Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Department of Medical Library and Information Science, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth and a main symbol of innovation
in any country. The health system of the country needs entrepreneur managers to eradicate the
problems and provide better services. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the
nurturing of entrepreneurial managers in the Iran’s health system.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out qualitatively with the grounded
theory method and through semi‑structured interviews with six questions. The data sources
were 22 key informants who were purposefully selected from healthcare organizations and other
entrepreneurship‑related institutions. Data were analyzed and interpreted using the framework
analysis. Data were managed and analyzed using MAXQDA software.
RESULTS: Findings of this study indicated 6 main themes and 46 subthemes. The six factors
affecting the development of entrepreneurial managers in the Iran’s health system were determined
as individual, family, social, economic, organizational, and educational.
CONCLUSION: Iranian health organizations need to nurture entrepreneurial managers to tackle the
challenges of the health system, compete internationally, and have successful performance. Hence,
delivering the health industry to entrepreneurial managers in the long run will bring back positive
results of growth and development to the body of the health system. Therefore, paying attention
to the identified themes and subthemes and the solutions presented in this study can help nurture
entrepreneurial managers’ and successful performance of the Iran’s health sector.
Keywords
- Hamel G. The Future of Management. Tehran: Andishe Emroz;
2010. p. 344.
2. DaryaniMA. Entrepreneurship, Definitions. Theories and Patterns
Tehran: Jajarmi; 2012.
3. Felício J, Caldeirinha V, Rodrigues R. Global mindset and
the internationalization of small firms: The importance of the
characteristics of entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurship
and Management Journal. 2012 Dec 1;8(4):467-85. [doi: 10.1007/
s11365-012-0232-5].
4. Paul H, Golden JE, Steven D. The relationship of structure
to entrepreneurial and innovative success. Mark Intell Plann
1994;12:37‑48.
5. Prokopenko J, Pavlin I. Entrepreneurship Development in Public
Enterprises. Geneva: International Labour Organization; 1991.
6. Schumpeter JA. Theory of Economic Development. Harvard
University Press: Routledge; 2017.
7. Turkina E, Thai MT. Socio‑psychological determinants of
opportunity entrepreneurship. Int Entrepreneurship Manage J
2015;11:213‑38.
8. Borkowski N, Gordon J. Entrepreneurial organizations: The
driving force for improving quality in the healthcare industry.
J Health Hum Serv Adm 2006;28:531‑49.
9. Wennekers S, Uhlaner L, Thurik R. Entrepreneurship and its
conditions: A macro perspective. Int J Entrepreneurship Educ
2002;1:25‑64.
10. Burns P. Entrepreneurship and Small Business. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan Limited; 2016.
11. Lages M, Marques CS, Ferreira JJ, Ferreira FA. Intrapreneurship
and firm entrepreneurial orientation: Insights from the health care
service industry. Int Entrepreneurship Manage J 2017;13:837‑54.
12. Hadian M, Raeissi P, Shali M, Khalilabad TH, Niknam N.
Investigating the effects of human health resource changes on
the basic health indicators in Iran: An econometric study. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:207.
13. Topping S. Carr JC, Woodard B, Burcham MR, Johnson K.
The entrepreneurial process in health care: Strategic thinking
and entrepreneurial action in the health care industry. In: The
Nashville Phenomenon. Oxford: Elsevier; 2007. [doi: 10.1016/
S1474-8231(06)06016-2].
14. Guo KL. Applying entrepreneurship to health care organizations.
N Engl J Entrepreneurship 2003;6: No. 1, 1-9.
15. Guo KL. An assessment tool for developing healthcare managerial
skills and roles. J Healthc Manag 2003;48:367‑76.
16. Guo KL. Entrepreneurship management in health services: An
integrative model. J Health Hum Serv Adm 2006;28:504‑30.
17. Guo KL. Core competencies of the entrepreneurial leader in health
care organizations. Health Care Manag (Frederick) 2009;28:19‑29.
18. Cutler DM. Where are the health care entrepreneurs? The failure
of organizational innovation in health care. Innov Policy Econ
2011;11:1‑28.
19. Jahani S, Abedi H, Elahi N, Fallahi‑Khoshknab M. Iranian
entrepreneur nurses’ perceived barriers to entrepreneurship:
A qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2016;21:45‑53.
20. Khayatan M, Mobaraki MH. Factors affecting the entrepreneurial
behavior of TUMS research centers managers. J Payavard Salamat
2014;8:198‑209. - 21. Salarianzadeh M, Sadr F, Mahdavi MV, Maher A. Factors
affecting organizational entrepreneurship in governmental health
organizations of Iran. Health Inf Manag 2012;8:1212.
