Journal of Education and Health Promotion

The effect of continuing care on patient’s quality‑of‑life after disc surgery in neurosurgery and very important person wards

. Nasrollah Alimohammadi; . Manijeh Eslami; . Hojatollah Yousefi; . Homayoon Tabesh

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Background: Today, lumbar herniation discs, a prevalent problem with a sign of lumbar and feetpain in society. Removal of disk by surgery decrease pain but reduce quality‑of‑life ...  Read More Background: Today, lumbar herniation discs, a prevalent problem with a sign of lumbar and feetpain in society. Removal of disk by surgery decrease pain but reduce quality‑of‑life (QOL). In somecases, lake of following and caring of patient after surgery, herniation disc recurrent. Previousstudies show that patient education and followings is important, therefore, this study aimed toinvestigate the effect of continuing care on patient QOL after disc surgery in neurosurgery and veryimportant person (VIP) ward in Al‑Zahra Hospital. Materials and Methods: This study is a clinicaltrial conducted on 64 patients hospitalized in the neurosurgery and VIP wards of Al‑Zahra Hospital,in Isfahan, Iran, in 2013. The patients were selected by simple sampling method and were randomlyassigned to two groups (study and control). Patients’ response to short form‑36 questionnairebefore and 4 weeks and 3 months after continuing care in study group, and simultaneously, inthe control group. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant difference in meanof physical and psychological dimensions before and 4 weeks and 3 months after intervention instudy group (P < 0.05), but in control group, the difference was not significant (P = 0.8). Pairwisecomparison of mean physical and psychological dimensions at different time points by Fisher’sleast significant difference showed that there was a significant difference in the interventiongroup (P < 0.022). But in the control group, there was no significant difference between pairs oftime points (P > 0.18). Conclusion: Continuing care improves dimensions of patients’ QOL, andit is recommended as a nursing and nonmedical intervention in disc surgery patients.

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The impacts of a health belief model‑based educational program on adopting self‑care behaviors in pemphigus vulgaris patients

. Roya Sadeghi; . Azar Tol; . Azita Moradi; . Masoud Baikpour; . Mostafa Hossaini

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Introduction: Since pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a chronic disease and regarding its autoimmunenature, patients need to adopt self‑care behaviors. This study aimed to assess the impacts ...  Read More Introduction: Since pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a chronic disease and regarding its autoimmunenature, patients need to adopt self‑care behaviors. This study aimed to assess the impacts ofan educational program based on health belief model (HBM) on adopting self‑care behaviorsamong patients with PV referred to Razi Hospital. Materials and Methods: Eighty‑eight patientswith PV were randomized in an educational intervention study in two groups in 2013–2014. Theintervention group attended a 6 months self‑care educational program in a specialized outpatientclinic, in addition to the regular care presented for both groups. To collect information aboutdemographic characteristics, PV‑related variables, and HBM constructs items, a self‑designedquestionnaire was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20. A P < 0.05 was considered asstatistically significant. Results: Increase in perceived susceptibility, severity, and benefits scorewere significantly higher in intervention group compared with controls when adjusting for thedifference in baseline scores of these HBM constructs and house ownership and employmentstatus distribution in two groups using ANCOVA (P < 0.001). Furthermore, after intervention,the decrease in perceived barriers’ scores was significantly more than controls (P < 0.001),However, the decrease in cues to action score was not found significant (P = 0.380).Discussion: The results of this study show the effects of an HBM‑based educational programas a tertiary preventive measure on adopting self‑care behaviors in patients that can helpthem achieve self‑efficacy in controlling their disease and enhancing their treatment process.

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A consumer informed workshop can improve knowledge and attitude to patient‑centered care among hospital clinicians‑in‑training

. Sharon A. Bentley; . Betty Tellis; . Kelly L. Michel; . Patricia O’Connor; . Caroline Clarke; . Jill E. Keeffe

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Purpose: Patient and family involvement in the education and training of medical practitionersincreases the likelihood that the care delivered will meet the needs of service users andcarers. ...  Read More Purpose: Patient and family involvement in the education and training of medical practitionersincreases the likelihood that the care delivered will meet the needs of service users andcarers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a consumer informededucational program on knowledge and attitude to patient‑centered care among hospitalclinical trainees. Methods: A total of 66 junior medical staff and 35 orthoptists in trainingwere invited to participate in a controlled before‑and‑after trial at the Royal Victorian Eyeand Ear Hospital from October to November, 2011. Thirty‑eight participants were allocatedto the intervention program (interactive workshop) and 63 to the control program (assignedreading). Questionnaires regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice, patient‑practitionerorientation and communication were administered. Differences between groups anddifferences before and after the program were evaluated using the t‑test or Chi‑square test, asappropriate. Narrative data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using GroundedTheory qualitative analysis techniques. Results: A total of 24 participants (63%) completedthe intervention program and eight (13%) the control program. The intervention group feltmore prepared to introduce themselves and their role (Chi‑square = 11.19, P = 0.01) andto acknowledge patients’ waiting time prior to consultation (Chi‑square 8.52, P = 0.04)compared with the control group. For the intervention group, there was an improvementin mean score on the Communication Assessment Tool (mean change = 0.55, P = 0.01).Conclusion: There were minor improvements in self‑perceived knowledge and attitude topatient‑centered care and communication among hospital clinicians‑in‑training followinga consumer informed education program. The majority of participants who received thisprogram agreed it would influence how they conducted future consultations. Further workis required to determine if these improvements translate to sustainable changes in clinicalpractice and patient satisfaction.

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Determinants of healthy lifestyle and its related factors among elderly people

. Samaneh Zanjani; . Azar Tol; . Bahram Mohebbi; . Roya Sadeghi; . Keramat Nouri Jalyani; . Azita Moradi

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background: Medical and health advances have led to relative increases in human longevityand elderly population. Common diseases in elders can be prevented using healthy lifestyle.Identifying ...  Read More Background: Medical and health advances have led to relative increases in human longevityand elderly population. Common diseases in elders can be prevented using healthy lifestyle.Identifying current status of the elderly is necessary to design educational intervention programsto improve their health and quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the lifestyle ofthe elderly in Islamshar (suburban of Tehran). Materials and Methods: A descriptive – analyticalstudy conducted among 480 elderly people over 60 years old referred to Islamshahr HealthCenter of Tehran University of Medical Sciences for a period of 12 months in 2012–2013. Datawere collected through at two‑part questionnaire including sociodemographic and health‑relatedcharacteristics and healthy lifestyle instrument. Healthy lifestyle of the elderly was assessedusing a 46 items self‑report standard instrument with five subscales reflecting domains includingexercise, nutrition, prevention, stress management, and social relationship. Finally, the dataobtained were analyzed using the SPSS 18 software using an independent t‑test, analysis ofvariance and ordinal logistic regression test at a significant level of P < 0.05. Results: Meanscore of total healthy lifestyle was 148.56 ± 11.5. Men and women scored 151.95 ± 11.15 and145 ± 10.32, respectively (P < 0.001). 76.2% of participants had moderately healthy lifestyle,and 23.8% had desirable healthy lifestyle. Marital status and gender were important factorsin elderly healthy lifestyle. Discussion: The status of a healthy lifestyle among the elderly inIslamshar was relatively moderate. However, more studies are needed for further information toconfirm study results. Study results were posed the necessity of tailoring specific interventionalprograms to achieve desirable healthy lifestyle.

