Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Eliciting preferences of professors and medical group students for evaluation methods of theoretical courses: An application of discrete choice experiment analysis

. Ali Kazemi Karyan; . Satar Rezaei; . Shokooh Etesami; . Leyla Pezhman; . Behzad Karami Matin; . Sajad Delavari

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Evaluation has become an inseparable part of education process which givesfeedback to students and professors to improve education quality. This study aimed to elicitpreferences ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Evaluation has become an inseparable part of education process which givesfeedback to students and professors to improve education quality. This study aimed to elicitpreferences of professors and students about attributes of evaluation methods in theoretical coursesin Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2018.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Discrete choice experiment (DCE) method used for eliciting preferencesof participants of the study. A narrative literature review and interview with eight professors and tenstudents conducted to determine attributes and levels of evaluation methods in the university. Furthermore,experimental design used for making final choice sets of the evaluation methods. We included 213students and 30 professors in the study. Conditional logistic regression model performed to data analysis.RESULTS: Most of the professors (36.67%) preferred to allocate up to 30% of evolution scores tomidterm examination. However, the most percentage of students (30.45%) were agree to includemidterm examination up to 15% of total scores. The majority of students prefer to examinationquestions compromise just presented materials, while 70% of professors prefer to include additionaltexts for evaluation examinations. In case of quiz examination, professors in comparison with studentsprefer that quiz should have higher proportion of total scores. DCE analysis indicated that professorsand students preferred a mix of questions in examinations. In addition, additional resources beyondwhat is taught in class made utility for professors and disutility for students. Quiz, also, increasedthe utility of an evaluation package in professors.CONCLUSION: The findings showed that there is a gap between preferences of professors andstudents regarding some attributes of evaluation methods such as student’s discipline, examinationmaterials, and quiz. Further studies are needed to examining other attributes of evaluation methodsin theatrical and practical courses in Iran and other contexts.

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The effect of foot reflexology massage on pruritus in hemodialysis patients

. Azar Shahriari; . Hamed Sarani; . Sara Sheikh; . Azizollah Arbabisarjou

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Pruritus is a common skin manifestation in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Pruritus has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients receiving hemodialysis. This ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Pruritus is a common skin manifestation in patients undergoing hemodialysis.Pruritus has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients receiving hemodialysis. This studywas aimed to investigate the effect of foot reflexology massage on pruritus in hemodialysis patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 90 hemodialysispatients referred to Khatam‑al‑Anbiya and Ali‑Ebne Abi‑Taleb hospitals affiliated to ZahedanUniversity of Medical Sciences in 2019. Patients with moderate‑to‑severe pruritus scores obtainedfrom the Pruritus Severity Scale (PSS) were included in the study. They were randomly divided intointervention and control groups using shuffling cards or envelopes. The intervention group receivednine sessions of foot reflexology massage 3 days a week for 20 min (10 min on each foot) with anemphasis on the solar plexus point. The participants in both groups again completed the PSS 48 hafter the intervention. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 24, independent t‑test, Chi‑squaretest, and paired t‑test.RESULTS: The results of this study demonstrated that foot reflexology massage significantly reduceditching or pruritus in hemodialysis patients (P < 0.001). Pruritus scores in the control group werestatistically significant (P < 0.001). There was no significant statistically difference between the twogroups in terms of the pruritus scores before the intervention (P = 0.59).CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that the foot reflexology massage could relieve itching orpruritus in hemodialysis patients. It is, therefore, recommended that it can be used as an effectiveintervention technique to alleviate itching in hemodialysis patients.

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The opportunities and challenges of using mobile health in elderly self‑care

. Masoumeh Shahbazi; . Hossein Bagherian; . Mohammad Sattari; . Sakineh Saghaeiannejad‑Isfahani

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  Population aging is a phenomenon expanding around the world and will be increase the incidenceof chronic diseases and health costs. This study was conducted according to the preferred ...  Read More Population aging is a phenomenon expanding around the world and will be increase the incidenceof chronic diseases and health costs. This study was conducted according to the preferred reportingitems for systematic reviews and meta‑analyses (PRISMA). A comprehensive literature search wasperformed on 4 databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest) for Englishlanguage studies from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2019. The keywords used to extract relevantcontents were “e‑health,” “Elderly care,” “Self‑care,” “challenge,” “Opportunity” etc., The searchstrategy led to a total of 638 potentially relevant papers, of which 19 papers met the inclusion criteria.The results showed that the challenges of using mobile health in elderly self‑care can be divided intotechnical, human and managerial challenges. The resulting opportunities include reducing health carecosts; no need to visit verbal and remote access to elderly information. The use of mobile health inthe elderly has advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of that is improving physicalactivity and reducing care costs, but it may break the privacy. The disadvantages of that can beresolved by educating the elder men.

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Knowledge of COVID‑19 and its implications in dental treatment, and practices of personal protective equipment among dentists: A survey‑based assessment

. Vivek Kumar Bains; . Rhythm Bains; . Vivek Gupta; . Sanjeev Kumar Salaria

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Oral health-care providers are always at a risk of transmitting or acquiring airborne,saliva-borne, or blood-borne infections due to their proximity to the patient’s ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Oral health-care providers are always at a risk of transmitting or acquiring airborne,saliva-borne, or blood-borne infections due to their proximity to the patient’s mouth, contact withsaliva, and handling of sharp instruments. the aim this study was to evaluate the knowledge of thedentists regarding COVID-19, methods to prevent its transmission, and implications of COVID-19in dental treatment.MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a cross-sectional online survey. There were 35 questionsin total, divided into sections of knowledge of COVID-19, practices of personal protectiveequipment (PPE), and knowledge of implications of COVID-19 in dental treatment. Both conveniencesampling and snowball sampling were used, so that maximal participation could be ensured. Theresults were analyzed using descriptive statistics and making comparisons among various groups.The data were summarized as proportions and percentages (%). All the associations were testedusing the Chi‑square test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Statistical analyses wereperformed using SPSS version 19.0.RESULTS: 26.8% of respondents had a high knowledge, 61.5% had good knowledge, 10.1%had low knowledge, and 6 (1.5%) had nil knowledge about COVID‑19. No significant associationwas found between qualification and knowledge level among the respondents (P = 0.053). Bothgraduates and postgraduates had low knowledge regarding effective PPE components (P = 0.053),donning (P = 0.888), and doffing (P = 0.745). Only 52.9% of postgraduates and 43.7% graduatesanswered correctly about the sequence of donning, and 47.9% of postgraduates and 46.1% ofgraduates had knowledge regarding correct doffing sequence of PPE. Furthermore, knowledge waslow regarding the implications of COVID-19 in dental treatment.CONCLUSION: Although the dentists were found to have high/good knowledge scores regardingCOVID-19, there was a lack of knowledge regarding hand hygiene, proper use of PPE, and implicationsof COVID-19 in dental treatment. Thus, they need to be trained and sensitized regarding the same.

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The experiences of families raising autistic children: A phenomenological study

. Farzad Faraji‑Khiavi; . Mansour Zahiri; . Elham Amiri; . Behnaz Dindamal; . Narges Pirani

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Conditions and needs of autistic children have impacts on both the children and thefamily members who have crucial roles in raising the child. The prevalence of autism is ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Conditions and needs of autistic children have impacts on both the children and thefamily members who have crucial roles in raising the child. The prevalence of autism is increasing,and this fact makes it necessary to focus more on experiences of parents who have children withautism spectrum disorder (ASD). Hence, this study aimed to reflect the experiences of parents whohave autistic children.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a qualitative research with phenomenologyapproach which was conducted using content analysis approach. Participants were 14 parents withASD children in Ahvaz, and they were included based on purposive sampling method. To gather therequired data, semi‑structured interviews were formed. Data analysis was performed by Colaizzi’sseven‑step method.RESULTS: Fifty‑four conceptual codes were extracted from interviews of ASD children parents.Parents of these children had two main experiences: first family related and second education andtreatment problems. Family problems included three categories (financial, psychological, and familyrelationships). Education and treatment was categorized into three (schooling, transporting, andquality in facilities).CONCLUSIONS: Problems mentioned by parents of autistic children highlight the need for providingtraining and counseling services as well as emotional supports from both society and government.Planning and implementing supportive plans empower parents to strategically face problems andeventually improve their life quality and mutual understanding.

