Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Investigating the causes and type of violence against spouses in married men in Kerman

. Ali Mehri; . Maryam Saber; . Mehran Nakhaeizade; . Hadise Safinejad

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Domestic violence against women is a global problem that can lead to manynegative consequences on physical, mental, and social health that various sociocultural causes playa ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Domestic violence against women is a global problem that can lead to manynegative consequences on physical, mental, and social health that various sociocultural causes playa role in its occurrence in different societies. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine thecauses and type of violence against spouses in married men in Kerman.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was performed in 2018. The study wasconducted on 400 married men who experienced violence against their wives. Sampling was amultistage cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire on violence againstwomen. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA),and two‑variate analysis.RESULTS: The results of the data showed that the highest rate of violence in the group of housewiveswas related to physical violence and in the group of women living in dormitories and pregnant womenwas related to verbal violence. The results of data analysis with a one‑way ANOVA test showedthat between the three groups, all dimensions of violence and the overall score of violence hadsignificant changes (P < 0.05). The results of the two‑variate analysis test showed that there was asignificant relationship between the variables of age, duration of marriage, male education, spouseeducation, type of marriage, male job, and spouse job with the overall score of violence in all threegroups (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, it seems that the empowerment ofwomen in all dimensions to improve and promote health to deal with domestic violence is essential.As a result, the relevant measures should be taken by the support systems taking into account thecircumstances of the individuals.

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The effect of training program of health promotion behaviors on geriatric general health components

. Gholamreza Kheirabadi; . Mehrnoosh Shirani; . Mahrokh Keshvari; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Mahboobe Bahrami

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Increasing in elderly’s population and their individual and social problems especiallymental health problem in this group need special attention. The aim of this study ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Increasing in elderly’s population and their individual and social problems especiallymental health problem in this group need special attention. The aim of this study was evaluationof health promotion behaviors training program efficacy on general health components in elderliesreferring to health centers in Isfahan city.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a tri phasic field trial in 2014 in which 72 elderliesallocated randomly in two case and control groups. Case group participated in 9 training sessions onstress management and interpersonal relationships and the control group participated in 2 sessionswith a neutral discussion content. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaireand general health questionnaire 28. Pretest, posttest, and 2‑month follow‑up were performed intwo groups. Data were analyzed by t‑test, analysis of variance with repeated measurement, leastsignificant difference post hoc test, and SPSS 20 software.RESULTS: Findings of this study showed that the average of general health score in case andcontrol groups had not significant difference before the intervention (P > 0.05). However, the meandifference of general health score after intervention and 2‑month follow‑up was statistically significantin two groups (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that interpersonal relationship and stress management trainingprogram are effective on promotion of mental health in elderlies. Hence, the findings of this studycan be used in the field of treatment and care of the elderly by other health‑care categories.

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Determining the frequency of Candida species in women with candidal vaginal infection frequency of Candida species in women with candida vaginal infection

. Mahin Tafazoli; . Mahboobe Gholami; . Zahra Mohebbi-Dehnavi; . Fatemeh Shaghaghi; . Zahra Kamali

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Candidiasis vaginitis is an opportunistic and common mucosal infection. AlthoughCandida albicans is the most common isolated species, other species of Candida such as Candidaglabrata, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Candidiasis vaginitis is an opportunistic and common mucosal infection. AlthoughCandida albicans is the most common isolated species, other species of Candida such as Candidaglabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis have also increasedsignificantly in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species in women withcandidal vaginal infection in order to promote health in women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional descriptive study was performed on nonpregnantwomen of childbearing age who referred to health centers in Neyshabur in 2018. At the beginning ofthe study, 163 people entered the study and the culture results were positive in 68 of them. In vitro,culture was performed in subduxtrose agar medium containing chloramphenicol and gentamicin.Species identification was performed using Candida specific culture medium (Saburo dextrose agarand chloramphenicol). After culture, 15% of the residual wet slide with potash (KOH) was preparedand observed with a lens. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS software version 24.RESULTS: The participants in the study were women with a mean age of 35.55 ± 5.47 and theaverage number of deliveries was 1.38 ± 1.15. In this study, the prevalence of C. albicans was59.7%, C. tropicalis was 14.8%, C. krusei was 15%, and C. glabrata was 7.61% and also krusei andtropicalis were 3% simultaneously. Therefore, C. albicans was the most common species isolatedfrom clinical specimens.CONCLUSION: In this study, the most common species after albicans were C. tropicalis andcruciferous. Considering the role of C. glabrata in the development of resistance to antifungal drugs,the lower prevalence of this species in the present study can be associated with improved treatmentoutcomes in patients.

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Depression, fitness, and student willingness to pursue university counseling and alternative antidepressant options

. Sharon Jalene; . Jennifer Pharr; . Manoj Sharma; . Brach Poston

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Depression prevalence in college students is three to six times higher than USadults. Counseling utilization increased by 30%–40% despite reports of student unwillingness ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Depression prevalence in college students is three to six times higher than USadults. Counseling utilization increased by 30%–40% despite reports of student unwillingness topursue therapy. Pursuance of alternative options, like exercise or meditation, is rarely reported. Thisstudy examined students’ willingness to seek depression treatment through university mental healthservices (UMHS) and alternative options (AO).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross‑sectional study. Students (n = 780) completeda survey including validated depression and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness instruments. Yes/Maybe/No responses regarding willingness to seek UMHS and AO were analyzed for associationswith demographics, depression status, and fitness level. Descriptive and inferential analyses wereemployed.RESULTS: Students were more likely to select “Yes” for AO than UMHS (Χ2 = 104.145,P < 0.001). Low‑fit students (Χ2 = 8.35, P = 0.02) and those in depression treatment (Χ2 = 15.182,P < 0.001) selected “Yes” to UMHS more often than expected. Younger (Χ2 = 7.893, P = 0.02),nondepressed (Χ2 = 7.355, P = 0.03), and fit students (Χ2 = 10.617, P = 0.005) chose “Yes” whilemales selected “No” (Χ2 = 8.99, P = 0.01) more often than expected for AO. Approximately 31% ofstudents reported having moderate‑to‑severe depression, 7.8% were in treatment, and 55% wereclassified as having low fitness levels.CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study should be considered when developing antidepressantprogramming on university campuses.

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The trend of critical thinking disposition in medical students and its relationship with their academic performance

. Abdolhussein Shakurnia; . Tayebe Fazelinia; . Nasrin Khajeali

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Critical thinking is one of the important skills required for medical students. It isconsidered as a main component in medical education and training competent physicians. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Critical thinking is one of the important skills required for medical students. It isconsidered as a main component in medical education and training competent physicians. Thecurrent study aimed to investigate the trend of critical thinking disposition of medical students andits association with their academic performance.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in 2019 on 315medical students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences. A two‑section questionnairewas used for data collection. The first section dealt with demographic characteristics and the secondsection included Ricketts critical thinking disposition inventory using t‑test, analysis of variance, andPearson correlation coefficient.RESULTS: Mean and standard deviation of critical thinking disposition of medical students was121.85 ± 11.32. No significant difference was observed between the mean score of critical thinkingdisposition and years of study (P = 0.74, F = 0.590). Pearson correlation test also showed no significantassociation between critical thinking disposition and the students’ grade point average (P = 0.89,r = 0.007).CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study showed that medical students’ level of criticalthinking disposition is above average, and there is no significant correlation between criticalthinking disposition and years of study and academic performance of the students. It seems thatthe educational process in medical school has not been effective in improving the level of students’critical thinking disposition.