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A survey on cancer‑related nutritional information in Iranian popular magazines

. Ourfa Hovsepyan; . Firoozeh Zare‑Farashbandi; . Gholamreza Askari

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Background: Due to the wide influence of public media, they become important communicationchannels for changing health beliefs and behaviors. One of the areas that have gained increasedattention ...  Read More Background: Due to the wide influence of public media, they become important communicationchannels for changing health beliefs and behaviors. One of the areas that have gained increasedattention in public media is nutritional information. Cancer is one among the diseases relatedto nutrition. The goal of this study is to do a content analysis of the popular magazines in Iranfor nutritional information related to cancer in year 2012–2013. Materials and Methods: Thisis an applied survey performed using content analysis method. The data gathering tool is achecklist designed by the researcher. The statistical population consisted of all of the messagesprinted in 173 volumes of eight most popular magazines which were selected based on theircharacteristics by searching the Iranian publication database using certain inclusion andexclusion criteria. The sample size calculated using non‑probability – purposive sampling was295 messages from 96 magazine volumes. Results: Findings showed that prevention trendshad the highest (86.8%) and treatment had the lowest (4.7%) frequency in the messages.Pomegranate was the most commonly mentioned preventive food, while mayonnaises werethe most commonly mentioned carcinogen and tangerine was the most commonly mentionedfood used for cancer treatment. Among the different types of cancer, more than half of themessages (51.2%) mentioned “cancer” as a general term. After that, breast cancer (13.2%)and prostate cancer (10.51%) were the most commonly motioned cancers and messagesregarding pancreatic cancer and hormone‑related cancers were the least frequent (0.3%).Conclusions: The findings of this study show that the main goal of these messages was toincrease the information provided to the readers, although some doubts regarding the scientificcredibility of the claims made in these messages still remain.

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Assessment of dental student satisfaction with regard to process of thesis educational courses

. Faezeh Eslamipour; . Zahra Noroozi; . Kobra Hosseinpour

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Introduction: Ensuring achievement of research experience by students is one of the mostimportant goals of the thesis‑conduction process and evaluation of student satisfaction withthis ...  Read More Introduction: Ensuring achievement of research experience by students is one of the mostimportant goals of the thesis‑conduction process and evaluation of student satisfaction withthis process is one of the most imperative challenges herein. Aims: The aim of this study is toinvestigate the satisfaction of dental students passing the thesis educational course from theIsfahan Dental School. Settings and Design: Sixty‑two dental students who had graduatedin2011, from the Isfahan Dental School, participated in this descriptive cross‑sectional studyMaterials and Methods: The postgraduate Research Experience Questionnaire (PREQ) wasused for data collection. The questionnaire evaluated student satisfaction in seven domains:Thesis supervision, skill development, intellectual climate, infrastructure, thesis examination,goals and expectations, and overall satisfaction. Statistical Analysis Used: The data wereanalyzed on an SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The meanscore of satisfaction of the participants was 75 ± 12. On the basis of their scores, satisfactionin 3.2% of them was slow, in 33.9%was medium, in 61.3% was good and in 1.6% was high. Thehighest satisfaction was found to be in thesis supervision and the least was in the intellectualclimate domain.There was no significant statistical difference between satisfaction andgender (P = 0.46). Conclusions: Considering the results, to increase student satisfaction forpassing the thesis courses, it is necessary to improve the intellectual climate in dental schoolsand also increase the research budget for more financial support of students to carry out theirprojects.

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The study of physical activity and some relative factors in referred pregnant women to Isfahan Health‑Care Centers and Shahid Beheshti Hospital

. Parvin Bahadoran; . Soheila Mohamadirizi

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-4

Abstract

  Background: Physical activity generally declines during pregnancy, but activity barriers duringthis period are not well understood. The objective was to determine physical activity ...  Read More Background: Physical activity generally declines during pregnancy, but activity barriers duringthis period are not well understood. The objective was to determine physical activity and somerelative factors in referred pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectionalstudy was carried on 384 in referred pregnant women to Isfahan Health Care Centers andShahid Beheshti Hospital in second stage sampling method in 2013. Demographic/prenatalcharacteristics, physical activity (36Q) and prenatal life quality questionnaire (26Q) werecompleted by participants. The statistical analysis was performed with various statistical testssuch as the t‑test, one‑way ANOVA, individual correlation coefficient, and linear regressionusing SPSS statistical software (version 16). Results: Based on the findings, 98.7% (n = 378)of pregnant women had low physical activity. Also, there were a correlation among physicalactivity and parity, age, gestational age (P ≤ 0.005). Conclusion: Since physical activity isrecommended for the most of pregnant women, it is imperative to promote physical activitybetween pregnant women and some intervention suggestions.

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The role of religious beliefs in pregnancy loss

. Maryam Allahdadian; . Alireza Irajpour

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Introduction: Birth can cause and post‑traumatic stresses in many women even when theoccasion of birth results in alive baby. Fetal death can challenge her understanding of justiceand ...  Read More Introduction: Birth can cause and post‑traumatic stresses in many women even when theoccasion of birth results in alive baby. Fetal death can challenge her understanding of justiceand God’s love toward his creatures. Religious beliefs have a considerable effect on decreasingindividuals’ tendency toward bereavement; thus, it is expected to have a relationship with sorrowand mental distress ensuing fetal death. The present research has been conducted to review theexisting literature on religion and fetal death and then study Iranian women and their families’response to such a tragedy. Materials and Methods: This is a unsystematic (narrative) review.Research was conducted to study the role of mothers’ religious belief in their encounter withpregnancy loss in cases belonging to a 23‑year period from 1990 to 2013. PubMed and Oviddatabases and Iranian religious resources such as Tebyan were utilized for these studies. Ofcourse, several articles were also derived by means of manual search. Results: Nine out of31 papers had the searched keywords in common in the preliminary search. A review of theexisting papers indicated that only 4 out of 22 papers dealt exactly with the role of religion onreaction of parents to fetal death. The four papers belonged to the years 2008, 2010, 2011, and2012 indicating the new approach to religion in pregnancy loss cases. Conclusion: Religionhas a significant effect on parents’ acceptance of such mishaps and it may have a considerableeffect on their recovery from such tragic events.

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A survey of the relationship between work schedule and its effect on the fatigue of rescue personnel in Isfahan with a standard method of CIS202

. Ehsanollah Habibi; . Shiva Soury; . Hassan Rajabi Vardanjani; . Behnam Khodarahmi; . Habibollah Dehghan; . Mohsen Hosseini; . Hamid Esmaeli; . Abolfazl Khademi

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Context: Fatigue is a factor that can have negative effects on family life, social relationshipand work. Work schedule is one of the affective factors on personnel’s fatigue in ...  Read More Context: Fatigue is a factor that can have negative effects on family life, social relationshipand work. Work schedule is one of the affective factors on personnel’s fatigue in differentjobs. In this study, the work schedule and its effect on rescue personnel in Isfahan areexplored. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship betweenwork schedules and fatigue among rescue personnel. Settings and Design: This studyis periodical and has been conducted on 72 employees of rescue personnel in Isfahan.Materials and Methods: Random sampling was done and the primary data that was collectedthrough fatigue assessment questionnaire after being conducted as a pilot study on 10%of samples were collected to confirm the validity of this study. Finally, the data was givento SPSS11.5 software and were analyzed by descriptive statistics and linear digression.Results: The results showed that from the statistical point of view some parts of work scheduleslike work hours satisfaction, resting time and work order on total fatigue are effective in linearand inverse way but the item “predictibility of work conditions” does not have a meaningfulrelationship with total fatigue. Furthermore, the results showed that there is a meaningful andinverse relationship with work hours, resting time and work order with mental fatigue and alsothe work schedule has a meaningful, linear and inverse relation with mental fatigue and totalfatigue. Conclusions: By increasing the satisfaction of working hours, increasing resting timeand also with an increase of work order the total fatigue of rescue personnel will decrease.