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Knowledge and attitude toward COVID‑19 and dental treatment ‑ Its availability and treatment satisfaction during the pandemic among adult population ‑ An online survey

. Admaja K. Nair; . Philips Mathew; . L. S. Sreela; . Twinkle S. Prasad; . Merrin Jose

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is a highly infectious disease primarilyspreading through droplet infection which require significant restriction and modification ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is a highly infectious disease primarilyspreading through droplet infection which require significant restriction and modification in dentaltreatment. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of adult population toward COVID‑19and dental treatment and to assess the availability of dental treatment and patient satisfaction duringthe time of pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online survey was conducted using self‑designed electronicquestionnaire consisting knowledge and attitude about COVID‑19 and dental scenario and questionsregarding availability of dental treatment received during the time of pandemic. Knowledge scoreswere assessed on a maximum total score ranged from 0 to 8, and descriptive statistics were donefor questions related to attitudes and dental treatment availability.RESULTS: A total of 495 participants with mean age of 36.6 years participated in the study. Themean knowledge score was 7.12 ± 0.99 and the participants were found to have good awarenessand positive attitude regarding COVID‑19 were as considerable number of participants were unawareabout the risk associated with dental treatment as well as restrictions imposed on dental procedures.About 18% of participants experienced one or other form of dental complaints during the lockdownperiod. 4% of participants had no accessibility to any form of treatment.CONCLUSIONS: Public awareness is to be improved regarding risk of cross infection that canbe associated with dental treatment and public should be motivated to use virtual facilities liketele‑dentistry so that no dental emergencies is left untreated, at the same time avoiding any sort ofunnecessary hospital visit during the pandemic time.

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Medical record documentation quality in the hospital accreditation

. Saiedeh Sharifi; . Mansour Zahiri; . Hosein Dargahi; . Farzad Faraji‑Khiavi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Medical records constitute a legal and professional document regarding the activitiesof medical staff in hospitals. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Medical records constitute a legal and professional document regarding the activitiesof medical staff in hospitals. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors thataffect the quality of medical records by implementing the accreditation models in hospitals.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a qualitative study. The data were collected via28 semi‑structured interviews. The research population included administrators and supervisorsof nursing, medical records and accreditation in educational hospitals in Ahvaz, southwest Iran.Content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were used to presentdemographic characteristics of interviewees.RESULTS: Facilitators and barriers to improve the quality of documentation were categorized intothree levels: organizational, environmental, and personal, all achieved after the implementationof accreditation model in hospitals. Six facilitating factors were identified including organizationalstructure, organizational culture, management support, individual characteristics, and perceivedbenefits science and technology. The barriers included five factors including program structure,organizational structure, beliefs, justice, and individual characteristics.CONCLUSIONS: The identification of factors affects the quality of medical record documentationand it seems that health managers and policymakers should take measures to improve the quality ofmedical recording documentation through strengthening the facilitators and overcoming the barriersin the program since the purpose of accreditation is to improve the quality in hospitals.

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Workplace physiotherapy for musculoskeletal pain‑relief in office workers: A pilot study

. Rocío Fortún‑Rabadán; . Carolina Jiménez‑Sánchez; . Olatz Flores‑Yaben; . Pablo Bellosta‑López

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain is highly prevalent among office workers and causes highcosts to the public health system. Strategies including education and exercise are recommended,with ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain is highly prevalent among office workers and causes highcosts to the public health system. Strategies including education and exercise are recommended,with major benefits when conducted by physical therapists in the occupational environment. However,the required investment is uncommon among companies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacyof a multimodal physiotherapy intervention to relieve musculoskeletal pain in office workers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study employed a single group study with a pre‑poststudy design and was conducted at Universidad San Jorge in 2018. Outcome variables were:workplace ergonomics (INSHT Guide), existence and severity of musculoskeletal disorders(Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire), musculoskeletal pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale), andClinical Global Impression Scale. Office workers in a university setting (n = 24, 19 females) wereassessed at baseline, after 4 weeks of in‑person sessions and following 3 weeks of autonomousperformance. The physiotherapy program included education, ergonomic supervision, self‑treatment,strengthening, and stretching exercises. A repeated‑measures ANOVA or Friedman test (with posthoc comparisons) and Chi‑squared test were used to compare the study variables.RESULTS: At baseline, cervical spine (54%), shoulder (42%), and lumbar regions (37.5%) werethe most symptomatic regions according to the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Even if theproportion of symptomatic areas did not decrease significantly after the intervention, a great reductionof musculoskeletal pain intensity was observed after the program in the cervical (P < 0.001), lowerback (P = 0.005), shoulder (P = 0.006) regions, and in the overall pain level (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: These results support that a multimodal physiotherapy program can relievework‑related musculoskeletal pain in office workers and serve as a basis for future controlled trials.

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The effect of direct observation of procedural skills/mini‑clinical evaluation exercise on the satisfaction and clinical skills of nursing students in dialysis

. Hasanali Jafarpoor; . Meimanat Hosseini; . Maryam Sohrabi; . Masoomeh Mehmannavazan

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Since the purpose of medicine science is health promotion, education of this groupis very important. The use of new evaluation methods is one of the first educational needs. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Since the purpose of medicine science is health promotion, education of this groupis very important. The use of new evaluation methods is one of the first educational needs. Giventhat many conventional clinical evaluation methods are not able to fully evaluation students in theclinical settings and only evaluate limited information, This study is designed to evaluate the impactof direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) and mini‑clinical evaluation exercise (mini‑CEX)on nursing students and their clinical satisfaction skills.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted in 2018 to evaluatethe dialysis unit of the 6th semester nursing students of Babol University of Medical Sciences in Iran.Samples were selected by the census method and then random allocation. Data collection wasperformed using two questionnaires and two checklists to evaluate the clinical skills and satisfactionof the two groups of testing and control. Moreover, the data were analysed with using the SPSSsoftware (version 18, IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) through the descriptive and analyticalstatistics (Chi‑square test and t‑test).RESULTS: The results showed that the intervention group compared with the control evaluation scoreof 13/73 ± 2/44, 11/74 ± 2/43, P < 0.002, respectively. Furthermore, the mean score of satisfaction ofthe intervention group with the DOPS method compared to the traditional method of the control groupwas 72/50 ± 7/31, 63/48 ± 9/31, P < 0.001, respectively. As well as, the mean score of satisfactionwith the mini‑CEX method of the intervention group compared to the traditional method of the controlgroup was 73/28 ± 7/78, 63/48 ± 9/31, P < 0.002, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that students who were evaluated by DOPSand mini‑CEX methods had a higher score of clinical performance evaluation and higher level ofsatisfaction. Nursing professors can improve the learning process and the satisfaction of nursingstudents by using direct feedback on such evaluation methods.

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Prevalence of self‑reported anxiety and self‑medication among upper and middle socioeconomic strata amidst COVID‑19 pandemic

. Deepti Chopra; . Bharti Bhandari; . Jaspreet Kaur Sidhu; . Kiran Jakhar; . Fariza Jamil; . Rakesh Gupta

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Amidst corona virus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic, disruption to theusual ways of life can lead to anxiety and feeling of being unsafe, which may be associated withself‑medication. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Amidst corona virus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic, disruption to theusual ways of life can lead to anxiety and feeling of being unsafe, which may be associated withself‑medication. The study was planned to investigate the prevalence of anxiety and self‑medicationduring COVID‑19 pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross‑sectional study, data were collected through ananonymous online survey with questionnaire consisting of four sections: demographic data ofthe participants, validated COVID‑19 Anxiety Inventory Items, Self‑rating Anxiety Scale, andself‑medication practices during COVID‑19 pandemic. The data were organized and analyzed usingWindows Microsoft excel and SPSS software (Version 21). Descriptive statistics were calculated forall patient characteristics and survey responses. Analytical analysis included relationship betweenvarious parameters using Chi‑square test.RESULTS: A total of 1100 responses were received. Approximately half of the participants wereworried about getting severely ill. Majority reported reduced social contact (71.3%, n = 784) and alsocommunicated that the pandemic has influenced their use of safety measures (86.5%, n = 951). Theprevalence of mild‑to‑moderate, moderate‑to severe, and extremely severe anxiety cases were 23.1%,4.7%, and 0.54%, respectively. One‑fourth of the responders reported self‑medication, out of which60% were found to be anxious. Nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs were most commonly used.CONCLUSIONS: Rising to the present challenge will require integration across different sectors withthe immediate aim of getting people safely through the pandemic. As the world focuses on containingand delaying the spread of the COVID‑19, with burdened health‑care systems, we should not miss outon people with anxiety disorders and self‑medication problem, which may worsen with the pandemic.