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Media coverage of double masking during the COVID‑19 pandemic: A lesson plan

. Nour Mheidly; . Laura Cervi; . Sally Samy Tayie

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-4

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Media news emerged reporting that double masking can increase protectionagainst COVID‑19. This led to differential published reports, fueling debate among the public andcreating ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Media news emerged reporting that double masking can increase protectionagainst COVID‑19. This led to differential published reports, fueling debate among the public andcreating controversy and confusion. In this paper, we present a lesson plan for health communicationstudents to enhance their critical thinking ability and equip them with the necessary tools to analyzevarious media texts and products.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The lesson plan included a set of activities on three different newspieces related to double masking, each published through a different media outlet: A newspaper,a television channel, and an online magazine/podcast. The lesson was designed for 120 min,over 2 days. It required a digital device and Internet access. Students were tasked to comparebetween the news based on set criteria and asked to provide their opinions accordingly. They werealso assigned to fill out an inverted pyramid for further analysis and interpretation.RESULTS: Students were assessed through a rubric that evaluated gained competencies afterlesson completion. The rubric is composed of five elements to assess the students’ performances.Elements included filling assigned cells and diagrams, usage of proper English, validation of newssources and reported facts, critical analysis of findings, and finishing the lesson on time.CONCLUSION: This lesson plan enhanced the ability of students to understand and analyze variousmedia texts and validate the content and perspectives published through the different platforms.

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Problem‑based learning as an effective method for teaching theoretical surgery courses to medical students

. Farzad Vaghef Davari; . Farzad Teymouri; . Hadi Ahmadi Amoli; . Helia Mojtabavi; . Amirsina Sharifi; . Farshid Alaeddini; . Mohammad Ashouri; . Hossein Zabihi; . Ghazal Shariatpanahi; . Mohammadreza Zafarghandi

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: This study was designed to assess the clinical judgment of medical students insurgery clinical decision‑making by a standard examination after lecture‑based learning ...  Read More BACKGROUND: This study was designed to assess the clinical judgment of medical students insurgery clinical decision‑making by a standard examination after lecture‑based learning (LBL) orproblem‑based learning (PBL).MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective randomized trial study on 175 medical studentswhom were randomly allocated to three groups was performed during November 2017 and January2018. LBL group (n = 103), PBL group led by an attending (n = 39), and PBL group (n = 33) led byan intern. Chi‑squared test and independent student t‑test were used to compare between the twogroups. All the analyses were performed by the two‑sided method using the Statistical Package forthe Social Sciences software (SPSS version 22; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and a P < 0.05 setas statistically significant.RESULTS: The students in the PBL group scored significantly higher on the posttraining multiple‑choiceexamination, compared to the LBL group (P = 0.048). However, there was no significant differencebetween the PBL group led by an attending and the PBL group led by an intern (P = 0.892).CONCLUSION: We concluded that PBL remarkably increased the students’ scores in theproblem‑solving examination, as compared to the conventional method. We found no significantdifferences in PBL facilitated by an attending or an intern.

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The role of educating health‑care personnel in prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of COVID‑19: A narrative mini review

. Parinaz Tabari; . Mitra Amini; . Neil Arya; . Mohsen Moghadami; . Kaveh Khoshnood; . Mansoureh Shokripour; . Navid Omidifar

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Front‑line clinicians and health‑care workers need to be educated to provide care in critical situationssuch as large‑scale catastrophes and pandemics. This narrative review is ...  Read More Front‑line clinicians and health‑care workers need to be educated to provide care in critical situationssuch as large‑scale catastrophes and pandemics. This narrative review is focused on investigatingeducational strategies in confrontation with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic. Weconducted a literature search in December 2020 through LitCovid, PubMed, ERIC, and CochraneLibrary in order to retrieve relevant studies regarding the role of education in prevention, diagnosis,and treatment of COVID‑19. There were 12 reviewed studies related to this specific subject. Thearticles selected for this study demonstrated that education and training had a positive impact on theknowledge and attitude of the participants and also the educational interventions, whether they weresimulation‑based or other formats of training, would be deemed crucial for enhancing participants’ levelof perceptions and confidence. Therefore, it is highly recommended that public health policymakersconsider this important issue.

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The relationship between frailty syndrome and self‑care ability in the elderly with heart failure

. Leila Zahed Nakhjiri; . Azar Darvishpour; . Parand Pourghane; . Bahareh Gholami Chaboki

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Identification of frailty syndrome in patients with heart failure can affect the processof the disease and their ability to self‑care. Considering the lack of a study ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Identification of frailty syndrome in patients with heart failure can affect the processof the disease and their ability to self‑care. Considering the lack of a study on the relationshipbetween frailty syndrome and self‑care ability in the elderly with heart failure in the Guilan province,the North of Iran, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between fertility syndromeand self‑care ability in these patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cross‑sectional correlational study was conducted in2020. Research settings were the CCU and post CCU wards in the East Guilan public hospitals.The sample size was 125 people who were selected by the convenience sampling method. Theresearch tools include; Self‑Care Heart Failure Index and Tilburg Frailty Index Questionnaires. Datawere analyzed using SPSS software version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics with asignificance level of 0.05.RESULTS: The results showed that the mean score of frailty syndrome in the elderly with heartfailure was 5.44 ± 2.47. In addition, the mean score of self‑care in the elderly with heart failure was67.16 ± 10.96. There was a significant and negative correlation between frailty syndrome and theability to care in the elderly with heart failure (P < 0.001, r = −0.358).CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, the elderly with fragility syndrome cannot take goodcare of themselves. This indicates that in the management of heart failure, the assessment of frailtysyndrome as a care/treatment goal in the care programs of these patients should be considered.

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The keys to a good and lasting marriage: Exploration of Iranian couple’s experiences

. Parisa Samadi; . Zahra Alipour; . Kobra Salehi; . Shahnaz Kohan; . Maryam Hashemi

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND AIM: Marital satisfaction is a multidimensional phenomenon, which refers tothe quality of marital relationship, or the general view of marriage status and reflection ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND AIM: Marital satisfaction is a multidimensional phenomenon, which refers tothe quality of marital relationship, or the general view of marriage status and reflection of happinessand marital performance. Repetition of certain positive behaviors can make a huge difference inthe success of continued married life, and that awareness of such behaviors seems to be critical torecognizing certain warnings. Therefore, this study with qualitative approach conducted to promotinglong‑term marital satisfaction by exploring couple’s experiences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted using descriptive phenomenology method.The participants were 12 person (six couples) with a history of 20–30 years of married life expectancyand a marital satisfaction score of above 65. The data were collected by purposeful sampling andsemi‑structured interviews, analyzed using Colaizzi method. By categorizing the codes, subcategories,and main categories were extracted.RESULTS: An analysis of the experiences of the participants resulted in emergence of eightsubcategories, and three main categories: “Strong Foundation For Living Together,” “MutualCommitment To Protecting Marital Cohesion,” and “Striving To Improve Sexual Relations.”CONCLUSIONS: A long‑term marriage associated with a variety of variables, including a strongfoundation for living together, a mutual commitment to protect marital cohesion, and an effort toimprove sexuality. And the results showed that the type of relationship will change during the yearsafter marriage in a way that takes on certain meanings and concepts and can be interpreted inphysiological, cultural and other specific contexts.

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Psychological consequences of lockdown on dental professionals during the early phase of the COVID‑19 pandemic

. Bhuvan Jyoti; . Manisha Kiran; . Rahul Srivastava; . Vikas Jaiswal; . Swati Kumari; . Amitabh K. Sinha

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes COVID‑19,mainly spreads through respiratory droplets. The dental profession is particularly at risk. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes COVID‑19,mainly spreads through respiratory droplets. The dental profession is particularly at risk. Routinedental care was suspended after the announcement of the first lockdown in India. This makes thegroup vulnerable to psychosocial consequences. The present study aims to evaluate the psychosocialissues among dental professionals during COVID‑19 pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Across‑sectional study was conducted among 627 dental professionalsof India, using online Google Forms from April 23, 2020, through April 30, 2020. Participants wereevaluated using self‑constructed and self‑administered personal and professional hardship and fearchecklist specifically developed for this study. The 9‑item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‑9)Depression Scale and 7‑item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale and PHQ‑15 were used to assessthe depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms.RESULTS: Fear had a remarkable impact on 80.7% of responders. Among the participants, 40.5%,24.5%, and 30.6% reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms, respectively.Somatic symptoms were significantly associated with gender (P = 0.000). Work setting was significantlyassociated with depression (P = 0.011) and anxiety symptoms (P = 0.001). Concern, worry, and feardue to COVID‑19 were significantly associated with depression (P = 0.000), anxiety (P = 0.033), andsomatic symptoms (P = 0.009). There was a positive correlation between depression and anxietysymptoms (P = 0.01) and between age and somatic symptoms (P = 0.5).CONCLUSIONS: This group reported a high level of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms.Female dental professionals and private practitioners had more depression, anxiety, and somaticsymptoms. Immediate and special intervention is needed for this group. Further exploration into thenature and its effects of the psychological symptoms may be required.