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Recognition of the efficacy of relaxation program on sleep quality of mothers with premature infants

. Soheila Karbandi; . Seyedeh Maryam Hosseini; . Reza Masoudi; . Seyedeh Asieh Hosseini; . Farshad Sadeghi; . Maryam Hesari Moghaddam

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Background and Aim: The postpartum period is a critical then effects on the structure of thefamily. Most women in the postpartum period may place at risk of undesirable experiences ...  Read More Background and Aim: The postpartum period is a critical then effects on the structure of thefamily. Most women in the postpartum period may place at risk of undesirable experiences suchas changes in sleep patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the efficacy of the relaxationprogram on sleep quality of mothers with premature infants. Materials and Methods: Thisstudy is a clinical trial that 60 mothers with premature infants. The mothers in the interventiongroup were trained for muscle progressive relaxation by Jacobson method within 24–72 hafter delivery. Research tool was the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, which was completed bythe mother at the beginning of the study, end of the first and the second 4‑week. Data wereanalyzed using parametric statistics tests by SPSS software version 16. Results: No significantdifference was observed between two groups in terms of underlying characteristics (P < 0.05).The independent t‑test at the beginning of the study showed that the comparison of the meanscores of mothers’ sleep quality has no significant difference between two groups (P = 0.43).But, 1‑month after the intervention (P = 0.024) and 2 months after the intervention (P > 0.001),mean sleep quality score in the intervention group was significantly less than the control group.Conclusion: Relaxation training can improve mothers’ sleep quality at postpartum period.

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Examining social‑cognitive predictors of parenting skills among mothers with preschool and early elementary school‑aged children

. Saiideh Norouzi; . Mohammad Hossein Baghiani Moghaddam; . Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad; . Ali Norouzi; . Ali Reza Jafari; . Hossein Fallahzadeh

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  Context: Identification of parenting skills determinants among mothers is an ongoing fieldof research. Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the social cognitive predictors ofparenting ...  Read More Context: Identification of parenting skills determinants among mothers is an ongoing fieldof research. Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the social cognitive predictors ofparenting skills among mothers. Settings and Design: Previous studies have demonstratedthe health action process approach (HAPA) as a credible frame for predicting behavior,but the number of studies considering the predictive value of parenting skills determinantsamong mothers is rare. Subjects and Methods: An 8 months prospective design wasapplied. Participants were mothers with preschool and early elementary school‑aged children.At the 1st time, 120 participants completed self‑report questionnaires regarding their riskperception, outcome expectancies, task self‑efficacy, and intentions toward parenting skills.At the 2nd time, they returned a follow‑up questionnaire, which measured planning, copingself‑efficacy, and recovery self‑efficacy and finally, 8 months later as the 3rd time, parentingskills were measured. Path analysis was used for analysis. Results: Path analysis indicatedthat, in the motivational phase, there was no relationship between parenting skills intentionand risk perception, outcome expectancies, and task self‑efficacy. Furthermore, no relationshipwas found between parenting skills intention and planning. In the volitional phase, copingself‑efficacy, recovery self‑efficacy, and planning were statistically significant predictors ofparenting skills. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that volitional phase of the HAPAmodel is useful in determining parenting skills. However, the role motivational variables seemto be unimportant in performing these behaviors. It was concluded that everybody intendedto apply parenting skills, in nature, and intervention strategies should be focused on turningintentions into behavior.

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Comparison of the effects of enteral feeding through the bolus and continuous methods on blood sugar and prealbumin levels in ICU inpatients

. Mohsen Shahriari; . Ehsaneh Rezaei; . Leila Azad Bakht; . Saeid Abbasi

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background: Appropriate nutritional support is effective on achievement of expectedoutcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Although several studies have suggesteddifferent conclusions ...  Read More Background: Appropriate nutritional support is effective on achievement of expectedoutcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Although several studies have suggesteddifferent conclusions about the effectiveness of tube feeding methods, there is no specificprogram of nutritional support for patients who have been hospitalized. There is a possibilityfor complications due to an inadequate nutrition. The aim of our study is to compare the effectsof enteral feeding through the bolus and continuous methods on blood sugar and prealbuminlevel among the ICU inpatients. Materials and Methods: Fifty subjects were selected byconvenient sampling from April to Aug 2013 in the ICU wards of Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran,and randomly assigned to study and control groups in this clinical trial. The subjects in thestudy group received infusion pump feeding while the control group received bolus feeding for72 h. Blood sugar was checked for every 4 h for 72 h and the prealbumin level was assessed onthe first and the fourth day in two groups. Results: In the study group, the mean blood sugarsignificantly decreased on the fourth day, compared with the first (P = 0.03, F = 3.85) andthird (P = 0.01, F = 3.15) day. In the control group, the mean blood sugar increased from thefirst day. It was significantly higher in the control group on the second day (P = 0.02, F = 3.55),compared with the study group. In the study group, there was a significant difference in themean prealbumin before and after intervention (P = 0.048, t = 1.97), but no significant differencewas observed in the control group. There was a significant difference between two groups afterintervention (P = 0.04, t = 2.05). Conclusion: The obtained results showed that supportivenutrition through a continuous method had an effect on critical patients’ blood sugar controland made a better nutritional status for these patients through an increase of prealbumin level.Positive effects of this feeding method can result in appropriate outcomes for patients’ recoveryand reduce the complications.

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A survey on the effect of implementation of a family‑centered empowerment model on blood pressure and empowerment dimensions in the elderly people with hypertension

. Mahrokh Keshvari; . Batool Hedayati; . Mahin Moeini; . Fatemeh Alhani

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  Background: Noncommunicable diseases such as Hypertension are among theimportant factors of mortality and morbidity of the elderly people. The family‑centeredempowerment model (FCEM) ...  Read More Background: Noncommunicable diseases such as Hypertension are among theimportant factors of mortality and morbidity of the elderly people. The family‑centeredempowerment model (FCEM) has not been performed for elderly people with hypertension.Settings and Design: This clinical trial study was carried out on 62 elderly people withhypertension under the coverage of the Lenjan Health Network in 2013. After performing thesampling by using the cluster‑randomized method, the samples were divided randomly intothe experimental and control groups. Methods: For the experimental group, the (FCEM) wasimplemented based on the four steps. For the control group, it was only implemented theusual care and one training session. Research tools included questionnaires of demographicdata, empowerment assessment and a blood pressure‑measuring device. The post‑test wasperformed 1 week later. The blood pressure was recorded, and it was followed 1.5 month lateragain. Statistical Tests: Statistical tests for data analysis included χ2‑test, independent t‑test,Mann–Whitney, analysis of variance, and SPSS 20. Results: 1 week later and 1.5 month afterthe intervention, the mean blood pressure was significant in both groups (P < 0.001). also, thedifference in the mean score of empowerment dimensions was significant in the experimentalgroup 1 week later and 1.5 month after the intervention (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Implementationof the FCEM for elderly people with hypertension has been possible from a practical point ofview, and it has been associated with controlling and improving the blood pressure.

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Knowledge, risk perception, and behavioral intention about hepatitis C, among university students

. Seyedeh Shahrbanoo Daniali; . Mona Hafezi Bakhtiari; . Mostafa Nasirzadeh; . Mohammad Aligol; . Saeed Doaei

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major complex public health problem.Different resources have proved that healthcare workers more than the general populationare ...  Read More Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major complex public health problem.Different resources have proved that healthcare workers more than the general populationare at a risk of infection. Therefore, medical field students, due to the future occupationalhazards, are included in the risk group. Aim: The purpose of the study was to evaluate thelevel of knowledge, public and individual risk perception, and behavioral intention aboutHCV, among medical sciences students of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Settings and Design: This is a descriptive–analytical study that was conducted among457 students of the Medical Sciences in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Materials and Methods: The data was collected using a questionnaire. Sampling was donerandomly. Statistical Analysis Used: The data was analyzed using the SPSS18 software andstatistical tests of Pearson, Spearman, T‑ test, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA); P < 0.05was considered significant. Results: Four hundred and fifty‑seven students (41.8% male and58.2% female) in 29 fields of study (six categories) participated in this research. The mean agewas 21.55 ± 2.6 years. The mean and standard deviations of the students’ knowledge was3.71 ± 2.9 (out of 8), and the behavioral intention to accruing information and performanceof preventive actions related to HCV was 11.52 ± 3.16 (out of 20). Public risk perception was20.1 ± 3.5 (out of 30); and personal risk perception was 6.96 ± 1.8 (out of 10). The ANOVAtest showed that public perception of the risk among students of different academic fields wasdifferent (F = 1.52, P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the low knowledge of students ofMedical Sciences in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences about HCV, it was recommendedthat the University Policymakers design an educational intervention about it, in order to minimizethe chances of being infected.