22. Slavica S, Amorós JE, Arreola DM. Global Entrepreneurship
Monitor 2014 Global Report. Global Entrepreneurship Research
Association (GERA). 2014.
23. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM); 2017. Available from:
http://ent.ut.ac.ir/fa/gem. [Last accessed on 2017 May 30].
24. Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S. Using
the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in
multi‑disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol
2013;13:117.
25. Creswell JW, Hanson WE, Clark Plano VL, Morales A. Qualitative
research designs: Selection and implementation. Couns Psychol
2007;35:236‑64.
26. Corbin JM, Strauss A. Grounded theory research: Procedures,
canons, and evaluative criteria. Qual Sociol 1990;13:3‑21.
27. Creswell J. Research method. In: Creswell JW, editor. Planning,
Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative
Research: Educational Research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Hall; 2007, Mar;35(2):236-64.
28. Strauss A, Corbin J. Principles of Qualitative Research: Techniques
and Stages of the Underlying Theory. Tehran: NEY; 2012.
29. Böhm A. Theoretical coding: Text analysis in grounded theory.
In: Flick DU, von Kardorff E, Steinke I, editors. A Companion to
Qualitative Research. London: Sage; 2004. p. 270‑5.
30. Guetterman T. Descriptions of sampling practices within five
approaches to qualitative research in education and the health
sciences. 2015; 16(2). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-16.2.2290.
31. Attride‑Stirling J. Thematic networks: An analytic tool for
qualitative research. Qual Res 2001;1:385‑405.
32. Leitch CM, Volery T. Entrepreneurial leadership: Insights
and directions. International Small Business Journal. 2017
Mar;35(2):147-56.
33. Hasani M, Gorji HA, Panahi S. Recognition of factors affecting the
use of volunteer clinical forces in hospitals in Tehran: Aqualitative
study. J Educ Health Promot 2021;10:16.
34. Moradi F, Toghroli R, Abbas J, Ziapour A, Lebni JY, Aghili A, et
al. Hospital managers’ skills required and onward challenges: A
qualitative study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion.
2020;9. [doi:10.21203/rs.2.23432/v1].
35. Carland JW, Hoy F, Carland JA. “Who is an entrepreneur?” Is a
question worth asking. Am J Small Bus 1988;12:33‑9.
36. Marques CS, Valente S, Lages M. The influence of personal
and organisational factors on entrepreneurship intention:
An application in the health care sector. J Nurs Manage
2018;26:696‑706.
37. Zhao H, Seibert SE, Lumpkin GT. The relationship of personality
to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta‑analytic
review. J Manage 2010;36:381‑404.
38. Eckhardt JT, Shane SA. Response to the commentaries: The
individual‑opportunity (IO) nexus integrates objective and
subjective aspects of entrepreneurship. Acad Manage Rev
2013;38:160‑3.
39. Eckhardt JT, Shane SA. Opportunities and entrepreneurship.
J Manage 2003;29:333‑49.
40. ChristopherD, AndrewH. “Push” versus “pull” entrepreneurship:
An ambiguous distinction? Int J Entrepreneurial Behav Res
2012;18:697‑719.
41. Molina JA. Family and Entrepreneurship: New Empirical and
Theoretical Results. University of Zaragoza: Springer; 2020.
42. Vakili Y, Alvani S, MohammadiElyasi G. Explain the role of
environmental factors in the development of entrepreneurship
in the public sector. J Entrepreneurship Dev 2014;7:191‑210.
43. Morris MH, Kuratko DF, Schindehutte M. Towards integration:
Understanding entrepreneurship through frameworks. Int J
Entrepreneurship Innov 2001;2:35‑49.
44. Torabipour A, Fadai N, Nazari H, Kandi MJ, Ahmadi K. A study
on the organizational entrepreneurship: A case study in Ahvaz
University of medical sciences, IR Iran. Jundishapur J Health Sci
2014;6:1‑5.
45. Hornsby JS, Naffziger DW, Kuratko DF, Montagno RV. An
interactive model of the corporate entrepreneurship process.
Entrepreneurship Theory Pract 1993;17:29‑37.
46. Lee L, Wong PK, Der Foo M, Leung A. Entrepreneurial intentions:
The influence of organizational and individual factors. J Bus
Venturing 2011;26:124‑36.
47. Grazier KL, Metzler B. Health care entrepreneurship: Financing
innovation. J Health Hum Serv Adm 2006;28:485‑503.
48. Available form: https://www.england.nhs.uk/ourwork/
innovation/clinical-entrepreneur/CetpINcAf. [Last accessed on
2019 13 October].
49. Vakili Y. Design and Implementation of a Model of
Entrepreneurship in the Public Sector in Iran – Municipality
Case. Tehran: University of Tehran; 2012.
)