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Determining the effective factors on developing entrepreneurial managers in the Iranian health system: A qualitative study

. Fatemeh Farajzadeh; . Sogand Tourani; . Hossein Shabaninejad

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-11

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth and a main symbol of innovationin any country. The health system of the country needs entrepreneur managers to eradicate ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth and a main symbol of innovationin any country. The health system of the country needs entrepreneur managers to eradicate theproblems and provide better services. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting thenurturing of entrepreneurial managers in the Iran’s health system.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out qualitatively with the groundedtheory method and through semi‑structured interviews with six questions. The data sourceswere 22 key informants who were purposefully selected from healthcare organizations and otherentrepreneurship‑related institutions. Data were analyzed and interpreted using the frameworkanalysis. Data were managed and analyzed using MAXQDA software.RESULTS: Findings of this study indicated 6 main themes and 46 subthemes. The six factorsaffecting the development of entrepreneurial managers in the Iran’s health system were determinedas individual, family, social, economic, organizational, and educational.CONCLUSION: Iranian health organizations need to nurture entrepreneurial managers to tackle thechallenges of the health system, compete internationally, and have successful performance. Hence,delivering the health industry to entrepreneurial managers in the long run will bring back positiveresults of growth and development to the body of the health system. Therefore, paying attentionto the identified themes and subthemes and the solutions presented in this study can help nurtureentrepreneurial managers’ and successful performance of the Iran’s health sector.

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Spiritual needs of mothers having children with cancer: A qualitative study

. Sherafat Akaberian; . Marzieh Momennasab; . Shahrzad Yektatalab; . Mitra Soltanian

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Diagnosing cancer, as a life‑threatening event, in children and adolescents stopsthe normal course of life for all family members. Spirituality, which plays an essential ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Diagnosing cancer, as a life‑threatening event, in children and adolescents stopsthe normal course of life for all family members. Spirituality, which plays an essential role in copingwith illness and death, can increase resistance against psychological crises induced by cancerdiagnosis and treatment. This study aims to discover the spiritual needs of mothers having childrenwith cancer aged 1–12 years old.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this qualitative study, the conventional content analysis approachwas used. The research environment was three pediatric oncology wards of Amir Hospital in Shiraz,Iran. Data were collected from September 2019 to March 2020 through face‑to‑face semi‑structuredin‑depth interviews. Fifteen participants including 12 mothers and 3 nurses were interviewed throughpurposive method considering maximal variation. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, andsubjected to a qualitative analysis. Credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability ofdata were confirmed.RESULTS: The mean (± standard deviation) age of the mothers was 35.76 (±5.96) years old. Thespiritual needs of the mothers were classified into three categories, including religious well‑being,existential well‑being, and growth and excellence as well as seven subcategories. Religious well‑beingincluded subcategories of direct and indirect connection with God, existential well‑being includedsubcategories of need for hope, multifaceted support, and rethinking, growth, and excellence consistedof subcategories of devoting yourself and surrender.CONCLUSION: Mothers of children with cancer face important spiritual needs. Therefore, it isnecessary for the treatment team to identify these needs and use them to provide appropriatespiritual care.

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Promotion of osteoporosis‑preventive behaviors in adolescents: Application of protection motivation theory

. Somayyeh Khazaeian; . Fariba Shahraki Sanavi; . Hossein Ansari; . Fatemeh Mirshekari

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is considered a health problem that can be simply prevented bylifestyle modifications in adolescence. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is considered a health problem that can be simply prevented bylifestyle modifications in adolescence. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effectsof protection motivation theory (PMT)‑based training on osteoporosis‑preventive behaviors in femalehigh school students in Zahedan, Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present quasi‑experimental study was performed on 240 femalehigh school students who were selected by a multistage sampling technique in Zahedan in2019–2020. To collect the data, a multipart questionnaire was distributed among the participantsin three stages, namely at the baseline, immediately, and 2 months after the intervention. Thisinstrument consisted of demographic information, socioeconomic status, knowledge, PMT constructs,and preventive behaviors. The intervention group was subjected to educational content. Thecollected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) by descriptive and analytical tests(i.e., Chi‑square, independent t‑test, and ANOVA).RESULTS: Based on the results, the intervention and control groups showed no significantdifference in terms of the mean score of knowledge, theoretical constructs, and preventive behaviorsat the baseline (P > 0.05). However, the two groups were significantly different in terms of thementioned variables immediately and 2 months after the intervention (P = 0.001). Mean score ofpreventive behaviors, the two groups also demonstrated a significant difference (i.e., calcium intake,physical activity, and sunlight exposure) 2 months after the intervention, compared to before theintervention. (P = 0.001).CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study were indicative of the PMT effectiveness, whichcan, therefore, be used as a framework for designing educational programs regarding osteoporosisprevention.

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Evaluation of participatory learning approach for developing competency of human immunodeficiency virus risk assessment skills among MBBS undergraduate students

. Syed Irfan Ali; . Jarina Begum; . D. Lakshmi Lalitha; . M. Ganesh Kamath; . Rajesh Kumar Sethi; . Aruna Rani Behera

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: An Indian medical graduate needs to be competent in the diagnosis andmanagement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. This is crucial in terms of occupationalsafety. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: An Indian medical graduate needs to be competent in the diagnosis andmanagement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. This is crucial in terms of occupationalsafety. A participatory learning approach could be a possible way to change behavior and improveHIV risk assessment skills among medical students for better occupational safety and health care. Thepresent study was planned to identify the need, provide different learning experiences for acquiringcompetency, and compare the effectiveness of participatory learning over traditional in developingHIV risk assessment skills.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An educational interventional (randomized controlled trial) wascarried out at GEMS and Hospital. Needs assessment survey was conducted, which identified HIVrisk assessment as a key competency. For which the outcome‑specific learning objectives weredefined, two different learning experiences were employed. A pretest was conducted to assess thebaseline knowledge and attitude (n = 92); they were then divided into two equal groups (A and B).“A” group was taught by participatory approach, whereas “B” by traditional techniques followed byposttest and objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to assess their HIV risk assessmentskills. Statistical analysis: Paired t‑test for assessing knowledge and attitude within the same groupand unpaired t‑test for assessing skills between the two groups were used in this study.RESULTS: Statistically significant improvement (P < 0.001) in knowledge and attitude scores wasnoticed that OSCE scores were significantly higher in the intervention group “A” (P < 0.001) ascompared to “B” taught by traditional techniques.CONCLUSION: Participatory learning effectively builds upon existing knowledge and attitude todevelop better HIV risk assessment skills.

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Comparison of the effect of two teaching methods on surgical technologist students’ learning and satisfaction (flashcards vs. mobile‑based learning)

. Leila Sadati; . Mehran Nafar; . Sahar Karami; . Mohamad Reza Yazdani; . Zahra Nouri Khaneghah

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: M‑learning is “learning across multiple contexts, through social and contentinteractions, using simple hand‑held technologies, wireless and mobile network. This ...  Read More BACKGROUND: M‑learning is “learning across multiple contexts, through social and contentinteractions, using simple hand‑held technologies, wireless and mobile network. This personalelectronic device is a way to facilitate the transfer of learning and improve teaching. Hence, theresearchers decided to design a mobile‑based learning application to teach surgical instrumentscomprehensively and compare students’ learning and satisfaction in both mobile‑based learningand flashcards methods.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An interventional study was conducted on surgical technologiststudents in Alborz University of medical science (2019). Students were divided into two groups:flashcards (n = 21) and mobile application learning group (n = 21). The difference of pre‑ and post‑testscores was considered for the evaluation of learning level in two groups. Data were entered into SPSS20.0 software and analyzed by statistics tests.Data were analyzed by a paired t‑test, independentt‑test, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in students’ knowledge level between two groupsbefore intervention (P = 0.87) but there was significant difference between groups after theintervention (P = 0.003). In the evaluation of student’s satisfaction, the mobile application waspreferred by 84.28% of students.CONCLUSION: Given the effectiveness of using both methods (flashcards and mobile application),it is recommended that these methods especially mobile application be used for surgical instrumentseducation.

