performance in prescribing was determined by prescriptionscoring form. Repeated measures ANOVA was employed to test the intervention effect betweentwo periods. McNemar test was employed to measure the change in each item on the prescription.Point-biserial correlations between each item on the prescription and their scores on the test as awhole were calculated.RESULTS: The mean score of Group A dropped to 59.41 (standard deviation [SD] = 14.06)from 90.43 (SD = 8.90), and the mean score of Group B dropped to 73.37 (SD = 12.56) from83.91 (SD = 10.03). All the prescription components in the scripts of the Group A students worsenedsignificantly, except the “name of drug,” whereas Group B students maintained most of them after1 year.CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the long-term retention effect of rational pharmacotherapycourse conducted in later years of education is better than the course conducted in earlier years ofeducation, which may be related to the fact that students in later years are more likely to take onresponsibility for patient therapy process in clinical education.

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Factors predicting nutritional knowledge, illness perceptions, and dietary adherence among hypertensive middle‑aged women: Application of transtheoretical model

. Bahram Mohebbi; . Banafsheh Tafaghodi; . Roya Sadeghi; . Azar Tol; . Mir Saeed Yekanenejad

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Healthy dietary adherence might be one of the effective and modifiable factorsfor hypertension (HTN) control; therefor, empowering patients for self‑care management includinghealthy ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Healthy dietary adherence might be one of the effective and modifiable factorsfor hypertension (HTN) control; therefor, empowering patients for self‑care management includinghealthy food patterns play a key role in guiding their care, in partnership with health care providers.This study aimed to identify the factors predicting nutritional knowledge, illness perceptions, andadherence to a diet based on transtheoretical model (TTM) among hypertensive middle‑aged women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional survey was conducted on 164 patients withHTN attending west health centers of Tehran, Iran, in 2020. Simple random sampling was used.Sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents were collected, a valid and reliable measureon nutritional knowledge, illness perceptions, and adherence to diet, and a researcher‑mademeasure based on TTM constructs through in‑person interview was applied. Descriptive statisticsand general linear model were utilized for data analysis using SPSS version 25. The significancelevel was considered less than 0.05.RESULTS: Mean and standard deviation of participants was 50.82 ± 8.77 years. Multivariateregression analysis indicated that family income (P < 0.001) and body mass index (P < 0.001) predictednutritional knowledge and adherence to diet, respectively. Decisional balance and self‑efficacyconstructs predicted nutrition knowledge and illness perceptions (P < 0.001). In adherence to diet,overcoming the temptation construct was indicated as the only predictor (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Study findings highlighted the necessity of tailoring and implementing interventionsbased on TTM using appropriate strategies to promote quality of HTN management approach innutritional knowledge, illness perceptions, and dietary adherence.

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Systematic review on telemedicine platforms in lockdown periods: Lessons learned from the COVID‑19 pandemic

. Mostafa Shanbehzadeh; . Hadi Kazemi-Arpanahi; . Sasan Ghorbani Kalkhajeh; . Gholam Basati

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  With the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak, the transformation of the caredelivery model from conventional in-person (face to face) to largely virtual or remote ...  Read More With the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak, the transformation of the caredelivery model from conventional in-person (face to face) to largely virtual or remote care has beenaccelerated to appropriately allocate resources and constrain the spread of the virus. In this regard,telemedicine is a breakthrough technology to battle against the COVID‑19 emergency. Therefore, wesought to identify the telemedicine applications in the COVID‑19 pandemic (tele‑COVID) accordingto interaction modes, transmission modalities, and disease categories. This systematic reviewwas conducted through searching five databases including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web ofScience, and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria were studies clearly outlining any use of telemedicineinteractive mode during the COVID‑19 pandemic, written in English language and published inpeer-reviewed journals in 2020. Finally, 43 articles met the inclusion out of the 1118 search results.Telemedicine provides a diversity of interaction modes and modalities affordable by patients andphysicians including short message service, E-mail and web portals, secure telephone calls or VOIP,video calls, interactive mobile health applications (m-Health), remote patient monitoring, and videoconferencing. Transmission of video data using synchronized video calls via common social mediahad the highest and exchange of data using store-forward service via secure messaging technologyand prerecorded multimedia had the lowest popularity for virtual disease management during theCOVID‑19 outbreak. Selection of telemedicine communication services and interaction modes withregard to its use‑case, disease category, and application plays a significant role in the success ofremote disease management infrastructures in this scenario and their implication for a better futurehealthcare system.