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Impact of knowledge, attitude, and practices of Type 2 diabetic patients: A study in the locality in Vietnam

. Nghiep Ke Le; . Niruwan Turnbull; . Cuong Van Dam; . Santisith Khiewkhern; . Surasak Thiabrithi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-16

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Disease knowledge, appropriate attitude, and proper practices play an importantrole in disease control and reduction of diabetes‑related complications and deaths. This ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Disease knowledge, appropriate attitude, and proper practices play an importantrole in disease control and reduction of diabetes‑related complications and deaths. This study aimsto investigate the impact of knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) of Type 2 diabetic patients’outcomes.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional research was conducted on a group of 102 Type 2diabetic participants in 17 communities in Tam Binh District, Vinh Long Province, Vietnam. Theresearch tool employed the KAP questionnaire using IBM SPSS 22 to analyze the data.RESULTS: The participants’ average age was 57.02 ± 6.323 years. The proportion of womenwas 76.5% (three times higher than men). The knowledge score of the participants waslow (30.04 ± 12.823), the attitude toward score of diabetics was moderate (61.544 ± 29.99), and thepractice of self‑care score was low (50.59 ± 14.881). There were also some significant relationshipsbetween KAPs with ethnicity, marital status, diabetic duration, location, employment status, andtreatment method. In addition, there were only significant differences between the self‑care practicegroups and patients’ attitude toward Type 2 diabetes.CONCLUSION: There is a significant relationship between KAP with some participants’ characteristics.The KAPs of the diabetic patients in Tam Binh district are still low. This result showed that although thepatient’s attitude towards disease was good, it was not enough for them to practice good self‑controldue to poor knowledge.

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Effect of Information, Education, and Communication activity on health literacy of cardiovascular diseases among school‑going adolescents in Delhi

. Srishti Yadav; . Anita Khokhar

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Heart attack and stroke account for >80% of deaths due to cardio‑vasculardiseases (CVDs) in India. Adolescents are the most susceptible group to adopt risky behaviorscausing ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Heart attack and stroke account for >80% of deaths due to cardio‑vasculardiseases (CVDs) in India. Adolescents are the most susceptible group to adopt risky behaviorscausing CVDs such as use of tobacco and alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy diet. Thisstudy was conducted to assess the health literacy of CVDs such as heart attack and stroke amongschool‑going adolescents and change in health literacy after different information, education, andcommunication (IEC) activities.MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a school‑based interventional study conducted in two schoolsamong students of classes 6, 7, and 8. The educational interventions were done in the form ofpamphlets, posters, and lectures on heart attack and stroke. The postintervention data were collected2 weeks after the first intervention and 3 months after the last intervention.RESULTS: There were a higher proportion of students with satisfactory level of knowledge of heartattack and stroke both at 2 weeks and 3 months after the interventions in both the schools, and theresults were statistically significant (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The health literacy regarding CVDs has improved when compared to baseline afterIEC activities among school‑going adolescents.

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Predictive factors of quality of life among the elderly in Iran: Application of Andersen’s behavioral model

. Soghra Nazari; . Koorosh Kamali; . Khadijeh Hajimiri

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify the quality of life (QoL) and its predictive factors basedon the Andersen’s behavioral model among the elderly in Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: ...  Read More BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify the quality of life (QoL) and its predictive factors basedon the Andersen’s behavioral model among the elderly in Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quantitative cross‑sectional study was conducted on 400 peopleaged 60+ resident in Zanjan, Iran, in 2019. Data were collected based on the Andersen’s behavioralmodel constructs by the questionnaires. Path analysis was used to determine both direct and indirecteffects of variables and also for estimating the values of coefficients in the underpinning linear model.RESULTS: In this study, 50% of the participants were female, and 83% were married. The participant’sQoL was 37.4 (9.8). The results confirmed that financial level and physical activity were the mostsignificant predictor of the elder’s QoL. Chronic diseases and activities of daily living as need factorsaffect the QoL of participant indirectly.CONCLUSION: The results showed that the participant’s QoL was at a moderate level. Utilizing ofprimary health‑care services was the weakest predictors of QoL. Sex, marital status, and educationlevel were not reliable predictors of QoL in elders. Other predisposing, enabling, and need factorsshould be investigated to find the main determinants to improve elder’s QoL.

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Application of health belief model to predict COVID‑19‑preventive behaviors among a sample of Iranian adult population

. Amin Mirzaei; . Farogh Kazembeigi; . Hojatollah Kakaei; . Mohsen Jalilian; . Sajad Mazloomi; . Heshmatollah Nourmoradi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus (COVID‑19) has infected nearly 9.5 million people in 216countries, areas, or territories in the world. The fight against the COVID‑19 has become ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus (COVID‑19) has infected nearly 9.5 million people in 216countries, areas, or territories in the world. The fight against the COVID‑19 has become a very seriousinternational challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of COVID‑19‑preventivebehaviors using the health belief model (HBM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted with the participation of558 samples from the adult population of Iran. The online convenience sampling was conductedin this research. The online 68‑item questionnaire link was published all over Iran through socialnetworks including Telegram and WhatsApp, which are common in Iran. The data were analyzedusing SPSS software version 19. Descriptive statistics, bivariate Pearson’s correlation test, andmultiple linear regression were used to analyze the data.RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 33.3 ± 10.01 years. The participants were oftenfemale (61.3%), married (57.9%), and resident of the city (81.0%) with university educationallevel (78.8%). The results showed that the HBM structures predicted 29.3% of the preventivebehaviors of COVID‑19 in the subjects. The perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self‑efficacysignificantly predicted the preventive behaviors, but the perceived susceptibility and perceivedseverity were not significant in the regression model. The internet and virtual social networks (49.8%),broadcast (33.5%), and healthcare providers (15.8%) were the most important sources of informationrelated with COVID‑19. In response to COVID‑19‑related internal cues to action, 36.6% did notpay attention and 34.7% tried to self‑medicate. Only 28.5% of the subjects referred to the hospital,healthcare center, or physician.CONCLUSION: Self‑efficacy, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits were the key determinantsof COVID‑19‑preventive behaviors in the subjects. It can be concluded that the HBM is a good toolto predict COVID‑19‑preventive behaviors in Iranian population.

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The relationship between physical performance and quality of life and the level of physical activity among the elderly

. Lekshmi Prasad; . Jean Fredrick; . Aruna R

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Loss of physical function during the process of aging might affect the quality of life.Physical function assessment tests predicts outcomes such as falls, institutionalization, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Loss of physical function during the process of aging might affect the quality of life.Physical function assessment tests predicts outcomes such as falls, institutionalization, and death.Studies assessing the association of physical function with quality of life and physical activity level ofelderly population in India is scarce. Hence we aimed to assess the physical function of communitydwelling older adults and to determine its association with physical activity levels and quality of life.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross‑sectional analytical study. 89 community dwellingolder adults between 60 and 80 years of age were recruited. Physical function was assessed bystanding balance, walking speed, and grip strength. Quality of life was assessed by WHO QOL BREFquestionnaire and physical activity level was assessed by International Physical activity Questionnaire.RESULTS: Standing balance was reduced in 24% and walking speed was decreased in 33% of theparticipants. Males had higher walking speed, and grip strength. Quality of life was better amongmales. Standing balance, walking speed and grip strength was significantly higher in moderate – heavyactivity levels. There was positive correlation between physical function and quality of life. There wasalso positive correlation between physical activity level and quality of life.CONCLUSION: Physical function, quality of life and physical activity level were decreased. Males hadbetter physical function and quality of life. Physically active individuals had better physical functionand quality of life. Early detection of decreased physical function and increase in physical activitylevel could result in better quality of life among elderly.