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Study of the relationship between quality of life and socioeconomic status in Isfahan at 2011

. Mahmoud Keyvanara; . Behjat Yazd Khasti; . Marzie Rezaei Zadeh; . Fatemeh Modaber

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background: Quality of life (QOL) is one of the health indexes for which many efforts have beenmade to define and measure during the last four decades of the 20th century in many countries.This ...  Read More Background: Quality of life (QOL) is one of the health indexes for which many efforts have beenmade to define and measure during the last four decades of the 20th century in many countries.This paper is aimed at studying the QOL in relation to socioeconomic status of the generalpopulation of Isfahan in 1390. Materials and Methods: We applied a descriptive‑analytical andsectional method. In this research, 385 women and men over 15 years of age from 14 regions ofIsfahan’s municipality were studied using multi‑stage quota sampling. We examined QOL usingthe SF‑36 standard questionnaire, along with two domains of mental and physical health andeight subscales within the validity domain of 65–90%. Social (81%) and economical (70%) statuswas also measured by the questionnaire instrument in both objective and subjective domainsafter confirming the validity and reliability of the instruments. The given data were analyzed bySPSS 17 software and using descriptive and statistical tests. Results: The indicators of QOLshowed that a score deviation of the SF‑36 questionnaire in physical health (SD = 2.31) andmental health (SD = 3.22) domains was obtained from the population. Of the eight subscales,bodily pains and limitations on functioning as physical and mental had an inverse relationshipwith socioeconomic status. However, physical health, mental health, social activities, publichealth, and vitality had a significant positive relationship, including different strengths andweaknesses, with socioeconomic status. Also, sexuality and housing status had no relationshipwith QOL. Conclusion: There is a direct and significant relationship between quality of life andsocioeconomic status variables in Isfahan.

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Health literacy among adults in Yazd, Iran

. Ahmad Haerian; . Mohammad Hossein Baghiayni Moghaddam; . Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush; . Soheila Bazm; . Maryam Hassan Bahsoun

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-4

Abstract

  The purpose of this survey was to assess the health literacy levels and determine the relationshipbetween health literacy with demographic variables and the socioeconomic status Threehundred ...  Read More The purpose of this survey was to assess the health literacy levels and determine the relationshipbetween health literacy with demographic variables and the socioeconomic status Threehundred and eighty adults, 18 years and older, were randomly selected and assessed by theTest of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) instrument in two sections of readingcomprehension and numeracy. The second instrument used to detect the relationship betweenthe demographic variables and socio‑economic status and the level of health literacy of thesubjects of adults in Yazd district. Three hundred and eighty adults, 18 years and older, wererandomly selected and assessed by the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA)instrument in two sections of reading comprehension and numeracy. The second instrumentused to detect the relationship between the demographic variables and socio‑economicstatus and the level of health literacy of the subjects. The mean score of a participant’s healthliteracy was 73.33 ± 1.29. Fifty‑four percent of the individuals had adequate health literacy andthe rest of them had limited health literacy. The mean score of functional health literacy wassignificantly different by socio‑economic status (p0.05) and the years of schooling (P = 0.00).On the basis of linear regression, in this research, the years of schooling (B0.28, p0.01) andmarital status (B = 3.08, p0.05) were two predictors of health literacy.

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Effect of educational intervention on knowledge, perceived benefits, barriers and self‑efficacy regarding AIDS preventive behaviors among drug addicts

. Fatemeh Bastami; . Firoozeh Mostafavi; . Akbar Hassanzadeh

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Background and Objectives: Addicts account for approximately 68.15% of AIDS cases inIran and injection drug users are considered as a major factor in the spread of AIDS in Iran.The ...  Read More Background and Objectives: Addicts account for approximately 68.15% of AIDS cases inIran and injection drug users are considered as a major factor in the spread of AIDS in Iran.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an educational intervention on theperceived self‑efficacy, benefits, and barriers concerning AIDS preventive behaviors among drugaddicts in Khorramabad, Iran. Methods: This is a quasi‑experimental study carried out in 2013on 88 addicts kept in rehabilitations center in Khorramabad. The data collection instrumentsincluded a questionnaire on self‑efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, knowledge andpreventive behaviors regarding HIV. Data were analyzed by paired t‑test, independent t‑test,Chi‑square and analysis of covariance. Results: Paired t‑test showed that the mean scores forperceived benefits and barriers, knowledge and preventive behaviors significantly increasedin the intervention group after the intervention than before the intervention. But the increasein self‑efficacy score was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The results of this studyshowed that training and education based on the health belief model led to an increase inknowledge, self‑efficacy, perceived benefits, performance and reduction in perceived barriersin addicts. It is recommended that future studies should include strategies for enhancingself‑efficacy and perceived benefits as well as strategies for reducing barriers to the adoptionof preventive behaviors.

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Relationship between the components of on‑site training and emotional intelligence in the librarians of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Isfahan University with moderating role of personality characteristics

. Saeed Sayadi; . Ali Safdarian; . Behnaz Khayeri

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Introduction: Training the man power is an inevitable necessity that the organizations need inorder to survive and develop in today changing world. Aims: The aim of the present study ...  Read More Introduction: Training the man power is an inevitable necessity that the organizations need inorder to survive and develop in today changing world. Aims: The aim of the present study is toidentify the relationship between the components of on‑site training and emotional intelligencein librarians of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Isfahan University with moderatingrole of personality characteristics. Settings and Design: Descriptive correlation method wasused in the present study. The statistical population of the study was all of the 157 librariansof Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Isfahan University from whom the appointedindividuals were selected through random sampling method. Subjects and Methods: Theresearch tools included the researcher‑made questionnaire of investigating the effectiveness ofon‑site training system and two other standard questionnaires of Shrink emotional intelligence,and NEO personality questionnaire, which all of them had the needed reliability and validity.Statistical Analysis: The descriptive indices (distribution and mean) and also the inferentialmethods (Pearson correlation, regression analysis and analysis of variance) were used throughapplying version 20 of SPSS software to analyze the obtained data. Results: There was asignificant relationship with certainty level of 95% between the components of on‑site trainingwith emotional intelligence in those who obtained low grades in the features of being extrovertand between the individual aspects of on‑site training with emotional intelligence in those whogot higher grades in the characteristic of being extrovert. Conclusion: The emotional intelligenceis a promotable skill and considering the existence of a significant relationship between somecomponents of emotional intelligence and on‑site training, these skills can be institutionalizedthrough conducting mentioned educational courses.