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Organizational behaviour management in clinical laboratory: A literature review

. Hossein Dargahi

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The clinical laboratories require organizational behavior management approachthat creates a balance between directors’ expectations and staffs’ needs in this ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The clinical laboratories require organizational behavior management approachthat creates a balance between directors’ expectations and staffs’ needs in this field. This study wasaimed to explain the role of organizational behavior management in clinical laboratories and suggestmechanisms for its implementation in these organizations.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this research, using several Persian and English databases bykeywords consist of the clinical laboratory, organizational behavior management, and staff diversity.Three hundred and fifty four references from 1990 to 2020 were studied, and 72 references, includingabstracts and full papers utilized for this research, and excluded papers presented at conferences,seminars, and dissertations. Using MESH strategy and Pico’s instruction.RESULTS: The results of studies revealed staffs’ individual differences in all aspects, including earlyand secondary dimensions may influenced the style of leadership implemented in clinical laboratories,“job‑personality compatibility theory,” job satisfaction and job commitment of staffs work in clinicallaboratories and the way the directors and managers can develop the job loyalty and improve theorganizational productivity in these organizations.CONCLUSION: It is suggested a conceptual model for understanding and assessing the differentorganizational behaviors of clinical laboratories staffs based on communication skills, staffs’interaction, and socio‑political, economic, and cultural elements, which should be more developedin future using the other similar studies.

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The effect of group cognitive‑behavioral counseling on optimism and self‑esteem of women during the 1st month of marriage that referring to marriage counseling center

. Maryam Dafei; . Fateme Jahanbazi; . Farahnaz Nazari; . Faranak Safdari Dehcheshmeh; . Ali Dehghani

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Quality of relationship marital status affects all aspects of family functioning,including sustainability of cohabit living, supporting children, and happiness of couples. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Quality of relationship marital status affects all aspects of family functioning,including sustainability of cohabit living, supporting children, and happiness of couples. This studywas conducted to examine the effect of group cognitive‑behavioral counseling on optimism andself‑esteem of women during the 1st month of marriage that referring to marriage counseling center.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A semi‑experimental study was designed by a test, posttest, andfollow‑up. Participants consisted of 30 women admitted to premarriage counseling center of Farsancity in 2018 with using purposive sampling by random numbers’ table into experimental and controlgroups. The experimental group participated in eight consecutive 2‑h group counseling sessions.Data collection tools were demographic questionnaire, Rosenberg’s Self‑Esteem Scale, and optimismdesigned by Mir Ahmadi (reliability and validity are calculated and was 0.96) and completed in threerounds. Women’s self‑esteem retested was done after 1 month. Data were analyzed with independentt‑test and repeated measures ANOVA (significance level <0.005). Quantitative variables wereanalyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.RESULTS: There were no significant differences between optimism scores in theexperimental (M = 150.47, standard deviation [SD] = 22.07) and control groups (M = 149.2,SD = 21.54) prior to intervention (P = 0.875). The mean optimism score was significantly different inintervention (M = 169.33, SD = 17.01) and control (M = 147.2, SD = 22.22) groups immediately aftercounseling (P = 0.005) and 1 month after counseling (P = 0.002, M = 171.08, SD = 17.98). The meanself‑esteem scores were statistically significant in both groups immediately after counseling (P = 0.023,I: M = 37.06, SD = 8.69, C: M = 31.4, SD = 4.83) and 1 month after counseling (P = 0.028, I: M =34.73, SD = 4.93, C: M = 30.06, SD = 4.8).CONCLUSION: Cognitive‑behavioral counseling enhances women’s optimism by emphasizingthe training of communication and conflict resolution skills, which leads to positive attitude and lifesatisfaction. Therefore, using cognitive‑behavioral counseling in marriage counseling sessions canimprove couples’ relationships.