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Investigating the effect of educational intervention based on the Pender’s health promotion model on lifestyle and self‑efficacy of the patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A clinical trial

. Parya Vakilian; . Mokhtar Mahmoudi; . Fatemeh Oskouie; . Ali Asghar Firouzian; . Alice Khachian

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on thePender’s health promotion model (HPM) on lifestyle and self‑efficacy of the patients ...  Read More BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on thePender’s health promotion model (HPM) on lifestyle and self‑efficacy of the patients with diabeticfoot ulcer.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this clinical trial conducted in 2019, 74 patients based oninclusion criteria were selected through convenience sampling and allocated to two groups ofintervention (n = 37) and control (n = 37) using the randomized permuted block method. In thisstudy, Demographic characteristics and localized Diabetes Foot Care Self‑Efficacy Scale andHealth‑Promoting Lifestyle Profile Questionnaire for diabetic foot care were completed by two groups.The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and through descriptive and comparative statistics,independent t‑test, paired t‑test, and ANCOVA.RESULTS: After the intervention, the mean score of the intervention group significantly increasedin all lifestyle dimensions (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean score of self‑effcacy increased in theintervention group after the intervention (P < 0.001). Comparing the change in the mean scores oflifestyle and self‑efficacy in both the groups 50 days after the intervention, an increase was observedin the mean scores of self‑efficacy (P < 0.001) as well as those of lifestyle and its dimensions in theintervention group compared to those in the control group (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Educational intervention based on the Pender’s HPM can promote the self‑efficacy,lifestyle, and its dimensions in the patients with diabetic foot ulcers. The results of this study can beused in educational interventions aiming at patients with diabetic foot ulcers to change their lifestyleand improve their self‑efficacy.

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The role of Saudi women in crisis management within the family: The COVID‑19 pandemic as a model

. Haifa Abdulrahman Bin Shalhoub; . Mohammad Ahmed Hammad

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Women play a pivotal role in managing crises and diminishing their seriousconsequences both in the family and society. In the first place, the spread of coronavirus disease2019 ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Women play a pivotal role in managing crises and diminishing their seriousconsequences both in the family and society. In the first place, the spread of coronavirus disease2019 (COVID‑19) is one of the most severe crises in the world. Accordingly, many precautionarymeasures have been taken in many countries, including Saudi Arabia, such as border closures, lackof movement, and quarantine procedures, leading to an unprecedented impact on the daily lifestyle,and contributing significantly to increasing pressures on women because of her multiroles in family andwork. This study aims at identifying the role of women in managing family crises during COVID‑19.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross‑sectional study. An online survey wasconducted using self‑designed electronic questionnaire consisting knowledge about the role of Saudiwomen in managing family during COVID‑19 crises. The questionnaire was applied to 324 Saudiworking women in Riyadh and Najran, with an average age of 33 years.RESULTS: The results indicate that the role of Saudi women during the COVID‑19 crisis wasapproximately 82%. Moreover, results showed that the prevalence of the social, psychological, andprofessional role of Saudi women during crisis was 82.24%, 83.40%, and 78.80%, respectively, whichindicates the importance of the role of Saudi women in managing family crises during COVID‑19.CONCLUSION: Based on these results, the study emphasizes the importance of urging responsiblepersons to provide a package of rescue and stimulus, including social protection measures.Furthermore, it empowers Saudi women in all sectors of society and provides them with all means ofsupport to help them achieve their mandated role in society generally and in their families particularly.

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Cultural validation of the competence in evidence‑based practice questionnaire (EBP‑COQ) for nursing students

. Faranak Jafari; . Hamed Azadi; . Alireza Abdi; . Nader Salari; . Azam Faraji

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Evidence‑based performance competence has a significant impact on theperformance of care measures. The higher the qualifications of nurses, the more effective anddesirable ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Evidence‑based performance competence has a significant impact on theperformance of care measures. The higher the qualifications of nurses, the more effective anddesirable their performance. Evidence‑based practice demonstrates the competencies and abilitiesof nurses. There is a need for valid and reliable tools for evaluating and promoting evidence‑basedcompetence in nursing students, and there are few tools in reviewing studies, but they have notconsidered the cultural dimension. The purpose of this study is to validate cultural competence inevidence‑based practice for nursing students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A methodological and validation study was conducted in the Schoolof Nursing and Midwifery of Kermanshah and Ilam University of Medical Sciences in 2018. TheEvidence‑Based Performance Competency Questionnaire (  EBP‑COQ) is one of the most valid toolsused in various studies by Ruzafa‑Martinez et al. Initially, the original version of the competence inevidence‑based practice questionnaire was translated into Persian after securing a permission fromthe designer of the tool. Totally 300 nursing students were selected through simple sampling methodand entered into the study. The validity of the tool was evaluated using face validity and performingfactor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and internalconsistency. Statistical works were carried out in SPSS and AMOS.RESULTS: To determine the content validity of the tool, comparative fit index of the statementswas obtained equal to 0.88. Factor analysis of the items yielded acceptable and statisticallysignificant results (P < 0.001). The reliability of the tool was determined using internal consistencymethod (Cronbach’s alpha) for the whole tool, which was equal to 0.7. The reliability of thequestionnaire was investigated at two stages, and pretest/posttest correlation coefficients wereobtained (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The questionnaire had an acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used toevaluate evidence‑based practice. Among advantages of the tool is that it is easy to administer inhealth‑care fields.

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Introducing practical tools for fit to drive assessment of the elderly: A step toward improving the health of the elderly

. Saiedeh Bahrampouri; . Hamid Reza Khankeh; . Seyed Ali Hosseini; . Mohammadreza Mehmandar; . Abbas Ebadi

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  Today, as age increases, the demand for independent living has increased. Since driving is oneof the safest and preferred ways for the elderly to travel, paying close attention to the ...  Read More Today, as age increases, the demand for independent living has increased. Since driving is oneof the safest and preferred ways for the elderly to travel, paying close attention to the accurateassessment of the elderly’s driving ability can prevent traffic accidents in this age group. The purposeof this study was to identify and introduce practical tools for drive assessment fitness of the elderly.This systematic review was conducted according to Cochrane methodology and reported findingsaccording to PRISMA. The following databases were searched from PubMed, ISI web of knowledge,Scopus, ProQuest, Medlib, SID, Magiran, Iran doc, and Iran Medex based on the populationintervention comparison outcome method. The total records involving 12 main tools were assessedfrom 26 selected records in the final evaluation. The research findings indicated the selection ofseven tools in the psycho‑cognitive function domain such as TMT‑B, Clock Drawing Test, MAZE,Montreal Cognitive Assessment, GDS‑15, MMSE, and ACE‑R, three tools in the sensory functiondomain such as Snellen, Confrontation Visual field, and Whispered Voice Test, and also two toolsin motor function domain such as Rapid pace walk, and Manual test of the range of motion. Thefindings led to selecting practical, accurate, and fast tools for widespread use for the assessment ofdriving competencies of the elderly. Therefore, it is recommended that the selected tools be used inpractical batteries to assess the driving skills of the elderly.

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The social‑cognitive determinants of calcium intake for preventing osteoporosis in women in Isfahan: A cross‑sectional study using path analysis

. Mahin Nematollahi; . Ahmad Ali Eslami

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a common disease in women over age 45 years.Calcium intake is among the factors that help prevent osteoporosis. Identifying the social‑cognitivedeterminants ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a common disease in women over age 45 years.Calcium intake is among the factors that help prevent osteoporosis. Identifying the social‑cognitivedeterminants of calcium intake can have a major role in the development of osteoporosis preventionprograms.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 400 womenaged <50 years from 10 health centers by cluster sampling in Isfahan in 2016. A hypotheticalsocial‑cognitive model was assessed using path analysis, and the fit indices and explanatory powerof the model were assessed. The constructs, including self‑efficacy, outcome expectations, socialsupport, and self‑regulation, were taken as the explanatory variables and calcium intake as thecriterion variable.RESULTS: The mean age of the participating women was 34.07 years (standard deviation = 7.99)(range = 19–50), and their mean calcium intake was reported as 909.94 (12. 6) mg/day. Theconceptual model was able to explain 73% of the variance in calcium intake and had good fit indices.Self‑regulation was identified as the strongest predictor of calcium intake, and outcome expectationwas eliminated from the model since it was the weakest explanatory factor of calcium intake.CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical model of this study is recommended as a suitable framework forthe development of targeted osteoporosis prevention interventions.