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Effect of public health nurses’ educational intervention on self‑care of the patients with type 2 diabetes

. Zahra Zandiyeh; . Batool Hedayati; . Elahe Zare

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Background: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease and the sixth cause of mortalityin the world. Most of the conducted studies show that the only way to control this disease ...  Read More Background: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease and the sixth cause of mortalityin the world. Most of the conducted studies show that the only way to control this disease andprevent its disabling complications is constant administration of self‑care. Aim: This studywas conducted with the goal of determining the effect of public health nurses’ educationalintervention on the self‑care of the patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to Hazrat Ali clinicin Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This is a two‑group two‑step clinical trial with a before–afterintervention design in which 50 patients with type 2 diabetes and with a mean age of 40–70 yearswere selected and assigned to study (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups by allotting themeven and add numbers. Educational intervention was conducted in the study group throughseven educational sessions. Mean scores of self‑care before and after interventions werecompared by Toobert and Glasgow brief self‑care activities questionnaire. Results: Resultsshowed no significant difference in the self‑care scores before intervention in the twogroups (P = 0.67, z = 0.43), but the mean score of self‑care showed a significant increaseafter intervention in the study group, compared to the control group (P = 0.002, z = 3.14).Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it is suggested to provide constant educationof self‑care for diabetic patients in health care centers, with more emphasis on a change inself‑care skills and behavior.

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Reproductive health care seeking behavior among urban slum women of Delhi

. Adhapillil Mathai Elizabeth; . Abdul Mazeed Khan; . Wahid Rashid

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Background: The study tries to understand what are the dimensions of Reproductive Healthcare seeking behavior among the urban slum women in Delhi, their level of awareness andtreatment ...  Read More Background: The study tries to understand what are the dimensions of Reproductive Healthcare seeking behavior among the urban slum women in Delhi, their level of awareness andtreatment seeking patterns? Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in one of theslum in south district of Delhi. 253 women of reproductive age group were selected by systematicrandom sampling. Interpersonal interview was conducted to seek information on the selectedparameter. Results: Around three/fourth women had undergone for blood pressure check up,weight recording and stomach/abdomen check up during pregnancy. Only 39.9% receivedadvice on avoiding intake of medicine during pregnancy. About 14.6% mentioned that at least40 days rest were required for resuming daily routine activities after delivery. Thus majority ofthese slum women are ignorant about the importance of post natal care which was necessaryfor post delivery care of the women and her infant. Conclusion: The correct knowledge on theimportance of ANC and PNC and various checkups need to be carried out during pregnancyand postnatal period needs to be imparted to these women. Thus, health education and healthpromotion campaigns are needed for bring changes in the existing health‑seeking behaviorsamong urban slum women.

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Role of soap and water in the treatment of wound dehiscence compared to normal saline plus povidone‑iodine: A randomized clinical trial

. Aida Najafian; . Soghra Fallahi; . Tahereh Khorgoei; . Ataollah Ghahiri; . Azin Alavi; . Minoo Rajaei; . Tasnim Eqbal Eftekhaari

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-4

Abstract

  Background: The incidence of cesarean section is increased. About 3–30% of the womenwho undergo cesarean experience surgical site infections (SSIs). Many methods, have beenused ...  Read More Background: The incidence of cesarean section is increased. About 3–30% of the womenwho undergo cesarean experience surgical site infections (SSIs). Many methods, have beenused to decrease the incidence of SSIs, but despite much effort, no definite efficacious methodhas been suggested.Materials and Methods: In this parallel, single‑blinded, randomizedcontrol trial, 56 women with post‑surgical superficial wound dehiscence were divided into twogroups in a 1:1 ratio. One group was irrigated with normal saline for irrigation and Firooz®baby soapand the other with normal saline for irrigation and povidone‑iodine. Formation ofgranulation tissue was monitored in both groups. Also, the reason for surgery, length of wounddehiscence, and duration of hospitalization and wound union after were compared in bothgroup’s. Results: The soap group patients were irrigated for 4.18 ± 1.96 days comparedto 5.36 ± 2.83 days for the patients in povidone‑iodine group (P = 0.414). The granulationtissue was formed after 3.88 ± 1.94 days in the soap group compared to 4.48 ± 2.92 days inthe other group (P = 0.391), and the duration of hospitalization was 5.48 ± 2.04 days in thesoap group compared to 6.3 ± 2.95 days in the other group (P = 0.423). So, no differenceswere observed between the two groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded since there is nodifference between the results of two groups, irrigation with normal saline and soap is safe,easy and causes no harm or allergy compared with povidone iodine and normal saline.

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The impact of group training about parenting styles on maternal attitudes toward parenting styles

. Zahra Zandiyeh; . Elaheh Zare; . Batool Hedayati

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background: Parenting style is one of the most important and effective factors in trainingand growth of children and adolescents and the method that parents communicate with theirchildren ...  Read More Background: Parenting style is one of the most important and effective factors in trainingand growth of children and adolescents and the method that parents communicate with theirchildren is an effective factor on family contact models. Objectives: The aim of this study wasto determine the impact of group training about parenting styles on maternal attitudes that wereadmitted to Isfahan Imam Ali (AS) health care center in 2013. Materials and Methods: Thiswas an experimental study, which was conducted on a random sample of 25 mothers referredto this health care center. They were divided into two groups (experimental and control). Theexperimental group received five sessions of group training, and the control group received abooklet about parenting styles. The used tool in this study was the Bamerind Parenting StyleQuestionnaire that was completed by the mothers before and after the intervention and finally,their obtained scores were compared with each other. Results: The results of the present studyshowed that the mean score of attitude toward easy‑going style in test group was less than thecontrol group after intervention (P = 0.045). The mean score of attitude toward authoritativestyle in the experimental group was less than control group after intervention (P = 0.037)and the mean score of attitude toward authoritative style in the experimental group was morethan the control group after intervention (P = 0.011). Conclusions: Group training can be anappropriate method in changing maternal attitudes toward parenting styles.

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The relationship between weight gain during pregnancy and urinary tract infections in pregnant women of Shahrekord, by using the “Nested case‑control study”, in 2013

. Mehri Rejali; . Seyede Soghra Ahmadi; . Akbar Hassanzadeh; . Rezvan Yazdani; . Seyede Nafiseh Ahmadi

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background and Objectives: Pregnancy is one of the most important and risky periods inmothers and the fetus life, which plays a key role in health and social activity of the person,family ...  Read More Background and Objectives: Pregnancy is one of the most important and risky periods inmothers and the fetus life, which plays a key role in health and social activity of the person,family and community. This study is trying to see if there is a relation between increasingweight and urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnancy by using the open nested case‑controlstudy in the city of Shahrekord. Materials and Methods: In a nested case‑control study,one cohort including 832 patients was examined until week 26 to 30 of pregnancy and theirUTIs were studied. The required information was collected by examining the health recordsof pregnant women and completion of the data registration forms. Data collection wascontrolled by using SPSS and analyzed by using an independent t‑test, Chi‑square test,Pearson correlation and logistic regression. Results: According to the results of the cohortstudy with 832 individuals, average weight gain of the group with a UTI was 11.13 ± 3.9 kgand it was 10.63 ± 3.9 kg in the group without UTI, showing no statistically significantdifference (P = 0.245). According to the results, genitourinary problems had the highestpredictive value for UTIs and the numbers of infertility and the childbirth variables were inthe second and third positions, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results studywe can conclude that screening and treatment of UTIs have been on time and appropriatein health systems of the city of Shahrekord which have lead to the reduction of infant andmaternal diseases even with the condition in having no UTI, and continuing this process forscreening and treatment is recommended.