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The relationship between test anxiety and academic procrastination among the dental students

. Marjan Bolbolian; . Shima Asgari; . Fatemeh Sefidi; . Ali Sarvari Zadeh

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Test anxiety is a major educational problem among students all around the world.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic procrastination ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Test anxiety is a major educational problem among students all around the world.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic procrastination andtest anxiety among the dental students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a descriptive–analytical study. The studysample consisted of 152 dental students; Solomon and Rothblum’s procrastination scale andFriedman’s test anxiety questionnaire were used to collect data. To analyze the data, descriptiveand analytical statistics (analysis of variance, independent t‑test, and Pearson’s correlation) wereused at a significance level of P < 0.05.RESULTS: The results of the present study showed that there is a significant relationshipbetween procrastination and test anxiety and its components. The relationship between academicprocrastination and gender was not significant, but a significant relationship was found between testanxiety and its dimensions with gender in terms of cognitive error and total test anxiety. No significantrelationship was found between academic procrastination and test anxiety and their componentswith marital status, age, and grade point average.CONCLUSION: According to the findings of the present study, people with academic procrastinationhave more test anxiety and fear of humiliation, irrational and negative thoughts, and more stress.

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Exploring medical ethics’ implementation challenges: A qualitative study

. Jannat Mashayekhi; . Mahboobeh Khabaz Mafinejad; . Tahereh Changiz; . Hamideh Moosapour; . Pooneh Salari; . Saharnaz Nedjat; . Bagher Larijani

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Adherence to medical ethics principles by medical professionals is required toimprove health‑care system’s quality. Recognizing medical ethics’ challenges ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Adherence to medical ethics principles by medical professionals is required toimprove health‑care system’s quality. Recognizing medical ethics’ challenges and attempting toresolve them are important in the implementation of medical ethics in practice. This study aimed toexplore such challenges at Iran’s medical sciences universities in 2018.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive, qualitative study utilized a conventional contentanalysis approach for data analysis. This study was conducted using purposeful sampling fromparticipants with experience in teaching or practicing of medical ethics field, and by consideringmaximum variety of disciplines (e.g., gynecology, internal medicine, surgery, and medical ethics). Thedata were gathered using semi‑structured interviews. The interview guide was designed based onprevious research findings by two members of the research team and contained the main interviewquestions and participants had the opportunity to express their perspectives in detail. Participantswere chosen from clinical and ethical faculty members as well as managers. The data collectionprocess continued until the data saturation stage, beyond which no new information or conceptachieved by continuing interviews.RESULTS: After interviewing 14 faculty members and managers, findings were classified into 4themes, 9 categories, and 42 sub‑categories; four main categories of medical ethics challenges areaffected by cognitive, educational, practical, and structural factors, respectively.CONCLUSION: This study suggested that medical ethics’ cognitive and educational challenges canalleviate using educational programs intended for improving qualitative and quantitative aspects ofmedical ethics teaching for medical professionals ranging from students to faculty members. Medicalethics’ structural and practical challenges are within policymaking and scheduling activities dealt withthrough future researches by health‑care system’s managers and planners.

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Translational cultural adaptation and psychometric study of the Persian version of pediatric inventory for parents

. Sedigheh Khanjari; . Fereshteh Javaheri Tehrani; . Shabnam Shariat Panahi; . Ahmad Saidee

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Cancer, as a life‑threatening disease in children, poses several challenges forparents. It is necessary to have a tool that can comprehensively examine the stressful events ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Cancer, as a life‑threatening disease in children, poses several challenges forparents. It is necessary to have a tool that can comprehensively examine the stressful events forparents of children with cancer. The aim this present study was done with the aim of study thePersian version of pediatric inventory for parents (PIP).MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a conducted based on methodological researchdesign. Four hundred and fifteen parents of children with cancer referring to Alia Asghar Children’sHospital and Children’s Medical Centre in Tehran answered the Persian version of PIP questionnairein 2019. a confirmatory factor analysis was carried out using LISREL (software version 8.8) to testthe construct validity of PIP. The two tools of parental stress scale and state‑trait anxiety inventory(STAI‑Y) were used for concurrent validity purposes.RESULTS: The results showed that, the overall score of the questionnaire was higher than the averageand related to emotional distress. The internal correlation coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) in both partsof the PIP was between 0.808 and 0.957 and acceptable. Concurrent validity analysis indicatedpositive and significant correlation of this tool in the difficulty section of the scale with both ParentalStress Scale and STAI‑Y. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor loadsof all items except three items in the frequency section were more than 0.3 and were appropriate.CONCLUSION: The Persian version of PIP can be available to health and family experts as a validand reliable tool to assess stressful events of parents of children with cancer.

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Effectiveness of interdisciplinary health education programs for individuals with fibromyalgia: A systematic review

. Mateus Dias Antunes; . Letícia Assis Couto; . Letícia Assis Couto1 , Sonia Maria Marques Gomes Bertolini; . Felipe Cayres Nogueira da Rocha Loures3; . Ana Carolina Basso Schmitt; . Amélia Pasqual Marques

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Fibromyalgia has been increasing worldwide and is considered a public health problem.Nonpharmacological treatment through exercise and education is recommended forfibromyalgia management. ...  Read More Fibromyalgia has been increasing worldwide and is considered a public health problem.Nonpharmacological treatment through exercise and education is recommended forfibromyalgia management. In this sense, there is a need for interdisciplinary programs topromote health and improve symptoms in fibromyalgia. The purpose of this study wasto verify the effectiveness of interdisciplinary health education programs for individualswith fibromyalgia. This is a systematic review that followed the Preferred ReportingItems for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses recommendations and was registeredat Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD4201913228). A search was conductedin the following databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online, Lilacs, Medical LiteratureAnalysis and Retrieval System Online, Scopus, Web of Knowledge ISI, PhysiotherapyEvidence Database, Excerpta Medica Database, Cumulative Index to Nursing and AlliedHealth Literature, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus. The descriptors used were“Fibromyalgia” and “Health Education.” Clinical trials published between 1990 and 2019were selected. The Jadad Quality Scale and the Cochrane Risk‑of‑Bias Tool were used toevaluate the risk of bias and the methodological quality of the clinical trials. The searchfound 2887 articles, and only two studies were included in the analysis. Both studiesconducted the interventions through lectures and group activities. In particular, thetopics most frequently approached at the interdisciplinary health education programswere general information about fibromyalgia, body practices, physical activities, andpharmacological approaches. An interdisciplinary health education program can improvepain and quality of life in people with fibromyalgia; however, evidence shows lowmethodological quality. This systematic review indicates that studies are of low quality,interfering with the effectiveness of interdisciplinary health education programs.

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The effect of consuming multivitamin/ mineral supplements on elderly quality of life: Based on randomized control trial

. Mateus Dias Antunes; . Sonia Maria Marques Gomes Bertolini; . Felipe Cayres Nogueira da Rocha Loures; . Ana Carolina Basso Schmitt; . Amélia Pasqual Marques; . Mitra Abolfathi; . Yahya Pasdar; . Marzieh Kheiri; . Seyed Fahim Irandoost; . Fatemeh Darabi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Clinical trials concerning the effect of supplements or multivitamin on improvingthe quality of life have proven different results. The present study was conducted to examine ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Clinical trials concerning the effect of supplements or multivitamin on improvingthe quality of life have proven different results. The present study was conducted to examine theeffect of multivitamin supplement on quality of life of the elderly.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty‑four old people over 65 years of age in Kermanshah Elderly CareCenter participated in this randomized trial. The samples were first selected using the conveniencesampling and then were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The interventiongroup received one multivitamin mineral (MVM) supplement capsule every day for 3 months withno intervention for the control group. Standard quality of life questionnaire was used to collect thedata. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 22.RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 70.77 ± 8.29 years. The results of intra‑groupevaluation of the aspects of quality of life of the elderly show the lack of significant changes in the meanscores of physical health and environmental health of the elderly in the intervention group (P > 0.05)and the significant reduction of these aspects in the control group (P < 0.05) after intervention. Themean score of mental health scores in the intervention group significantly increased (P = 0.01),but there are no significant changes in the control group (P = 0.273). The mean scores of socialrelationships as well as the overall score of quality of life in the intervention and control groupsshowed no significant changes (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the consumption of MVM supplements can havea positive effect on increasing the quality of life of the elderly, but it is recommended to be done inthe long term along diet. Moreover, considering the fact that no change was observed in the otheraspects of the quality of life, attentions should be paid to the environmental and social factors suchas social supports and empowerment of the old people in the future studies.