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Mental health state in medical students during COVID-19 pandemic

. Dian Natalia; . Rizma Adlia Syakurah

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Before the COVID-19 pandemic, medical students had reported experiencing highrates of distress, burnout, anxiety, and depression. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Before the COVID-19 pandemic, medical students had reported experiencing highrates of distress, burnout, anxiety, and depression. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 in thegeneral population suggested that the mental health impact was increased anxiety, depression, andstress. There were no exceptions if medical students also experience the same psychological impact.The aimed to this study is analyze the mental and emotional effects of the COVID-19 pandemicamong medical students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational analytic study was used with a cross-sectionalapproach. Data were obtained with questionnaires distributed through social media platforms fromJuly 14, 2020, to July 21, 2020. This study using the Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19) Scale and theDepression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 to assess FCV-19, anxiety, stress, and depression.statistical analysis used IBM SPSS Statistics 24 was used to analyze the two-tailed Chi-square test,the Mann–Whitney test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test, which were used with statistical significanceas P < 0.05 for all tests.RESULTS: Out of 1027 samples, 44.6% had stressed, 47.8% had anxiety, and 18.6% had depression.The gender (P = 0.000), educational stage (P = 0.000), and the comorbidity factor (P = 0.001 forstress and anxiety, P = 0.036 for depression, and P = 0.000 for FCV-19) had a significant associationwith stress, anxiety, depression, and FCV-19 in medical students. The hometown that showed zonerisk of infection only showed significant differences in FCV-19 (P = 0.026).CONCLUSIONS: Protection and psychological support for a medical student is extremely highimportance given that COVID-19 is now a well-established pandemic and there will be otherpandemics in the future.

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Information retrieval strategy in functional gastrointestinal disorders with emphasis on the sensitivity and precision

. Farideh Osareh; . Roghayeh Ghazavi; . Peyman Adibi

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: To determine functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) aspects, there shouldbe a guideline to retrieve documents in this area for researchers with different levels of ...  Read More BACKGROUND: To determine functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) aspects, there shouldbe a guideline to retrieve documents in this area for researchers with different levels of knowledgeabout these disorders. the objective of this study was conducted in order to compile different termsrelated to different categories of these disorders and to determine the sensitivity of them.MATERIALS AND METHODS: To set a proper search, some strategies were used to enhancethe precision and sensitivity. After preparing the list of terms according to some sources such asthesauruses, Rome classification, related review articles, and so on, they were divided into sevencategories and the queries in each of them were searched on the Scopus.RESULTS: The sensitivity for each of the terms in categories were calculated, and the highest valueswere as follow: FGIDs with 189 queries (“digestive* system* function* disorder*”), irritable bowelsyndrome with 142 queries (“irritable colon*”), functional constipation with 13 queries (“function*disorder*” and constipation), functional diarrhea with 16 queries (“function* disorder*” and diarrhea),functional bloating with 29 queries (“function* disorder*” and bloat*), Functional Dyspepsia with 29queries (“functional dyspep*”), and neurogenic bowel with 7 queries (“neurogenic bowel*”).CONCLUSION: Given the values calculated for sensitivity, and considering the type of study, inorder to retrieve documents in this area, it is necessary to apply all or part of the proposed queriesto the search strategy.

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Comparison of the use of personal protective equipment and infection control in dentists and their assistants before and after the corona crisis