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The challenges of healthcare delivery to people with multiple sclerosis in Iran

. Ahmadreza Yazdannik; . Shahla Abolhassani; . Fariba Taleghani; . Ahmadreza Zamani

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-9

Abstract

  Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease prevalent in young and middle‑agedpeople. Patients with MS often have numerous complicated needs and, consequently, requirea ...  Read More Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease prevalent in young and middle‑agedpeople. Patients with MS often have numerous complicated needs and, consequently, requirea broad range of health services. Results of a number of studies indicate that patients’ needsare only partially met. Aims: This study was conducted to explore the challenges of healthcaredelivery to patients with MS in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative case study,43 participants selected through purposeful sampling were interviewed using semi‑structuredmethod in the cities of Isfahan and Tehran in 2012–2013. Besides the interview, documentationsrelevant to healthcare delivery were collected from different sources, including websites ofall Iranian universities of medical sciences, insurance organizations, patients’ weblogs, newsagencies, the MS Center forum for MS patients, and MS Payam bimonthly. The data wereanalyzed through the constant comparative analysis. Results: The data were categorizedinto four main categories, including functional challenges (diagnosis problems, failure topay attention to patient needs, failure to follow‑up, and miscommunication), administrativechallenges (resource allocation and supervision), policy‑making challenges (lack ofcomprehensive services, bureaucracy, and problems in provision of medications), and structuralchallenges (difficult access to services, lack of comprehensive centers, space limit, and longwait). Conclusion: Despite all attempts of governmental and nongovernmental organizationsfor healthcare delivery to MS patients, these services cannot satisfy all needs of the patients.In this regard, service providers and administrators should pay more attention to the needsand expectations of patients and their families.

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South African rural community understanding of fermented foods preparation and usage

. Paul K. Chelule; . Mathilda M. Mokgatle; . Lindiwe I. Zungu

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Background: The benefits of fermented foods consumption have been demonstrated ina number of research reports. These qualities have been demonstrated, for example, toreduce childhood ...  Read More Background: The benefits of fermented foods consumption have been demonstrated ina number of research reports. These qualities have been demonstrated, for example, toreduce childhood diseases such as diarrhea and malnutrition. Thus, fermented foods may berecommended for improving the health and nutritional quality of traditional African foods andregular inclusion of fermented foods as part of the daily diet would be desirable. Aims: Lack ofknowledge and understanding toward fermented food preparation may limit their usage. Thisstudy explores the South African community’s understanding of fermented foods preparationand usage. Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative study using focus group interviews todetermine the community’s understanding and their perception of fermented foods preparationin the rural villages of Odi, in Gauteng Province between May and June 2012. The targetpopulation was the caregivers of children under 5 years, attending the hospital’s antenatalclinic at the time of study. The information was transcribed, coded, and analyzed using NVivosoftware. Results: Most caregivers were aware of food fermentation process, and some ofthem could not clearly differentiate between fermented and unfermented foods. Althoughmost participants knew what fermented foods were, there were misconceptions on how theywere made. This was exemplified by the undesirable artifacts, labeled as ingredients, in thefermentation process. Conclusion: Caregivers demonstrated a fair knowledge of fermentedfoods but lack a standard preparation procedure for these foods. There is an urgent need toeducate communities and conduct a health promotion campaign on the fermented foods andprobiotics.

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Physical activity among employee women based on transtheoretical model

. Firoozeh Mostafavi; . Asiyeh Pirzadeh

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Introduction: Today, many jobs are associated with the inactivity or sedentary lifestyle.Employees’ health will be affected by their depriving of the benefits of physical activity ...  Read More Introduction: Today, many jobs are associated with the inactivity or sedentary lifestyle.Employees’ health will be affected by their depriving of the benefits of physical activity (PA).Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the PA among employeewomen in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on the transtheoretical model.Materials and Methods: This is a cross‑sectional study has been performed in IsfahanUniversity of Medical Sciences employee women (2013). A convenience sample of 100women was selected. Data were collected by validated and reliable questionnaire in threeparts (demographics information, PA scale, and TTM constructs). Data were analyzed by SPSSSPSS (version 16.0; SPSS, IBM, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) and descriptive and analytical statisticssuch as ANOVA and independent t‑test were used. A two‑tailed P < 0.05 was consideredstatistically significant. Results: The mean of PA was 21.17 ± 27.30 min in a day. Weeklyheavy, moderate, and light exercise mean was 0.72 ± 1.81, 0.89 ± 1.87 and 0.57 ± 1.57 days,respectively. In this study, 26% of women were in contemplation, 22% in contemplation, 20%in preparation, 13% in action, and 19% in the maintenance stage. Furthermore, there weresignificant differences between consciousness raising, dramatic relief, counter‑conditioning,stimulus control, helping relationships, reinforcement management, and self‑liberation withstages of change constructs. Conclusion: Because of a significant relationship betweencognitive and behavioral processes and PA in this group, designing and implementing aneducational program based on the transtheoretical model may be useful in promoting PA ofa female employee.

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Pathology of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on Weisbord six box model and its relation with mental health

. Jahangir Karimian; . Behjat Taheri; . Masoumeh Sadeghpour; . Akram Sadeghpour

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Background: The aim of this research was to study the pathology of Isfahan Universityof Medical Sciences based on Weisbord six box model and to find its relation with mentalhealth. ...  Read More Background: The aim of this research was to study the pathology of Isfahan Universityof Medical Sciences based on Weisbord six box model and to find its relation with mentalhealth. Materials and Methods: The research method followed was a descriptive survey.The statistical society consisted of all staffs of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciencesconsisting of professors in the year 2012 (personnel of deputy of treatment, deputy of training,cultural‑student deputy, supporting deputy, deputy of food and drugs, health deputy, and deputyof research). The number of subjects in the mentioned society was 1647, sample size was 332Based on Cochrane’s formula. They were selected by random sampling method in proportionwith the statistical society.The measurement instruments included organizational pathologyquestionnaire (ODQ) with 35 questions and the questionnaire of mental health standard [GeneralHealth Questionnaire (GHQ)] with 28 questions. The validity of the questionnaires obtainedfrom reviews by faculties and experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire assessedthrough Cronbach’s coefficient were 0.86, 0.85, and 0.76, respectively.To analyze data, thestatistical methods such as single‑variance t‑test, regression analysis, correlation coefficient,Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were used.Findings: The findings of research demonstrated that the organizational damage based onsix box model was seen only in the reward component at the Isfahan University of MedicalSciences. Mental health of persons in the sample group of Isfahan University of Medical Scienceswas in the suitable status. There was a meaningful and positive interrelation between mentalhealth and attitude toward the organizational damages in the dimensions of communications,useful merchandises, and attitude to change. However, no meaningful interrelation was seenbetween aims, structure, leadership, and reward and mental health. There was no meaningfuldifference between the averages of staffs’ attitude about their mental health per the demographicproperties. Conclusions: The results show that there was a meaningful and positive interrelationbetween mental health and attitude toward the organizational damages in the dimensions ofcommunications, useful merchandises, and attitude to change. Therefore, managers shouldfocus on all parts of the organization and the pathology strengths and weaknesses in these areas.

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The relationship between social capital and the way of spending leisure time, based on physical activities

. Jahangir Karimian; . Taghi Agha Hosseini; . Parivash Shekarchizadeh; . Sayed Morteza Mousavi Nafchi

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-5

Abstract

  Background: Today, social capital is a need in the society. Also, leisure time and physicalactivities are among the most important productive sources of social capital, which havebeen ...  Read More Background: Today, social capital is a need in the society. Also, leisure time and physicalactivities are among the most important productive sources of social capital, which havebeen realized recently. This study aims to find the relationship between social capital andphysical leisure time of the faculty members of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Materials and Methods: A descriptive correlation method was used in this study. Twoquestionnaires were used for data collection. Social capital questionnaire is based on SCATModel. Also, leisure time questionnaire was made by the researcher for which face and contentvalidity was verified by experts. Reliability coefficients by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficientswere calculated as 0.92 and 0.82, respectively. Sample population was calculated by Cochran’sformula, and 150 people were selected as the sample using multiple cluster sampling by takingthe sex and college into consideration as the variables. Findings: According to the findings,there was a direct relationship between a combination of social capital parameters (includingcommitment, attitude, trust, participation, mutual relationship, social norm, and unity) andthe way of spending physical leisure time (R = 0.659, P = 0.000). Among the parameters,“commitment” was significant with a beta coefficient B = 0.293 and P = 0.044 and social normswas significant with a beta coefficient B = 0.196 and P = 0.047, but the rest of the factorswere not significant. Conclusion: Playing sport and doing physical activities in the leisure timeand also taking part in group activities and their membership provide a situation for peopleto respect the group interests through communication. Such activities can cause the level ofsocial capital and its factors to be increased.