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COVID‑19 and the “Stay at home” recommendation: An ethnographic study

. Amirahmad Shojaei; . Pooneh Salari

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Facing a devastating infectious outbreak like COVID‑19, the command of “stay athome” was recommended by some officials as a self‑voluntary quarantine strategy ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Facing a devastating infectious outbreak like COVID‑19, the command of “stay athome” was recommended by some officials as a self‑voluntary quarantine strategy for controllingthe outbreak, but the people perceived and act differently. In this study, we aimed at ethnographicevaluation of public response to this command.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research used ethnography for observing the public response tothe recommendation of “stay at home” in the COVID‑19 outbreak. Data were collected via observingpublic behavior and documentation; then, the data were qualitatively analyzed.RESULTS: Our findings showed 10 different ignored dimensions in this moral statement includinglack of legal and administrative support, diverse perception and contradictory reactions of the peopleto the epidemiological forecasting and recommendations, different response to moral statements,various perceptions of the people about health and wellbeing, feeling exhausted of staying at home,not including justice and fairness in the moral statement, not clarifying the meaning of necessarymatters, not considering the COVID‑19 infected patients and their requirements, assigning theresponsibility of government to the public, and halting other scientific activities and investigations incharge of COVID‑19.CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the officials should take an active role in implementing this moralstatement by strict regulations, public education about the disease, its control, and the importanceof quarantine, considering justice and fairness in implementation.

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The effect of education on anxiety of pregnant mothers before amniocentesis

. Shahnaz Mojahed; . Razie Sadat Tabatabaei; . Fariba Reihani; . Ali Dehghani; . Faride Khavari

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Pregnancy alone is associated with many anxieties and worries for many women.Prenatal diagnosis of fetal malformations is one of the most important anxious events for women.Increasing ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Pregnancy alone is associated with many anxieties and worries for many women.Prenatal diagnosis of fetal malformations is one of the most important anxious events for women.Increasing knowledge empowers the person to identify the important issues and by increasingunderstanding, creates a positive attitude in people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigatethe effect of education on the level of anxiety of pregnant mothers before invasive screening for fetalabnormalities (amniocentesis).MATERIALS AND METHODS : This is a quasi‑experimental study with two parallel designs in threestages: Pretest (before intervention), posttest (after intervention), and after amniocentesis. This studywas performed on 80 pregnant women candidates for amniocentesis (40 pregnant women in thecontrol group and 40 pregnant women in the intervention group) referred to the perinatology clinic inYazd in 2020. Data collection tools were demographic and midwifery questionnaires and Spiel Bergeranxiety questionnaires. In the experimental group, the intervention was performed as group trainingfor 90 min immediately before amniocentesis. In the control group, only routine procedures (briefdescription by a perinatologist during amniocentesis) were performed. SPSS software version 16was used to analyze the data.RESULTS: The mean age of the research units was 67/5 ± 5/33 years. The results of Mann–Whitneyintergroup test showed that the mean scores of overt anxiety before the intervention between thecontrol and intervention groups were not significant (P < 0.014) but were significant after training andafter amniocenter (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the results of Mann–Whitney group test showed thatthe mean scores of overt anxiety in the intervention group before and after training were significant(P < 0.001). Furthermore, the results of the control group showed significant results (P < 0.001). Theresults of the independent t‑test showed that the mean scores of latent anxiety before the interventionbetween the control and intervention groups were not significant (P < 0.194) but were significantafter the training (P < 0.57) but The results were not significant after amniocentesis (P < 0.216).Furthermore, the results of paired t‑test within the group showed that the mean scores of overtanxiety in the intervention group before and after training was significant (P < 0.001). Furthermore,the results of the control group showed significant results (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study indicate the positive effect of education on anxiety ofpregnant women candidates for amniocentesis. The results also show the important role of educationon the psychological dimension of high‑risk pregnant women in relation to the consequences ofpregnancy and childbirth. According to the research results, it seems that education affects thecognitive system and information processing by increasing people’s awareness of the amniocentesisprocess and its consequences.

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Health and environmental practices levels among female students of scientific and humanities academic majors

. Hala El Senousy; . Ayat ALsharoa

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Courses’ resources is an important ingredient for building awareness, despite theavailability of health and environmental knowledge in some subjects, students’ ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Courses’ resources is an important ingredient for building awareness, despite theavailability of health and environmental knowledge in some subjects, students’ practices still needmore improvement. The study aims to investigate the level of health and environmental practicesamong university female students of both scientific and humanities subject majors, and its relationshipto the academic major.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive research design is applied to a sample of 410 femalestudents enrolled in scientific and humanities majors during 2017/2018 academic year. A “Health andEnvironmental Practices Scale” is prepared for data collection. It includes 58 items with Cronbach’salpha = 0.71 and 0.69 for the two domains. The means percentage and independent t‑test for thetwo majors applied, as P ≤ 0.05 was statistically significant.RESULTS: Results showed that (i) the level of health and environmental practices is “moderate”with a mean of 2.89, 3.17 for both domains, respectively; (ii) there is no statistically significantdifference between health practices level and environmental practices level; (iii) there is no statisticallysignificant difference between humanities and scientific majors and health and environmentalpractices level among students of humanities and scientific majors, which means that the impact ofthe interdisciplinary courses on the level of health and environmental practices is not clear.CONCLUSIONS: Health and environmental awareness among students are found to be moderate.However, actual health and environmental practices are still a huge challenge because of the gapbetween theory and practice.

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Students’ perspectives on the virtual teaching challenges in the COVID‑19 pandemic: A qualitative study

. Forough Mortazavi; . Raha Salehabadi; . Masoume Sharifzadeh; . Fatemeh Ghardashi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The COVID‑19 pandemic led to the closure of crowded places such as universitiesand replaced face‑to‑face learning with virtual education. The purpose of this qualitative ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The COVID‑19 pandemic led to the closure of crowded places such as universitiesand replaced face‑to‑face learning with virtual education. The purpose of this qualitative study wasto investigate the challenges of virtual learning from the students’ perspectives.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative descriptive study was conducted on students ofSabzevar University of Medical Sciences. Purposeful sampling was performed by semi‑structuredgroup interviews on the Internet in the WhatsApp social network. Fifty‑two nursing, midwifery,hygiene, and paramedical students were interviewed. Every interview was started by asking thequestion “what is your experience about virtual teaching?” The data were analyzed using MAXQDAsoftware version 2020. According to the steps of qualitative content analysis, content analysis wasperformed and the themes were extracted.RESULTS: Fifty‑two students were interviewed in eight group sessions. Qualitative data analysisleads to the extraction of 23 codes, 7 categories, and the 2 main themes; dissatisfaction with virtualeducation with 4 categories (lack of feedback, communication channel problems, the unpreparednessof the message receiver, and weakness in educational content) and solutions to the modification ofvirtual teaching with three categories (possibility of receiving feedback, channel improvement, andstrengthening educational content) were extracted. The highest frequency of code was related tothe dissatisfaction with the uploaded contents.CONCLUSIONS: Virtual education has created a negative experience among students for variousreasons, including the lack of distance learning infrastructure and the lack of a standard for preparingquality content. Therefore, it is necessary for the officials of the Education Development Center tosupervise the prepared contents and improve distance learning infrastructure.