. Narjes Akbari; . Hamid Salehiniya; . Farshid Abedi; . Hamid Abbaszadeh

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 is a new viral outbreak in the world. Dentists andtheir assistants are at greatest risk of exposure to the virus, due to close contact with patients ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 is a new viral outbreak in the world. Dentists andtheir assistants are at greatest risk of exposure to the virus, due to close contact with patients anddealing with aerosols. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the use of personal protectiveequipment (PPE) and supplementary protective equipment (SPE) and observance of the principlesof infection control (PIC) in dentists and their assistants before and after the corona crisis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted using an online surveyfrom May 6 to 20, 2020. Convenience sampling was used to select individuals. The questionnaire,consisting of four general categories about the use of PPE and SPE and the observance of PICby dentists and their assistants before and after corona crisis, was registered at Porsline website(https://survey.porsline.ir/s/KUt7VQB). Frequencies in each subcategory were calculated andcomparisons were done using Chi‑square test, Fisher’s exact test, and paired sample t‑test. A P < 0.05was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: There were significant differences in the frequency of use of PPE by dentists before andafter corona crisis for oral and dental examination and also dental procedures (P < 0.001). Therewere significant differences in the frequency of use of SPE and observance of PIC before and aftercorona crisis, except for different types of suction types (P = 0.22), dental handpiece (P = 0.66),and dental unit (P = 1). There were significant differences in the frequency of use of PPE by dentalassistants before and after corona crisis (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Although the frequency of use of PPE and observance of PIC increased amongdentists and their assistants, this increase is not sufficient, especially for dental assistants, and ahigher level of use of PPE and PIC observance in face of highly contagious and life‑threateningviruses such as corona is required.

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Design, development, and evaluation of an interactive training simulator for teaching hospital information systems

. Faeze Ghaffari; . Fatemeh Rangraz Jeddi; . Razieh Farrahi; . Ehsan Nabovati

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In their apprenticeship program, health information technology (HIT) students aredeprived of the ample opportunity to work with the hospital information system (HIS). This ...  Read More BACKGROUND: In their apprenticeship program, health information technology (HIT) students aredeprived of the ample opportunity to work with the hospital information system (HIS). This studyaimed to design an interactive simulator for the HIS training and evaluate its effects on the informaticsskills of HIT students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 16 Bachelor of Science students ofHIT at Kashan University of Medical Sciences in 2019. After the functionalities and features of thesimulator were determined based on similar existing simulators, expert opinions were received tosimulate eight important processes of admission, discharge, and transfer module in HIS. The scoresof students’ skills and time taken to perform the processes were recorded and analyzed before andafter the educational intervention. After they were trained by the simulator, the students filled out ausability evaluation questionnaire. The data were then analyzed in SPSS version 21.RESULTS: The simulators of health information systems were characterized by interactivity,multimedia applications, practice exercises, tests, and feedback. After the students were trained bythe developed simulator, their skills scores improved significantly in 75% (6/8) of the processes, andthe timespans of all processes decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The usability evaluation indicatedthe usability of the simulator was at a “good” level.CONCLUSIONS: According to the study results, using the simulator improves the informatics skillsof HIT students in working with HIS. It is recommended that this method also be used in otherapprenticeship programs to teach health information systems.

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Prevalence of primary osteoporosis and low bone mass in postmenopausal women and related risk factors

. Elnaz Hemmati; . Mojgan Mirghafourvand; . Majid Mobasseri; . Seyed Kazem Shakouri; . Parvaneh Mikaeli; . Azizeh Farshbaf‑Khalili

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-11

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Globally, 30% of female over 50 years old have osteoporosis. This disease is oneof the major causes of disability and death in the elderly. This research was aimed to determinethe ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Globally, 30% of female over 50 years old have osteoporosis. This disease is oneof the major causes of disability and death in the elderly. This research was aimed to determinethe prevalence of primary osteoporosis and low bone density based on bone mineral density inpostmenopausal women and its sociodemographic, obstetric, and life style risk factors.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed bysimple random sampling on 850 postmenopausal women aged 50–65 years covered by all healthcenters, from August 2018 to April 2019, in Tabriz-Iran. Four hundred and forty-five eligible womenunderwent densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine and femoralneck. Socio-individual, obstetric-medical, international physical activity questionnaires-short form,and anthropometric questionnaires were completed. Data analyzed using descriptive and analyticalstatistics including multivariate logistic regression in SPSS 21 software.RESULTS: The prevalence of primary osteoporosis based on lumbar vertebra T-score, femoralneck T-score, and total was 23.4%, 3.4%, and 24.5%, respectively, and the prevalence of primaryosteopenia based on lumbar vertebra T-score, femur neck T-score, and total was 42%, 35.5%, and43.6%, respectively. The present study showed that the odds of osteoporosis increased by incrementof age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.30), but it decreased by increasingmenopausal age (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85–1.01), body mass index (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78–0.97),arm circumference (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74–0.95), and education level (P = 0.028). It was higher inunmarried women (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 0.99–7.08) and those with nonpersonal housing (OR: 4.02;95% CI: 1.24–13.07).CONCLUSIONS: Given the high prevalence of primary osteoporosis and low bone mass in postmenopausalwomen, health education is necessary for preventing modifiable risk factors and reducing the complicationsof this disease.