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Development and validation of English version of COVID‐19 Depression Scale for health‑care workers

. Anusha Divvi; . Shivashankar Kengadaran; . Lakshmi Subhashini Katuri; . Ravindranath Jampani; . Jayashri Prabakar; . Kavitha Muthukrishnan; . Sivabalakumaran Kengadaran

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Health‑care workers (HCWs) are highly vulnerable to depression during anepidemic outbreak. Protecting the mental well‑being of HCWs is a priority while battling withCOVID‑19. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Health‑care workers (HCWs) are highly vulnerable to depression during anepidemic outbreak. Protecting the mental well‑being of HCWs is a priority while battling withCOVID‑19. However, documentation on COVID‑19‑related depression among HCWs is scarcedue to the limited availability of measuring scales. Hence, this study was purposed to developa scale to measure depression relating to COVID-19 and evaluate its psychometric propertiesamong HCWs.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A validation study was carried out among 320 HCWs includingphysicians of various medical specialties, dental specialists, and nurses in the year 2020. Exploratoryfactor analysis using Promax rotation with Kaiser normalization for the determination of factor structurewas employed in data analysis using SPSS version 16 software.RESULTS: COVID-19 Depression Scale for HCWs (CDS‑HW) demonstrated a two-componentstructure identified as “work‑related anxiety” and “psychological distress.” The mean CDS‑HW scoreof the study participants was observed to be 23.67 ± 2.82, and the scale demonstrated good internalconsistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.741).CONCLUSION: CDS‑HW is a rapidly administrable, valid, and reliable tool that can be used tomeasure COVID-19-related depression among HCWs.

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Impact of comorbidities on mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID‑19: An experience from Iran

. Firooz Toofan; . Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini; . Khalil Alimohammadzadeh; . Mehrnoosh Jafari; . Mohammadkarim Bahadori

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic has spread all over the world. However, information regardingclinical characteristics and prognostic factors is scarce. The aim of this study was to ...  Read More BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic has spread all over the world. However, information regardingclinical characteristics and prognostic factors is scarce. The aim of this study was to explore theimpact of preexistent chronic comorbid conditions and multimorbidity on risk of mortality in patientswith COVID‑19.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a retrospective, cross‑sectional, observational,single‑center study. Data were analyzed from all consecutive patients diagnosed with COVID‑19 whoadmitted in a pandemic hospital affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,from February 20, 2020, to September 25, 2020. The independent effects of preexistent conditionswere evaluated using multivariate logistic regression model.RESULTS: A total of 2597 hospitalized patients with COVID‑19 were included. At least one preexistentcondition was observed in 36.5% of study population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showedthat older age, male sex, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, chronic kidneydiseases, liver diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with increasedrisk of mortality. In addition, the number of comorbidities was significantly associated with increasedodds of mortality compared to no‑comorbidity.CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that patients with comorbidities have an increasedrisk of in‑hospital mortality following COVID‑19 infection.

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Application of the theory of planned behavior in the design and implementation of a behavior‑based safety plan in the workplace

. Masoud Motalebi Gh; . Zahra Rahimi Khalifeh Kandi; . Sajjad Rostamzadeh; . Aliasghar Farshad

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Many accidents in industries occur due to unsafe practices and unsafe conditions.Occupational accidents endanger the health of workers and impose excessive costs on the ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Many accidents in industries occur due to unsafe practices and unsafe conditions.Occupational accidents endanger the health of workers and impose excessive costs on the employers.This study was designed and conducted to evaluate and implement a behavior‑based safety approachin an industrial workplace based on the theory of planned behavior.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a quasi‑experimental study performed on 90supervisors of an industrial workplace. Behavior‑based safety interventions were performed basedon the components of the theory of planned behavior using nine strategies of health education andhealth promotion, including skills training, participation, and social support. The data collection toolconsisted of a researcher‑made questionnaire that was answered by the supervisors before and6 months after the intervention. The collected data were evaluated using SPSS 22 software. Thesignificance level was considered 0.05.RESULTS: The results showed that the constructs of subjective norms, attitude, and perceivedcontrol of behavior predict the safe behavior of supervisors. After behavior‑based safety interventions,significant changes were observed in subjective norms, intention, attitude, and perceived control ofbehavior (P < 0.001) compared to before the intervention.CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed the improvement of safe behavior of supervisorsin the workplace due to behavioral‑based safety interventions using the theory of planned behavior.Accordingly, this theory can be used as a suitable theoretical framework for designing andimplementing interventions to promote safe behaviors of employees in the workplace.

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Survey COVID‑19 among the homeless residents of Isin camp in Bandar Abbas in South of Iran

. Elham Ahmadizadeh Fini; . Ali Asadian; . Ahmad Sotoudeh; . Mohammad Hadadian; . Abdoljabar Zakeri; . Masoud Dadras

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-4

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: One way to reduce the burden of early detection of COVID‑19 disease is invulnerable and high‑risk groups. The aim of this study was to diagnose and evaluate the disease ...  Read More BACKGROUND: One way to reduce the burden of early detection of COVID‑19 disease is invulnerable and high‑risk groups. The aim of this study was to diagnose and evaluate the disease inthe homeless in Southern Iran Bandar Abbas.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The target group of this study was 234 homeless people. Censussampling included all homeless residents of Isin camp Bandar Abbas. People were individuallyexamined, and their information was recorded. COVID‑19 sampling was done for all as outpatientsthis year.RESULTS: Eight percent of people were able to answer the questions of awareness about symptoms,ways of transmission, and ways of prevention of COVID‑19 disease. Nine percent of the homelesspeople in the target group stated that they used to wash their hands before settling in the camp. Sixpercent of homeless people stated that they used face masks before settling in the camp. Fifteenparticipants showed similar symptoms to COVID‑19, yet their test result was negative. However, sixpeople who were asymptomatic ended up afflicted. The mean duration of time (since the emergenceof symptoms to the sampling date) was 3 days. The minimum duration of time from the emergenceof symptoms to the sampling date was 3 h, and the maximum time was 7 days.CONCLUSION: Considering the spread of the disease, certain social measures need to be taken insociety to help take care of these people and transfer them from streets to safe places and provide fortheir essentials. Diagnostic tests should be done periodically among these people at regular intervals.

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Online classes versus traditional classes? Comparison during COVID‑19

. Sanjana Kumari; . Hitender Gautam; . Neha Nityadarshini; . Bimal Kumar Das; . Rama Chaudhry

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-4

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Nowadays, the use of Internet with e‑learning resources anytime and anywhereleads to interaction possibilities among teachers and students from different parts of the ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Nowadays, the use of Internet with e‑learning resources anytime and anywhereleads to interaction possibilities among teachers and students from different parts of the world. Itis becoming increasingly pertinent that we exploit the Internet technologies to achieve the mostbenefits in the education.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study compares the difference between traditional classroomand e‑learning in the educational environment. Medical undergraduate students of our institution wereenrolled to compare between the online versus traditional method of teaching through questionnaire.RESULTS: Forty percent of students found the online lecture material difficult to understand. 42.6%of respondents found it difficult to clear the doubts in online teaching; 64.4% of the participantsbelieved that they have learned more in a face‑to‑face learning.CONCLUSION: In this study, we concluded that online mode offers flexibility on timing and delivery.Students can even download the content, notes, and assignment. Despite all the advantagesoffered, there is a general consensus that no technology can replace face‑to‑face teaching in realbecause in this, there will be visual as well as verbal discussion. Looking at the uncertainty of thecurrent scenario, it is difficult to predict how long online classes will have to continue. Hence, it is ofparamount importance that we assess the effectiveness of online classes and consequently takemeasures to ensure proper delivery of content to students, especially in a skilled field like medicine,so we concluded that face‑to‑face learning is of utmost importance in medical institutions.