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Effect of classmate as peer-led education on clinical performance: A mixed-method study

. Roghayeh Mehdipour‑Rabori; . Monirsadat Nematollahi; . Behnaz Bagherian

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Achieving an excellent clinical education by nursing students is one of the primarygoals of any nursing school. Nursing educators try to use different methods to enhance ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Achieving an excellent clinical education by nursing students is one of the primarygoals of any nursing school. Nursing educators try to use different methods to enhance clinicalskills. One of them is a peer‑led method that can be used in theoretical and clinical education. It isdeveloping as a suitable educational method to promote health. This study assessed the effect ofclassmates as peer‑led education on the clinical performance of nursing students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted using a mixed‑method approach anda sequential explanatory design. In the quantitative phase, a quasi‑experimental study with atwo‑group pre‑ and post‑test design was conducted. The sample of this phase consisted of 70 nursingstudents (35 persons in each group) who were selected through random convenience sampling. Theintervention group participated in a peer‑led education program. The control group received routinetraining. The members of both groups completed the clinical performance checklist before, and afterthe intervention, The collected data were analyzed using SPSS V21 software using descriptive andinferential statistics. In the qualitative phase, the researchers interviewed 18 undergraduate studentsusing semi‑structured in‑depth and face‑to‑face approaches. These participants were selected bypurposive sampling method. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. MAX DATA10 was used to categorize the data. To establish the reliability and validity of findings, Graneheim,and Landman’s criteria were consideredRESULTS: In the quantitative phase of the study, the results showed that the mean score of clinicalperformance was not statistically significant between the control and intervention groups before theintervention (P > 0.05). At the same time, it was significantly different after the intervention (P < 0.05),implying that the peer‑led education of the intervention group significantly increased compared to thatof the control. The main theme was “learning based on friendship,” which included two categories,namely “deep learning” and “learn in the shadow of relaxing.”CONCLUSION: Classmate as peer‑led education could increase the ability of nursing students inclinical performance, and was able to enhance deep learning among them.

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The effect of educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior on the improvement of colorectal cancer screening intention among average‑risk individuals referring to Asadabad city clinics

. Mina Maheri; . Fatemeh Darabi; . Saeede Khalili; . Marziyeh Hesari

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the fourthmost common cancer in women in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectof ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the fourthmost common cancer in women in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectof educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on the improvement ofCRC screening intention among average‑risk individuals.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was performed on the 50–69‑year‑oldindividuals referred to Asadabad city clinics in 2020. The individuals were randomly assigned tomultistage cluster sampling in each intervention and control group. The instrument used in thisresearch was a researcher‑made questionnaire based on TPB. Educational intervention wasconducted for the intervention group, one of their family members, and staff of clinic under intervention.Finally, the data were entered into SPSS and analyzed utilizing descriptive and analytical statistics.Results were considered significantly <0.05.RESULTS: There were no significant differences between two intervention and control groups in thepreintervention phase in terms of the mean scores of attitude (P = 0.58), subjective norms (P = 0.59),and behavioral intention (P = 0.66). However, in the postintervention phase, these differences weresignificant. Furthermore, regarding the mean score of perceived behavioral control, there was asignificant difference between the two groups in the preintervention phase (P < 0.02), while in thepostintervention phase, this difference was not significant (P = 0.29).CONCLUSION: Educational intervention based on the TPB has been effective in improving the CRCscreening intention among average‑risk individuals. Therefore, using the results of this researchand developing appropriate educational programs at the community level can be increased theparticipation of community members in CRC screening programs.

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Development and validation of a questionnaire for professionalism in cyber users in medical sciences in Iran

. Leili Mosalanejad; . Saeed Abdollahifard

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Considering the importance of virtual professionalism and professional ethicsin medical sciences, and the necessity to pay attention to this issue and its impact on medicalprofessionalism, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Considering the importance of virtual professionalism and professional ethicsin medical sciences, and the necessity to pay attention to this issue and its impact on medicalprofessionalism, this study aimed to build a professional culture questionnaire in a virtual environmentfor students of medical sciences in Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an exploratory, sequential, mixed‑methods research whichwas conducted in three sections. In the first section, the concept of e‑professionalism in medicalsciences was analyzed using the hybrid concept analysis in the theoretical work, field work, and finalanalysis stages in order to extract information related to the concept. In the second section, an itemof the questionnaire was designed based on the concept, reviewed texts, and related questionnaires,in the third section, psychometric properties of a questionnaires were evaluated.RESULTS: Totally, 39 items were included in the initial pool, which reduced to 33 items in the finalquestionnaire after reviewing the psychometric properties. Factor analyses led to extraction of fivefactors including appraisal of e‑professionalism compliance with the laws and regulations governingcyberspace, individual professionalism, knowledge management, respect for professionalism ininterpersonal and group rules, and complying with ethics in the use of cyberspace. The internalconsistency of questionnaire was also confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.78, also allfactor correlations absed stability were significant (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: An exploratory sequential study in this study led to the extraction of five factorsand development of a 33‑item questionnaire in e‑professionalism. As results and analysis of thepsychometric properties and validation of each item, this questionnaire is valid and reliable for theassessment of levels of e‑professionalism in medical sciences in Iran.

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Social media effects among freshman medical students during COVID‑19 lock‑down: An online mixed research

. Ankit Gupta; . Arunita Jagzape; . Mahendra Kumar

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Lockdown was imposed as a preventive measure for coronavirus diseasepandemic. Social media was the most common tool available for the masses, including the 1styear medical ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Lockdown was imposed as a preventive measure for coronavirus diseasepandemic. Social media was the most common tool available for the masses, including the 1styear medical students during the lockdown. The objectives of the present study were to determinethe extent of use of social media and the effects on mind‑body and social distancing.MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was mixed research conducted on 1st‑year medical studentsusing convenience sampling. The quantitative aspect of E‑survey was administered through Googleforms sent via E‑mail, and structured telephonic interview was conducted as a qualitative aspect onrandomly selected 10 students based on predecided interview questions. This study was reportedas per the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E‑Surveys. The analysis was performed usingpercentages and paired t‑test with significance at P < 0.05, Chi‑square test with Yate’s correction.Qualitative responses were analyzed using coding and categorization.RESULTS: The response rate was 88%. Time spent on social media for >4 h increased from 1.1% to47.72% during lockdown. Forty three (48.86%) of the students reported increased mood fluctuations.The relation between mood fluctuations and time spent on social media of >4 h was significant𝜒2 = 6.41 with P < 0.05. Average hours of sleep after using social media before lockdown increasedsignificantly from 6.68 h to 8.10 h during lockdown using paired t‑test, where “t” was 6.84. Therewas a positive impact on communication with friends and family.CONCLUSION: Due to the increased extent of use of social media during lockdown, negativemind‑body effects have surfaced but emerged as boon in terms of communication .

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Development and validation of a scale to measure attitude of people toward men in nursing profession

. Sharma K. Sharma; . Shiv Kumar Mudgal

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Ancient history mentions the dominance of men in nursing; however, now nursinghas a feminine image, and globally more than 90% of nursing workforce is females. Recently, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Ancient history mentions the dominance of men in nursing; however, now nursinghas a feminine image, and globally more than 90% of nursing workforce is females. Recently, morenumber of males are attracted to nursing, but there is a paucity of literature on the attitude of peopleabout men in nursing may be because of a lack of measurement scales available for this purpose.The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new scale measuring attitude of people towardmen in nursing.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital and usedan exploratory sequential design with an instrument development model. A total of 400 participantswere selected using the simple random sampling technique. The reliability, content validity, facevalidity, and construct validity of this newly developed scale were computed. For data analyses SPSSAMOS version 23 was used for performing exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.RESULTS: The new scale “AMnQ” consists of 15 items under three factors: (I) nursing is feministicand professionally low, (II) higher suitability of male nurses in technical and challenging situations,and (III) synonymy of empathy and care with a female. The final model with 15 items of AMnQ scalewas validated by confirmatory factor analysis and showed a good fit to data. The Cronbach’s α forthe overall scale was 0.87, and for Factors I, II, and III, it was 0.80, 0.88, and 0.89, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The “AMnQ” is a valid, reliable scale to assess the attitude of patients, nurses,physicians, and nursing students toward men in nursing. There is an assumption that nursing is afeminine profession; therefore, a valid and reliable scale to measure the attitude of people towardmen in nursing will help to generate pieces of evidence on this subject, so that policymakers canmake unbiased decisions on liberalizing entry of men in nursing.