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Effect of peer education in school on sexual health knowledge and attitude in girl adolescents

. Mahnaz Hatami; . Ashraf Kazemi; . Tayebeh Mehrabi

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Background: Adolescence is associated with so many changes, and to provide sexual health itis necessary for teenagers to learn enough knowledge about the changes and appropriate healthbehaviors. ...  Read More Background: Adolescence is associated with so many changes, and to provide sexual health itis necessary for teenagers to learn enough knowledge about the changes and appropriate healthbehaviors. The attraction of sexual issues in teenagers is associated with more conversationsrelated to sexual matters. Therefore, this study has evaluated the effect of organizing theseinteractions using peer education in schools on the knowledge and attitude toward sexual health.Materials and Methods: This was an interventional study conducted on 282 girl teenagersfrom high schools of Isfahan that were divided into two groups of intervention and control.Peer education in the intervention group was done through 35 trained teenagers during normalcommunications in school. Before the training knowledge and attitude of students in bothgroups were evaluated; then peer education was conducted during 6 weeks through normalcommunications on the intervention group and then afterward the knowledge and attitude ofthe students were evaluated again. To analysis of data independent t‑test and paired t‑test wereused. Results: The results showed that the mean score of knowledge and attitudetoward allsexual health dimensions during puberty in the intervention group was significantly higher afterthe intervention (P < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference between the meanscore of knowledge and approach toward all the aspects of sexual health of both the studiedgroups. Conclusions: The results showed that using peer education in schools informally couldenhance the knowledge and approach toward aspects of physical health, sexual behaviors,and social and mental changes among female adolescences and could be applied in schools.

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Messages to promote physical activity: Are descriptors of required duration and intensity related to intentions to be more active?

. Emily C. L. Knox; . Stuart J. H. Biddle; . Ian M. Taylor; . Amy E. Latimer‑Cheung; . Oliver J. Webb; . Lauren B. Sherar

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Introduction: Mass‑media campaigns such as, “Change4Life’ in the UK and “getactive America” in the US, promote physical activity (PA) recommendations of at ...  Read More Introduction: Mass‑media campaigns such as, “Change4Life’ in the UK and “getactive America” in the US, promote physical activity (PA) recommendations of at least150 min/week of moderate‑to‑vigorous PA (MVPA). We investigated whether differentmessages used in MVPA campaigns were associated with intention to engage in moreMVPA. Materials and Methods: Theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs; subjectivenorms, affective attitudes, instrumental attitudes and perceived behavioral control (PBC)were applied to explain the associations between campaign messages and intentions toengage in more MVPA. Results: A total of 1412 UK adults completed an online survey onMVPA and TPB. The sample was 70% female and 93% white with 23% reporting meeting PAguidelines. Participants received one of three messages: A walking message either with orwithout the 150 min/week threshold (WalkT; WalkNT); a physiological description of MVPAwith the 150 min/week threshold (PhysT). ANCOVA examined group differences in intention.Path analysis evaluated mediation by TPB variables. ANCOVA identified lower intentions toincrease MVPA in group PhysT relative to WalkT and WalkNT (P < 0.001). PBC mediatedthis relationship in WalkT (β = 0.014, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.004–0.028) whereasaffective attitudes mediated this relationship in WalkNT (β = 0.059, 95% CI = 0.006–0.113).Conclusions: Campaigns promoting MVPA guidelines need to choose their messages carefully.Messages which exemplified MVPA through walking were associated with higher intentions toincrease MVPA than messages using a physiological description. Further, PBC was enhancedwhen the 150 min/week threshold was promoted alongside the walking exemplar. Futureexemplars should be investigated to inform adults how to meet MVPA guidelines.

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Effect of information literacy training course on information literacy skills of undergraduate students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on ACRL standards

. Zohreh Karimi; . Hasan Ashrafi‑rizi; . Ahmad Papi; . Leila Shahrzadi; . Akbar Hassanzadeh

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Background: Information literacy is the basis for lifelong learning. Information literacy skills,especially for student in an environment that is full of information from multiple technologiesare ...  Read More Background: Information literacy is the basis for lifelong learning. Information literacy skills,especially for student in an environment that is full of information from multiple technologiesare being developed is equally important. Information literacy is a set of cognitive andpractical skills and like any other science, proper training is needed, and standard‑basededucation is definitely better and evaluation would be easier. This study aimed to determinethe impact of information literacy training course on information literacy skills of IsfahanUniversity of Medical Sciences students based on ACRL standard in 2012. Materials andMethods: The study method is semi‑experience with two group design (with pre‑test andpost‑test) and applied. The data collection toll was a questionnaire assessing student’sinformation literacy that developed by Davarpanah and Siamak and validity was confirmedby professional librarians and reliability as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.83. Thesample consisted of 50 undergraduate students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciencesthat by random sampling method was perch in both case and control groups. Before andafter the training (once a week), a questionnaire was distributed between the two groups.This training was held in a classroom equipped with computers with internet access and inaddition to training using brochures and librarian presentation, interactive methods such asdiscussion and exercises were used. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 softwareand two level of descriptive (mean and SD) and inferential statistics (t‑test and t‑paired).Results: The results showed that the students’ information literacy scores before the trainingwas lower than average, so that in the control group was 32.96 and in the case group was33.24; while information literacy scores in the case group significantly increased after thetraining (46.68). Also, the effect of education, respectively had a greater impact on the abilityto access information (the second standard), ethics and legal use of information (the thirdstandard), effective use of information (the fourth standard), critically evaluate information andits sources (the fifth standard). Conclusion: This study showed that the training was effectiveon enhancing students’ information literacy skills as the greatest impact was on increasing the ability to access information. Due to low mean score information literacy in the context ofobject recognition, there is a need for more training in this area.

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Evaluating the clinical quality of departments as viewed by juniors and seniors of Shiraz dental school

. Shahla Momeni Danaei; . Elham Mazareie; . Sahar Hosseininezhad; . Mahsa Nili

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Introduction: Assessment of students’ perspective is an essential element in effective educationalquality evaluation. By identifying strengths and weaknesses, it leads to improvement ...  Read More Introduction: Assessment of students’ perspective is an essential element in effective educationalquality evaluation. By identifying strengths and weaknesses, it leads to improvement in futureperformance. Methods: This cross‑sectional study was performed through a questionnairecomprising 23 questions. Reliability was assessed using α‑Chronbach (α =0.87), and validitywas confirmed by a group of five experts. Tukey test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and twosample t‑tests were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 168 answered questionnaireswere entered in our study. Maximum satisfaction in most items was shown in removableprosthodontics and orthodontics departments whereas oral surgery and comprehensivetreatment departments acquired the least scores. In all departments, personnels’ respectfulattitude had the highest score whereas minimum grade was given to stressful workloadand overall satisfaction in each department. In comparison with a similar study, conducted3 years ago, level of satisfaction was raised for orthodontics and removable prosthodonticsdepartments though it was declined for the pediatrics department. Conclusion: The specialcadre of clinical instructors comprising both experienced and young members is consideredas an important factor leading to high student satisfaction in the orthodontics department.Promotion of a removable prosthodontics department is related to the high relevance betweenthe implemented educational program and the curriculum. The moderate performance of oralsurgery and restorative departments is indicative of the need for more attention from ministryauthorities to major dental departments such as oral surgery, endodontic, restorative andperiodontics, in order to increase the students’ scientific capability in these fields.