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Scoring systems of kidney donation from deceased donors: A systematic review

. Fateme Moghbeli; . Majid Jangi; . Zahra Ebnehoseini

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Renal disease is the most prevalent disease. Kidney failure can cause physical problems. Hence,patients need to use dialysis therapy or kidney transplantation, and actually, people ...  Read More Renal disease is the most prevalent disease. Kidney failure can cause physical problems. Hence,patients need to use dialysis therapy or kidney transplantation, and actually, people are in thewaiting list for a transplant. This research aimed to extract the prognostic models that evaluate thepreparation of kidney donors diagnosed with brain death (DBD).This research was a systematicreview of PubMed, Science Direct, and general explorers up until 2020. It followed the PreferredReporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses‑P protocol. The assessment of thearticles was done by the authors. This evaluation was supposed to be in the form of scoring,prioritizing, and ranking the donors in terms of their preparation. Eleven sources of informationincluded 9 academic articles along with 2 Grey Sources from 7 different countries. 9 algorithmsand models were extracted which included, overall 10 factors. All the models were comprised of4 factors and about 90% of these models considered 4 or 5 factors to evaluate the preparation ofkidney donors DBD. Over 60% of the models had taken into account age, blood pressure history,and creatinine factors. Disease prognosis facilitates a doctor’s decision‑making on the emergenceof the disease. Prognostic models of renal diseases can be a great help to patients. A review ofthe related literature revealed that all the models received a high score in terms of the two factorsthey included, age and history of blood pressure.

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The relationship between patient safety culture with patient satisfaction and hospital performance in Shafa Hospital of Kerman in 2020

. Parya Jangipour Afshar; . Bahram Jabarzadeh Karbasi; . Mahmood Nekoei Moghadam

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Hospitals are a significant part of the health system, so their performance is alwaysmeasured based on some factors such as patient satisfaction and their safety level.AIM: ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Hospitals are a significant part of the health system, so their performance is alwaysmeasured based on some factors such as patient satisfaction and their safety level.AIM: The present study was aimed to examine the relationship between patient safety culture withpatient satisfaction and hospital performance.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive–analytical, cross‑sectional study was performed on240 patients, 240 staff and 20 hospital managers in Shafa hospital of Kerman, Iran, in 2020. To collectdata, the patient safety culture, the patient satisfaction, and the hospital performance questionnaireswere used. The data were analyzed by SPSS and PLS software; to measure the research model,structural equation models and confirmatory factor analysis were used.RESULTS: The variable “patient satisfaction” and its components had a high mean, with thecomponent “the treating physician” having the highest mean. The variables “patient safety cultureand hospital performance” had a medium mean. There was a significant positive relationship betweenpatient safety culture–hospital performance, patient safety culture–patient satisfaction, and patientsatisfaction–hospital performance.CONCLUSION: The patient satisfaction level was appropriate in the studied center, and a positiveand significant relationship was found between patient safety culture and patient satisfaction andhospital performance.

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Challenges in the clinical education environment during the outbreak of COVID‑19: Development and psychometric testing

. Leili Yekefallah; . Peyman Namdar; . Mahya Shafaei; . Rahman Panahi; . Leila Dehghankar

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic poses unique physical and emotional challenges in providingclinical education. Failure to identify the challenges and problems that students face in ...  Read More BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic poses unique physical and emotional challenges in providingclinical education. Failure to identify the challenges and problems that students face in the clinicallearning environment hinders their effective learning and growth. Consequently, the progress oftheir skills is affected. The aim of this study was to develop a challenge in the clinical educationenvironment of medical students during the outbreak of COVID‑19 questionnaire and to test itspsychometric properties.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is part of a larger study that was conducted using acombined consecutive method in Qazvin. In the first stage, a phenomenological study was performedwith van Manen’s method by interviewing 12 students at Qazvin University. To extract the items ofthe tool in the second stage, the concept was defined. Ultimately, the psychometric properties ofthe questionnaire were evaluated with face validity, content validity (quantitative and qualitative),construct validity (exploratory factor analysis), internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), and test–retestreliability (intraclass correlation coefficient).RESULTS: The initial tool had 70 questions. After validation, 53 items remained in the finalquestionnaire. Four extracted dimensions were as follows: “Inadequate professional competency,”“Inefficient clinical planning” and “outcomes of learning‑teaching activities,” and “the challengesrelated to the stigma of medical staff.” Cronbach’s alpha for the whole questionnaire was0.98 (range: 0.87–0.98). The test–retest (intraclass correlation coefficient) reliability was0.98 (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: According to the obtained results, if the items of “Inadequate professionalcompetency,” “Inefficient clinical planning” and “outcomes of learning‑teaching activities,” and “thechallenges related to the stigma of medical staff,” the challenges of students’ clinical education canbe reduced during the COVID‑19 outbreak.

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Coronavirus disease‑2019 risk management using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats analysis approach in the health system: A qualitative multimethod study

. Jafar Bazyar; . Siednour Alimoradi; . Mohammadreza Seydi; . Negar Pourvakhshoori; . Jamil Sadeghifar

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-12

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Utilizing the successful experiences of countries and local regions can be useful inthe management and control of coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19), so the research ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Utilizing the successful experiences of countries and local regions can be useful inthe management and control of coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19), so the research team aimsto determine and extract the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the health systemin the risk management of COVID‑19 using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT)analytical approach.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed by a qualitative multimethod approach.In addition to reviewing the minutes of meetings and approvals of the Provincial Anti‑CoronaHeadquarters, focused group meetings and in‑depth semi‑structured individual interviews wereconducted. The results were extracted based on the SWOT analytical approach in the form ofstrengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the health system and then based on the SWOTmatrix, the necessary strategies were identified.RESULTS: In the necessary strategies, based on SWOT matrix in SO strategies: SO1, formationof regional health assessment teams; SO2, promotion of preparedness, resilience, and effectiveresponse; SO3, activation of research and training centers; SO4, integrated management,supervision, and coordination; in WO strategies: WO1, analysis and COVID‑19 risk monitoring;WO2, communication and risk information management; WO3, people‑based management; andWO4, activation of local economic institutions and manufacturing centers; in ST: ST1, comprehensivecare system strategies; and ST2, enhancing social trust with a transparency approach; and finallyin WT strategies; WT1, stress management; and WT2, specific financial system design for disastermanagement were identified.CONCLUSION: Now, for the prevention and control of this disease, the need of empathy andparticipation of all human societies is felt more than anything else. These experience and analysisare based on the SWOT approach for the health system to be able to provide solutions and practicalpoints that can be used by stakeholders.

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The acceptance level of Hospital Information Management System (HIMS) among the nursing officials working in a teaching hospital

. Mahesh Mahla; . Shweta Talati; . Anil Kumar Gupta; . Ritesh Agarwal; . Shailesh Tripathi; . Sudip Bhattacharya

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The acceptability of hospital staff in the use of hospital information managementsystem (HIMS) is an emerging research area it can explain the fate of any HIMS development ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The acceptability of hospital staff in the use of hospital information managementsystem (HIMS) is an emerging research area it can explain the fate of any HIMS development andimplementation project in hospitals. The aim of this study was to observe the level of acceptance ofHMIS among nursing officials working at a teaching hospital.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted for 1 year in a teachinghospital of northern India by using a pretested questionnaire. Our study participants were nursingofficers who were not under the probation period and we used a purposive sampling (10% nursesfrom each ward). Our sample size was 256.RESULTS: We have observed that majority of 174 (67.96%) participants had good acceptabilityto the HIMS system. Our study revealed that most of the participants were aware of HIMS. Amongall participants, nearly half of them had good acceptability to the HIMS system. This is may be dueto their job profiles, distribution of their working places, and their past experiences with HMIS. Thebottlenecks such as connectivity problem, error prevention, and lack of training can be addressedby the hospital management by proper measures.CONCLUSION: The acceptance level of HIMS among the nursing officials working in a teachinghospital was good.