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Explaining the perception of spiritual care from the perspective of health personnel: A qualitative study

. Zohre Khalajinia; . Hoda Ahmari Tehran; . Akram Heidar

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Spiritual care is one of the important and essential aspects of healthcare. Theimpact of spirituality on healing, health‑related states, and the ability to cope and adapt ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Spiritual care is one of the important and essential aspects of healthcare. Theimpact of spirituality on healing, health‑related states, and the ability to cope and adapt to the diseaseis undeniable. Thus, this study is aimed to explain the perception of the spiritual care of patients byhealth‑care providers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was performed with a qualitative approach using contentanalysis by the conventional method in hospitals of Qom University of Medical Sciences. The data werecollected through in‑depth semi‑structured interviews with 11 participants through a purposeful samplingmethod and analyzed simultaneously. The consistency of the data was confirmed by the participants.RESULTS: Data analysis provided four main categories as follows: “Observing the patient’s rights”with subcategories of respect, right to choose, preserving the patient’s privacy, proper communicationwith the patient, “professionalism” with subcategories of responsibility, acceptance of mistakes,development of technical skills and knowledge, “supportive behaviors” with subcategories of payingattention to emotional and psychological needs and “Strengthening the patient’s religious dimension”with subcategories of honoring religious beliefs and providing healthcare along with trust in God.CONCLUSIONS: According to the study findings, spiritual care from the perspective of health‑careproviders was explained as attention to emotional and psychological needs, reverence for patients’religious beliefs, respect for human dignity, and sense of responsibility.

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E‑professionalism in medical sciences: A Hybrid Concept Analysis

. Leili Mosalanejad; . Mansoor Tafvisi; . Nahid Zarifsanaiey

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Professionalism is one of the most important and vital concepts in the medicalsciences. With the rapid growth of e‑learning in the medical sciences in the past few years, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Professionalism is one of the most important and vital concepts in the medicalsciences. With the rapid growth of e‑learning in the medical sciences in the past few years, the conceptof virtual professionalism has emerged. This study was conducted as a hybrid concept analysis ondescribing e‑professionalism in medical sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a qualitative study with a hybrid concept analysis approach,consisting of theoretical stage, field research, and analysis. In the theoretical stage, the concepts ofe‑professionalism in medical sciences were identified through a review of the literature. During thefieldwork stage, in‑depth interviews were conducted with five medical students who were intentionallyselected. Finally, after analyzing the literature and the qualitative interviews, a theoretical descriptionof e‑professionalism concept in the field of medical sciences was extracted.RESULTS: the themes (3 numbers) and the subthemes (4 numbers) were extracted from 62codes. These themes include information and communion technology and educational strategiesprofessionalism in medical education.CONCLUSIONS: For describing professionalism, it is necessary to consider education and culture,role models, by emphasizing on the acceptance of professional responsibility, developing andimproving social media policies, determining the scope of communication and interaction betweenindividuals, and identifying the boundary between local laws and customs.

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Justice and unintentional discrimination in health care: A qualitative content analysis

. Mohammadjavad Hosseinabadi‑Farahani1; . Masoud Fallahi‑Khoshknab; . Narges Arsalani; . Mohammadali Hosseini; . Eesa Mohammadi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Discrimination in health care is a common phenomenon whose completeunderstanding has always been a major concern of health-care systems to control and reduce it.This study ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Discrimination in health care is a common phenomenon whose completeunderstanding has always been a major concern of health-care systems to control and reduce it.This study aimed to explore the experiences of unintentional discrimination and related factors inhealth-care providers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted with a content analysis approachin 2019. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 13 health-care providers includingtwo physicians, three nursing supervisors, two head nurses, four staff nurses, and two nurse aidesin two general hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling.The obtained data were analyzed by Graneheim and Lundman method.RESULTS: Three main categories and eight subcategories were obtained from the dataanalysis: (1) forced discrimination (superiors’ pressures and executive orders, occupational concerns,and fear of the superiors); (2) guided discrimination (professional challenges, managers’ policymaking,and lack of medical ethics knowledge); and (3) lack of resources (workforce shortage and lack ofmedical equipment).CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that health-care providers such as doctors andnurses are unintentionally forced to provide discriminatory care on some occasions. Knowing andmanaging these unwanted factors can partly counteract unintentional discrimination. Thus, preventingthe factors that lead to superiors’ pressures and occupational forces and improving the medical ethicsknowledge should be considered by health-care managers.

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The prevalence of obsessive–compulsive disorder in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A cross‑sectional study

. Omran Davarinejad; . Fatemeh RostamiParsa; . Farnaz Radmehr; . Vahid Farnia; . Mostafa Alikhani

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases,and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the main causes of this disease. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases,and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the main causes of this disease. The presentstudy was aimed to investigate the prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present research is a cross‑sectional survey study. The researchsample included 120 patients with IBS who referred to Imam Reza Hospital and gastrointestinalclinics in Kermanshah (Iran) in the 3 months of April, May, July in 2019 that were selected using thecensus sampling method, and demographic information, clinical and medical records were collected.Data analysis was performed using frequency, percentage, and Chi‑square.RESULTS: Among the patients who were studied, 58 of them (48.3%) were women and 62 (51.7%)were men, the results showed that the prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS was 14.96 and thesymptoms of washing, checking, skepticism and slowness‑repetition had the highest prevalence,respectively. These symptoms were more common in women than in men. There was also a significantrelation between OCD prevalence in patients with IBS and with female gender, age‑range 30–21 years,single, and history of OCD in the patient’s immediate family and close relatives (P < 0.05), but therewas no significant relationship between OCD prevalence in patients with IBS and level of education,occupation, income status, and place of residenceCONCLUSION: Due to the high prevalence of OCD in patients with IBS, the interaction ofgastroenterologists and psychiatrists to treat irritable bowel syndrome is very important.

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The main factors of supplier‑induced demand in health care: A qualitative study

. Hesam Seyedin; . Mahnaz Afshari; . Parvaneh Isfahani; . Ebrahim Hasanzadeh; . Maryam Radinmanesh; . Rasoul Corani Bahador

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Induced demand is a major challenge for financing health promotion, wherebyproviders exploit patients’ information gap to manipulate their demand for health care. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Induced demand is a major challenge for financing health promotion, wherebyproviders exploit patients’ information gap to manipulate their demand for health care. The purposeof this study was to identify the factors associated with induced demand for health‑care services inhospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) in 2018.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this qualitative study, semi‑structured interviews were conductedwith 20 participants from IUMS hospitals, including faculty members, physicians, public hospitalmanagers, patients, and researchers with academic and practical experience. Inductive contentanalysis was used to analyze the data.RESULTS: Overall, 24 subthemes or factors were identified and classified into the health system,the insurer, health‑care provider, and health‑care recipient themes. Poor monitoring and control,the fee‑for‑service payment system, limited role of insurance companies, insufficient monitoring ofinsurance companies, the educational nature of our health centers, health‑care providers’ interests,and patients’ information gap were some important factors in induced demand for health‑care services.CONCLUSION: Our results showed that there are many factors that contribute to induced demand forhealth care. Given the four levels of factors identified in this study, health policymakers and managersmust develop strategies at each level to reduce induced demand for health care.

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Evaluation of physical medicine and rehabilitation course for undergraduate medical students: A mixed‑methods study

. Seyede Zahra Emami Razavi; . Mohaddeseh Azadvari; . Maryam Hosseini; . Shahram Rahimi Dehgolan; . Nastaran Maghbouli

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The objective was to evaluate an innovative physical medicine andrehabilitation (PMR) course for undergraduate students of Tehran University of Medical Sciencesand their ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The objective was to evaluate an innovative physical medicine andrehabilitation (PMR) course for undergraduate students of Tehran University of Medical Sciencesand their attitude and knowledge change following course participation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety‑one medical students filled the knowledge, attitude, andsatisfaction forms pre‑ and postintervention. Nineteen medical students, two faculty physiatrists, tworesidents, two physical therapists, and two occupational therapists participated in the focus groups.RESULTS: We found significant attitude improvements. They declared the usefulness of PMRcourse for undergraduate. Moreover, they agreed that physiatrists could be first choice for refer ofmusculoskeletal patients and they preferred PMR as future career after course experience. Also,they preferred to refer musculoskeletal patients including carpal tunnel syndrome, frozen shoulder,nonspecific low back pain after course participation. We found a good relationship between attitudeand practice scores (r = 0.543, P = 0.000); in fact, students’ attitude would strongly predict theirpractice through a model involving age, satisfaction, and exam scores (R2 = 0.356, B = 0.35 [0.06],and P = 0.000).CONCLUSION: We found that internship training course might be an effective method of teachingPMR. Improving attitude toward the field of PMR and patient referral practice, career choice anddisability perceptions of undergraduates is concluded in this study. Investigation of the advantagesof such courses in larger studies with longer follow‑up time‑points is highly recommend.