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Clinical instructors' Motivational roles and perceived effect on absenteeism among student nurses in a tertiary hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria

. Olaolorunpo Olorunfemi; . Rachael Olufunmilayo Oduyemi; . Christiana Olanrewaju Sowunmi; . Vitalis Okafor; . Lucy O. Chukwuka; . Ngozi Rosemary Osunde; . Achi Favour Ezinne

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Absenteeism is a situation whereby students absence themselves from clinicalposting without good reason, this incidence among student nurses contributed a significant problemthat ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Absenteeism is a situation whereby students absence themselves from clinicalposting without good reason, this incidence among student nurses contributed a significant problemthat if not addressed will adversely affect the quality of nursing care; therefore, motivation of studentduring clinical posting found to be an important ingredient needed in eradicating absenteeism.Consequently, this study aims to determine the reasons why student nurses absenting themselvesfrom clinical posting, its effect and how clinical instructor can motivate student nurses since they arethe first role models and have a significant impact in their skill development.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, quantitative design was used to elicit the informationfrom a sample of 80 nurses and 80 students’ nurses. Nurses: 25 medical surgical ward, 23 surgicalward, 17 obstetrics and gynecology ward, 15 theaters, and 80 student nurses, statistically drawnthrough a stratified sampling technique across the wards and school of nursing. Data collected wereanalyzed using tables, percentages, means, and standard deviation at 0.05 level of significancethrough the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.RESULTS: The student participants reported that non conducive working environment, workingin infectious ward without adequate protection, noncooperation from clinical instructor, excessivenumber of clinical hours, embarrassment faced in front of patients and other medical personnel, lackof prompt medical treatment and care when sick, too much workload, and other number of clinicalassignments as a major reason why they absenting themselves from clinical posting. The effect ofstudent absenteeism and how students can be motivated is identified in this study.CONCLUSION: Reported factors leading to absenteeism among nursing students and identifiedmotivating care should be handled carefully by the hospital managers to produce better health-caredelivery’ nurses in future.

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Designing a comprehensive clinical competency test for operating room technology student: Using Delphi technique and CIPP model evaluation

. Hamideh Yazdimoghaddam; . Ezat Samadipour; . Fatemeh Ghardashi; . Fateme Borzoee; . Roya Akbarzadeh; . Roghayeh Zardosht; . Mohammad Hosseinzadeh Hesari; . Sedigheh Khalili

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The ultimate goal in educating medical students is to train skilled workforce whoby obtaining the required knowledge of the discipline, personal and professional skills, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The ultimate goal in educating medical students is to train skilled workforce whoby obtaining the required knowledge of the discipline, personal and professional skills, and attitudesto enter the national health‑care system. This study was conducted with the goal of designing acomprehensive clinical competency test of operating room technology student using the Delphitechnique, and then, the clinical skills of the operating room technology students of the paramedicalschool were assessed using the CIPP evaluation model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted in the University of MedicalSciences to evaluate clinical skills with Delphi technique and CIPP evaluation model. This wasa mixed methods study. Purposive sampling method was employed in the qualitative stage, anda census was conducted in the quantitative part. A comprehensive clinical competency test wasdesigned in this research using the Delphi technique and was conducted with 18 students. Then,clinical skills evaluation was performed by descriptive-analytical statistical tests and evaluator’sobservation using the CIPP model.RESULTS: The comprehensive clinical competencies test of the surgical technology students wasdesigned in four sections: content, evaluation method, test conditions, and the criteria for passing thecomprehensive test. The results in the implementation stage showed that the operating room technologystudents had a range of excellent to weak performances in exhibiting basic skills at different levels.CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study showed that the comprehensive test, designedbased on the Delphi technique of experts, and using the CIPP model can be a good criterion for theevaluation of the operating room technology students before entering the clerkship.

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