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The effect of implementation of family‑centered empowerment model on the self‑esteem of the old people with hypertension

. Batool Hedayati

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Introduction: Noncommunicable diseases are recognized as the major cause of oldpeople’s death. One of the models concerning the family health level is the family‑centeredempowerment ...  Read More Introduction: Noncommunicable diseases are recognized as the major cause of oldpeople’s death. One of the models concerning the family health level is the family‑centeredempowerment model (FCEM) which has been designed with the aim of promoting the healthlevel and self‑esteem of the patients and their family members. Purpose: This study wascarried out to investigate about the effect of implementation of FCEM on the self‑esteem of oldpeople with high blood pressure. Settings and Design: This was a clinical trial study whichfocused on 62 old adults with high blood pressure in 1392. After cluster sampling, sampleswere divided randomly into test group and control group. Methods: FCEM was used forthe test group; whereas, for the control group, common health cares and one educationalsession were performed. Study materials were checklist of demographic information, anda researcher‑made questioner to evaluate the level of self‑esteem. Posttest was given1‑weak after the intervention and was followed‑up 1½ months later. Statistical Tests: T‑test,analysis of variance, and SPSS 20 were used to analyze the date. Finding: Before theintervention, the mean scores of self‑esteem in both the test group and the control groupwere the same (t = 0.55) (P > 0.05). However, 1‑week after the intervention (t = 6.38) and1½ months later, meaningful differences were observed in the test group (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Implementation of FCEM has a positive effect on the high self‑esteem of theold people with high blood pressure.

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Health and healthy human being in Islamic thought: Reflection on application for the nursing concept – A philosophical inquiry

. Nasrollah Alimohammadi; . Fariba Taleghani

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Introduction: Health and healthy human being as a core concept of nursing have attractedconsiderable attention in the Western literature but have received less attention in the contextof ...  Read More Introduction: Health and healthy human being as a core concept of nursing have attractedconsiderable attention in the Western literature but have received less attention in the contextof Eastern philosophy contexts. Methods: This study was done based on philosophical inquiry;this method could be accomplished by means of different approaches like philosophical analysisthrough concept analysis. There are different methods for concept analysis. Mors’s methodwas employed to analyze the concept of health and healthy human being, we sought to clarifythem according to ideas deriving from the Islamic thought. To achieve the research objective,Islamic texts were studied and analyzed based on the criteria of concept analysis (definition,attributes/characteristics, and beaneries). Results: Our analysis revealed in the Islamicthought human being is an integrated entity. Therefore, his health not only consists of eachsingle dimension, but also the full health together with the health of society gets meaning ina balanced and coordinated set. Conclusion: Based on the results, in this study, there area series of similarities and differences with the perspectives of health in Islamic thought andholism paradigm available in nursing.

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Fluoride exposure and its health risk assessment in drinking water and staple food in the population of Dayyer, Iran, in 2013

. Somayye Keshavarz; . Afshin Ebrahimi; . Mahnaz Nikaeen

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Aims: The aims of this study were to determine fluoride concentration in drinking water and staplefoods consumed by residents of Dayyer port (Bushehr province, south of Iran) and to ...  Read More Aims: The aims of this study were to determine fluoride concentration in drinking water and staplefoods consumed by residents of Dayyer port (Bushehr province, south of Iran) and to assess itshealth risk via human intake in 2013. Materials and Methods: Health risk assessment due tofluoride exposure via consumption of drinking water, date, vegetables and fish was conductedin spring and summer of 2013 using the US‑EPA (United States—Environmental ProtectionAgency) method, which considers hazard quotient (HQ) as a ratio of the estimated dose of acontaminant to the reference dose. A fluoride ion‑selective electrode (ISE) measured the fluoridecontents of food samples. The sodium‑2‑(parasulfophenyl largo)‑1,8‑dihydroxy‑3,6‑naphtnalenedisulfonate colorimetric method (SPADNS) was used to determine fluoride concentration inwater samples. Results: The total estimated oral intake of fluoride for children in summer andspring were 120.6 and 145.6 µg/kg/day, respectively. These values for adults were 99.2 and 112µg/kg/day. This survey demonstrated that drinking water was the most important contributor ofdietary fluoride intake in the study area. Conclusion: HQ values for adults and children were >1which approves that a potential health risk of fluorosis can exist. The recommendations for thestudy area are supplying drinking water from alternative sources and defluoridation of drinkingwater by an adsorption technique and membrane filtration, respectively. Furthermore, people aresuggested to have a good nutrition (especially rich of vitamin C) to reduce the risk of fluorosis.

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Routine programs of health care systems as an opportunity toward communication skills training for family physicians: A randomized field trial

. Ahmad Reza Zamani; . Narges Motamedi; . Ziba Farajzadegan

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Background: To have high‑quality primary health care services, an adequate doctor–patientcommunication is necessary. Because of time restrictions and limited budget in health ...  Read More Background: To have high‑quality primary health care services, an adequate doctor–patientcommunication is necessary. Because of time restrictions and limited budget in health system,an effective, feasible, and continuous training approach is important. The aim of this study isto assess the appropriateness of a communication skills training program simultaneously withroutine programs of health care system. Materials and Methods: It was a randomized fieldtrial in two health network settings during 2013. Twenty‑eight family physicians through simplerandom sampling and 140 patients through convenience sampling participated as interventionand control group. The physicians in the intervention group (n = 14) attended six educationalsessions, simultaneous organization meeting, with case discussion and peer education method.In both the groups, physicians completed communication skills knowledge and attitudequestionnaires, and patients completed patient satisfaction of medical interview questionnaireat baseline, immediately after intervention, and four months postintervention. Physicians andhealth network administrators (stakeholders), completed a set of program evaluation forms.Descriptive statistics and Chi‑square test, t‑test, and repeated measure analysis of variancewere used to analyze the data. Results: Use of routine program as a strategy of training wasrated by stakeholders highly on “feasibility” (80.5%), “acceptability” (93.5%), “educationalcontent and method appropriateness” (80.75%), and “ability to integrating in the healthsystem programs” (approximate 60%). Significant improvements were found in physicians’knowledge (P < 0.001), attitude (P < 0.001), and patients› satisfaction (P = 0.002) in interventiongroup. Conclusions: Communication skills training program, simultaneous organization meetingwas successfully implemented and well received by stakeholders, without considering extra timeand manpower. Therefore it can be a valuable opportunity toward communication skills training.

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Effect of self‑care education on the quality of life in patients with breast cancer

. Hooman Shahsavari; . Pegah Matory; . Zahra Zare; . Fariba Taleghani; . Mohammad Akbari Kaji

Volume 5, Issue 5 , December 2015, Pages 1-7

Abstract

  Context: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Iranian women. Although survivalrate of breast cancer patients has been increased some distresses affect the patients’ qualityof ...  Read More Context: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Iranian women. Although survivalrate of breast cancer patients has been increased some distresses affect the patients’ qualityof life negatively. the effectiveness of self‑care education, particularly in the socioculturalcontext of Iran, has not been adequately investigated. Aims: This study aims at evaluatingthe effectiveness of nurse‑led self‑care education program on quality of life in this patients.Settings and Design: A controlled trial as pretest and posttest design was conducted inSayyed‑Al‑Shohada Hospital in Isfahan in 2012. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients withbreast cancer were assigned to either the nurse‑led self‑care education program (n = 30),or to routine care (n = 30). Quality of life was measured at the time of recruitment and also3 months after the intervention by the instrument of the National Medical Center and BeckmanResearch Institute. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16)software using T‑independent, T‑paired and 2, and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Theintervention group had significantly greater improvements in quality of life status (P < 0.05).Furthermore, self‑care education caused a significant increase in the quality of life score relatedto physical (P = 0.00), psychological (P = 0.00), social (P = 0.00), and emotional (P = 0.00)dimensions. Conclusions: Quality of life in patients with breast cancer can be improved byparticipating in a nurse‑led self‑care education program. It is suggested that self‑care educationto be added to the routine nursing care delivered to these patients.

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