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Emotional distress and psychiatric drug use among students in an Italian medical school: Assessing the role of gender and year of study

. Sara Carletto; . Marco Miniotti; . Alberto Persico; . Paolo Leombruni

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that medical students show high rates of depression,anxiety, and stress levels, but mixed findings were found regarding possible differences ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that medical students show high rates of depression,anxiety, and stress levels, but mixed findings were found regarding possible differences betweengender and different years of medical training. This study evaluated depression, anxiety, and stresslevels and psychiatric drug use in students in an Italian medical school and investigated the differencesbetween gender and year of study.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study included 694 medical students in their1st (n = 286), 4th (n = 209), and 6th (n = 199) year of study. The questionnaire included demographicinformation, self‑report questionnaires regarding depression, anxiety, and stress, and questionsabout psychiatric drug use. Data analysis was performed using SPSS/Ver 22 through descriptive andanalytic statistics, including Mann–Whitney U‑test, Fisher’s exact test, and GLM two‑way ANOVA.RESULTS: Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were reported by 365 (52.6%), 428 (61.7%),and 545 (78.5%) medical students, respectively. Female students in their 4th year of study reportedhigher depression levels than males of the same year (P = 0.004), whereas levels of anxiety werehigher in 6th‑year female students compared with those in their 1st and 4th years (P = 0.001; P = 0.025).Stress levels were consistently higher in females than in males for all 3 years (1st year: P = 0.041;4th year: P < 0.001; 6th year: P = 0.004). No gender differences were found in the use of psychiatricand stimulant drugs.CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary evidence suggesting the importance of planninginterventions aimed at reducing emotional distress among medical students that should be targetedon gender and year of the study.

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Operationalization of the concepts of interdisciplinarity: An implication elicitation exercises based on the framework synthesis methodology

. Shahram Yazdani; . Maryam Hajiahmadi

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-12

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Over the last few centuries, the overspecialization of various sciences under thepretext of benefiting from pure disciplinary knowledge led to alienation among and competitionbetween ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Over the last few centuries, the overspecialization of various sciences under thepretext of benefiting from pure disciplinary knowledge led to alienation among and competitionbetween different fields of science. Such competition has deviated knowledge from its main objectivewhich is to understand and explain the phenomena. The remedy to this dilemma is to address a newapproach, introduced to higher education in the late 1950s as “interdisciplinarity.” Accordingly, themain purpose of this article is to propose the strategic instances of operationalizing interdisciplinarityas the key requirements to provide a guideline for designing interdisciplinarity activities.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present survey was carried out through the framework synthesismethod. To codify the instances of operationalizing interdisciplinarity, the main elements and structuresof the model were set as the basis of the query for each element and structure; an independentquery was carried out in the literature of the study. The correspondence of the discovered instanceswas once more compared with the conceptual boxes of the primary theoretical model. Ultimately,the taxonomy was concluded through the operational instances based on the primary framework.RESULTS: A total of 152 strategies were identified as implications of operationalization of 13 layersand 38 sublayers of the multilayer interdisciplinary model.CONCLUSION: The development of interdisciplinarity in the national higher education system requiresseveral measures to be taken at different levels of a discipline or scientific field of study. Relying onthis, which is the main basis of entering into interdisciplinarity activities, the present study suggestsand presents strategic instances of interdisciplinarity operationalization.

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Quality of life in health Iranian elderly population approach in health promotion: A systematic review

. Mohsen Poursadeqiyan; . Maryam Feiz Arefi; . Amin Babaei Pouya; . Mojtaba Jafari

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The quality of life (QOL) is essential in all different stages of life; however, It ismore important for older people as it can be effective in promoting their health. Therefore, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The quality of life (QOL) is essential in all different stages of life; however, It ismore important for older people as it can be effective in promoting their health. Therefore, the presentstudy aimed to review the literature on the QOL in the Iranian elderly population.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out as a systematic review. For this purpose,all databases were searched in March 2021. The keywords used for the search were “quality of life,elderly, older adults, aging, seniors, and Iran” along with the Persian equivalents. PRISMA protocolwas used to screen articles. After removing duplicate and irrelevant items, two evaluators appraisedthe articles separately based on a researcher‑made checklist derived from the SBEM and STROBEStatement standard checklists.RESULTS: The initial search yielded 3734 studies on the QOL in the Iranian elderly population. Afterscreening and assessing the studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles remained inthe study. Most of the studies (cross‑sectional) were conducted in Tehran using a 36‑item Short‑FormHealth Survey to assess the QOL. The studies investigated sociodemographic determinants, physicaland health‑related behaviors, and spirituality and psychological determinants of the QOL. Thesociodemographic determinants were the most common factors under study. The results showedthat the role of gender and socioeconomic status was the strongest among the sociodemographiccharacteristics. A significant association was found between the QOL in the Iranian elderly populationand factors such as depression and religious confrontation.CONCLUSION: In addition to chronic diseases, diseases of the oral and dental, as well as anunhealthy diet, should be considered in the elderly. Therefore, attention should be paid to all social,physical, and psychological variables that affect the QOL of older people.

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Effect of media messages on health‑promoting lifestyle of acute coronary syndrome patients: A randomized clinical trial

. Esmat Nouhi; . Tania Dahesh; . Fahimeh Shojaefar

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Patient education is a key factor in promoting the health of people with acutecoronary syndrome (ACS), and the effective use of technology can play an important role in ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Patient education is a key factor in promoting the health of people with acutecoronary syndrome (ACS), and the effective use of technology can play an important role in thisregard. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of education using media messages on thelifestyle of patients with ACS.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present clinical trial was conducted on 91 cases with ACSadmitted to the cardiac ward of Afshar Hospital in Yazd, Iran, during 2018–2019, who were randomlyassigned to control and intervention groups. The former only was provided with routine training beforedischarge, while the latter, in addition to routine training before discharge, received education onsocial networking and sending text/visual messages. At baseline and 3 months after the intervention,the Walker’s Lifestyle Questionnaire was completed. The independent t‑test, paired t‑test, andChi‑square test were employed for data analysis.RESULTS: The average lifestyle value of the intervention group was significantly higher comparedwith the control group after the intervention (P ˂ 0.001). Moreover, the lifestyle score was significantlydifferent pre‑ and post‑intervention in the intervention group (P ˂ 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Education using media messages is useful to promote the lifestyle in cases withACS, which seems effective in planning the follow‑up for these patients.

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Anxiety, stress and depression levels among nurses of educational hospitals in Iran: Time of performing nursing care for suspected and confirmed COVID‑19 patients

. Hojjat Sheikhbardsiri; . Mohammad Mahdi Doustmohammadi1; . Parya Jangipour Afshar; . Majid Heidarijamebozorgi; . Hamidreza Khankeh; . Mehdi Beyramijam

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Following the global emergency of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19),health‑care workers, especially nurses were encountered with an increasing workload. Therefore, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Following the global emergency of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19),health‑care workers, especially nurses were encountered with an increasing workload. Therefore, dueto the importance of this issue, the present study aimed to examine stress, anxiety, and depressionlevels among nurses during the COVID‑19 pandemic in Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted in four educational hospitalsaffiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2020. The standard Depression, Anxiety andStress Scale‑21 questionnaire was applied to assess the levels of stress, anxiety, and depressionin nurse personnel with a census method (n = 403). Data were analyzed using descriptive statisticsand analytic statistics such as Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, and multiplelinear regression tests through the version 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, Software at the levelof P < 0.05.RESULTS: The results of the study showed that the mean scores of depressions (9.18 ± 4.45),stress (9.62 ± 4.94), and anxiety (10.32 ± 4.85) in nurses were at moderate level. A significantrelationship was observed between stressed, anxious, and depressed participants in the gender,marital status, level of education, and working hours per month. No statistically significant relationshipwas found between other demographic variables including age, work experience, and employmentstatus with anxiety, depression, and stress categories.CONCLUSION: The results of this study can increase the awareness of health system managers,especially hospitals, about the level of stress, anxiety, and depression and can help in order to providepsychological support programs for improving the mental health of nurses during the COVID‑19pandemic.