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A cross‑sectional study of prevalence and types of sexual dysfunction among married male patients with alcohol dependence syndrome attending tertiary healthcare center from Central Rural India

. Ravi Singh Bhainsora; . Pradeep Shriram Patil; . Ajinkya Sureshrao Ghogare; . Ganpatlal Kodarbhai Vankar

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-11

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Chronic and persistent alcohol use is one of the most common significantpsychiatric illnesses known to cause sexual dysfunction. The aim of the present study is to studythe ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Chronic and persistent alcohol use is one of the most common significantpsychiatric illnesses known to cause sexual dysfunction. The aim of the present study is to studythe prevalence and types of sexual dysfunction in the clinical sample of married male patients withalcohol dependence syndrome (ADS).MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cross‑sectional study was conducted in a tertiaryhealthcare center from Central Rural India over an 18‑month period (from November 1, 2017, toApril 30, 2019), with a sample size of 100 patients with diagnosis of ADS. Data were collectedusing convenient sampling method from married male patients diagnosed with ADS, based on theInternational Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders, 10th Edition–Diagnostic Criteria forResearch. Sociodemographic profile and clinical variables were recorded in a specific case reportform prepared for the study using the severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire (SADQ) to assessthe severity of ADS and using Arizona sexual experiences scale (ASEX) to assess the types andprevalence of sexual dysfunction among patients with ADS. Data were collected and analyzed usingSPSS Software Version 15.0, Chi‑square test, and Pearson’s test of correlation.RESULTS: Of the 100 patients of ADS assessed, 48% had sexual dysfunction. Majority of the patientsreported more than one sexual dysfunction with 87.5% of the patients reporting reduced sexual drive,79.1% of the patients reported dysfunction in sexual arousal, while erectile dysfunction was found in58% of the patients. 54% of the patients reported difficulty in reaching orgasm. The lowest prevalencein our study was of orgasmic satisfaction reported by 31.2% of the patients. There was high positivecorrelation between SADQ scores and ASEX scores. Thus, as the severity of ADS increased, therisk of development of sexual dysfunctions also increased. Further, there was comparatively low butpositive correlation between duration of ADS and sexual dysfunction on ASEX scores, indicatingthat as the duration of ADS increased, the risk of occurrence of sexual dysfunctions also increased.CONCLUSION: Chronic and severe alcohol dependence increases the chances of developing sexualdysfunctions. These findings can be utilized in the motivation enhancement therapy of patients withADS to quit alcohol consumption and to improve their quality of sexual life.

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Educational leadership in education development centers: A qualitative study

. Mansoureh Taghavinia; . Mohammad Reza Maleki; . Kamran Soltani Arabshahi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Education development centers (EDCs) have a vital role in improving the qualityof medical education. This study was conducted with the aim of discovering educational leadershipcharacteristics ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Education development centers (EDCs) have a vital role in improving the qualityof medical education. This study was conducted with the aim of discovering educational leadershipcharacteristics in EDCs.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out with a qualitative approach and using aconventional content analysis method. The sampling was purposive. Twenty‑four faculty members,managers, and experts of EDCs in the universities of medical sciences included 13 males and11 females participated in this study. Semi‑structured interviews were utilized for data collection.The conventional content analysis approach was utilized to analyze the data.RESULTS: From the data analysis, two categories included “personality characteristics” and “jobcharacteristics” and six subcategories included reliabilism, humanness and altruism, accountability,decisiveness, dynamism and perfectionism, and knowledge, experience, and expertise and 24 codeswere extracted.CONCLUSION: Results obtained in the present study will help to increase the awareness of theeducational leaders of the EDCs in improving their personality and job skills and this will lead to thequalitative development of educational leadership.

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Health‑promoting lifestyle and quality of life in affected and unaffected menopausal women by primary osteoporosis

. Somayeh Abdolalipour; . Mojgan Mirghafourvand; . Nafiseh Ghassab‑Abdollahi; . Azizeh Farshbaf‑Khalili

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Primary osteoporosis is a common complication of aging and menopause. Thenegative effects of osteoporosis in the coming years will increase by increasing life expectancy ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Primary osteoporosis is a common complication of aging and menopause. Thenegative effects of osteoporosis in the coming years will increase by increasing life expectancy andpopulation aging. The purpose of this research was to compare health‑promoting lifestyle and qualityof life in postmenopausal women with and without primary osteoporosis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional analytical research was conducted on 445postmenopausal women aged 50–65 selected by simple random sampling in Tabriz health centersfrom September 2018 to July 2019. Data collection instruments included demographic, midwifery,anthropometric, health‑promoting lifestyle profile II and menopausal quality‑of‑life questionnairequestionnaires, and serum test checklist (25‑hydroxy vitamin D, complete blood count/diff,thyroid‑stimulating hormone, fasting blood sugar, Calcium, and Phosphor). Dual‑energy X‑rayabsorptiometry method was used to measure bone density. Data were analyzed using SPSS/23through descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi‑square, independent t‑test, Mann–Whitney,and multiple regression.RESULTS: The mean score of lifestyle was 141.2 ± 21.9 in normal and 127.2 ± 25.4 in osteoporosisgroup, and differences were statistically significant in total score (P < 0.001) and all subdomains.The mean score of quality of life was 3.9 ± 1.2 in the normal and 4.5 ± 1.4 in the osteoporotic group.The differences were significant in total score (P < 0.001) and all subdomains except for sexualfunction subdomain (P = 0.064). Logistic regression adjusted for confounders indicated by one unitincrease in total lifestyle score, the odds of primary osteoporosis reduced by 2.2% (adjusted oddsratio [0.95% confidence interval]: 0.978 [0.963–0.994], P = 0.006).CONCLUSION: To prevent of primary osteoporosis and improve the quality of life of postmenopausalwomen, it seems that education and implementation of health‑promoting lifestyle are essential. Theresearch findings can be used to plan for health care in middle and old ages.

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Corona health‑care warriors in India: knowledge, attitude, and practices during COVID‑19 outbreak

. Rajesh Kumar; . Vanya Singh; . Aroop Mohanty; . Yogesh Bahurupi; . Puneet Kumar Gupta

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 has become a global health emergency after its first case in Wuhan city,China. An increasing number of cases and deaths are challenging the health‑care system ...  Read More BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 has become a global health emergency after its first case in Wuhan city,China. An increasing number of cases and deaths are challenging the health‑care system globally.This study aims to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID‑19 disease among healthpersonnel in rapid outbreak in India.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional survey was conducted using Google Forms throughGoogle platform on-line. A total of 713 health personal allied health‑care staff, working in different publicand private health‑care facilities, was conducted in the mid of April 2020. A structured knowledge, attitude,and practice questionnaire used to assess health personnel’s knowledge, attitude, and practice towardCOVID‑19. All instruments were validated and pretested before use. Chi‑square test, followed by binarylogistic and multivariate regression, was applied to determine factors associated with knowledge scores.RESULTS: Seven hundred and thirteen health personnel participated, and 703 (98.6%) participantsresponded were analyzed for final results. 95.9% of the health personnel were aware about routeof transmission and clinical symptoms (95.3%) of COVID‑19. 63.7% believed that virus outbreakwould be controlled globally and followed standard precautions (81.8%), including wearing the mask.Further, majority (98.3%) of the participants avoided social contact by not going to crowded placesand not calling people to their homes (82.2%) during the advisory of the government. In binarylogistic regression analyses, the adequate knowledge score found significantly associated withMBBS/bachelor’s degree (odds ratio [OR]: 2.309, confidence interval [CI]: 1.232–4.324, P < 0.009)and master’s degree (OR: 2.944, CI: 1.485–5.835, P < 0.002), working with government health‑carefacility (OR: 3.662, CI: 1.624–8.285, P < 0.002), and holding a post of a physician (OR: 7.735, CI:2.210–27.091, P < 0.001) during outbreak.CONCLUSIONS: The level of education is associated with adequate knowledge scores among thehealth personnel. Type of health‑care facility and post held in a health‑care facility are significantpredictors of adequacy of knowledge.

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The midwife’s role in prevention of noncommunicable diseases in Iran

. Parvin Abedi; . Shahla Khosravi; . Mojgan Mirghafourvand; . Jafar Sadegh Tabrizi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, Pages 1-3

Abstract

    Read More

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