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Predictors of preventive behaviors of AIDS/HIV based on Health Belief Model constructs in women with high‑risk sexual behaviors: A cross‑sectional survey

. Mehri Alizade; . Azizeh Farshbaf‑Khalili; . Jamileh Malakouti; . Mojgan Mirghafourvand

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Worldwide, AIDS is an acute problem. Health Belief Model (HBM) is a model forprevention and control of diseases. This study examined the predictors of preventive behaviors ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Worldwide, AIDS is an acute problem. Health Belief Model (HBM) is a model forprevention and control of diseases. This study examined the predictors of preventive behaviors ofHIV/AIDS based on HBM constructs in participants.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was performed on 200 women whowere referred to vulnerable women’s centers across Tabriz city between November and December2018. Participants were selected by census sampling. Inclusion criteria were having a health record,multiple sexual partners, reading and writing skills, and willingness to participate in the study. Tocollect data, questionnaires of sociodemographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, self‑efficacy fornegotiating safe sex, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers,and behavioral prevention (BP) were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 19through Pearson’s correlation coefficient, one‑way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analyses.The significant level was set at α = 0.05.RESULTS: Pearson’s correlation test showed a statistically significant correlation between BPand perceived sensitivity (r = 0.25), perceived benefits (r = 0.32), self‑efficacy (r = 0.33), and HIVknowledge (r = 0.25) constructs (P < 0.001). According to the multiple linear regression, perceivedsensitivity (P = 0.020), perceived benefits (P = 0.036), and some of the sociodemographiccharacteristics were found to be predictors of preventive behaviors that explained in total 50% ofvariance of BP (P < 0.05 and R2 = 0.504).CONCLUSION: It seems that the HBM is useful to predict HIV preventive behaviors among thisvulnerable group. Training programs should be aimed on improving the health belief of HIV preventivebehaviors.

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Development and psychometric evaluation of the perceived care tension questionnaire for caregivers of hemodialysis patients: A mixed method study

. Leili Rabiei; . Soleiman Kheiri; . Reza Masoudi

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-12

Abstract

  BACKGROUND : The complex, multifaceted care environment and the threatening situation of caringfor hemodialysis patients cause tension in their family caregivers. Due to the severe ...  Read More BACKGROUND : The complex, multifaceted care environment and the threatening situation of caringfor hemodialysis patients cause tension in their family caregivers. Due to the severe tension, familycaregivers are likely to ignore their basic needs and only pay attention to the patient’s needs andrelated issues. This study was conducted with the aim of designing and evaluating the PerceivedCare tension Questionnaire for Caregivers of Hemodialysis Patients (PCTQHFC).MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a sequential exploratory mixed methodsstudy of scale development variant conducted in two phases: qualitative and quantitative. This studywas conducted in 2019 in Shahrekord. The qualitative phase included item development and scaledevelopment. In the quantitative phase (Item Analysis), the validation characteristics of the tool wereexamined using face, content and construct validity, and its reliability by internal consistency andstability. Findings were performed using software SPSS 18.RESULTS: Principal components analysis with orthogonal rotation to generate factors, showed thatfive factors, namely emotional exhaustion, inadequate social support, care burden, confusion andambiguity and lack of adaptability skills had an eigenvalue of higher than 1, so that they explained,respectively, 75.98%, 61.36%, 72.49%, 76.33%, and 70.31% of the total variance. The internalconsistency was obtained 0.811 and the inter‑class correlation coefficient for the whole instrument0.832.CONCLUSION: PCTQHFC is a culturally appropriate measure with strong psychometric properties.The instrument designed in this study measures the care tension of hemodialysis patients. Therefore,researchers, health‑care providers, and community health policymakers can plan and implementinterventions to reduce the tension of caregivers of hemodialysis patients by analyzing and identifyingthe tensions of caregivers.

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Perception and factors affecting practice of preventive measures of coronavirus disease among nurses in tertiary health institutions in Anambra state, southeast Nigeria

. Linda C. Odikpo; . Vera I. Onyekaonwu; . Anulika J. Afonne

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 is a contagious disease without any treatment, vaccine, or immunity,which the only way out is the practice of preventive measures. This article assessed the perceptionand ...  Read More BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 is a contagious disease without any treatment, vaccine, or immunity,which the only way out is the practice of preventive measures. This article assessed the perceptionand factors influencing the practice of preventive measures to COVID‑19 among nurses in AnambraState, Nigeria. The study objectives include to determine the perception of nurses toward COVID‑19and to determine factors that influence the practice of preventive measures to COVID‑19 amongnurses in tertiary hospitals in Anambra State.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The design for the study was descriptive cross‑sectional surveyconducted among 344 nurses in the two tertiary institutions.RESULTS: Three hundred and three (88.1%) nurses had no formal training on COVID‑19 protocol.They have a good perception of the disease as, among others, they (165 [48.0%]) see it to be highlycontagious, 207 (60.2%) can recognize symptoms easily, 168 (48.8%) believed that COVID‑19 couldbe handled professionally based on their experience, 155 (45.1%) responded that there is no vaccineyet for the disease, and 200 (58.1%) responded that patients should not hide their symptoms and travelhistory to avoid infecting other people. The result on the false benefits has 323 (93.9%) who respondedthat COVID‑19 preventive measures will predispose one to the disease, 319 (92.7%) who respondedthat the preventive measures will not slow the spread of the disease, 288 (83.7) who respondedthat it is independent of normalcy returning to areas affected, and 327 (95.1%) who responded thatCOVID‑19 preventive measures are among the effective ways to mitigate the disease and enhancelife sustainability. Some work‑related/institutional and disease‑specific factors influence their practiceof preventive measures to COVID‑19. Such factors include the time to use personal protectiveequipment (PPE) in an emergency (170 [49.4%]), remembering to use PPE (158 [45.9%]), insufficientnursing staff during a shift (158 [43.0%]), and too many responsibilities during a shift (178 [51.7%]).CONCLUSION: With the increasing death as a result of COVID‑19, of which health workers are notimmune to, it is essential to annihilate all negative factors that may impede the accurate practicesof the preventive measures and also support the nurses with the necessary tools and knowledge tomitigate their exposure to the disease.

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Medical students’ perspective on online teaching during pandemic: Experience from a Government Medical College in Uttarakhand, India

. Pooja Sharma Kala; . Naveen Thapliyal; . Hari Shankar Pandey; . A. R. Piyush; . Sonam Maheshwari; . Vikram Singh Chaudhary

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic has forced medical education to undergo suddenmetamorphosis from the traditional face‑to‑face education to distance online learning. This transitionwas ...  Read More BACKGROUND: COVID‑19 pandemic has forced medical education to undergo suddenmetamorphosis from the traditional face‑to‑face education to distance online learning. This transitionwas dealt with a lot of infrastructure and technical difficulties from both teacher and learner ends,especially in a developing country like India. This study was conducted with the aim of analyzingstudents’ perspective and problems faced in the live online teaching.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective longitudinal study conducted on medicalstudents enrolled in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd years of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgerycourses at a government medical college located in hilly state Uttarakhand, India. Clearance fromthe institutional ethical committee was obtained. The students were invited to voluntarily participate inonline survey by filling Google Forms which was E‑mailed as well as shared in social media platform.A total of 237 medical students participated. The first survey was conducted at the time of initiationof online mode of teaching, during May 1–7, 2020, and second, after completion of 6 months ofregular online teaching, during November 1–7, 2020. The questionnaire comprised initial sectionon demographic details and consent followed by 27 and 30 sets of statements pertaining to onlinemedical education experience in the first and second questionnaires, respectively. A 5‑point Likertscale was used. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 24.0. Chi‑square test was applied forassociation, and P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: A total of 237 students participated in the study. The response rate was 52.7%. Majority ofrespondents had suitable devices (89.1%) and Internet facilities (62%) for online classes. The studentsaccepted the new method of teaching very well, but for practical sessions and clinics, traditionalclasses were necessary. Long screen time, lack of student–teacher interaction, and interaction withpeers were major concerns of students. However, over the study period, the availability of resources,friendliness toward technology, and inclination toward virtual classes increased.CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic has introduced to a new normal where online teaching cannot beignored. Despite challenges faced during online learning, 65.5% of students preferred hybrid teachingin future for delivering medical education. Acceptance for online education by students increasedover time in the study.

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