Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
Introduction: Today, many jobs are associated with the inactivity or sedentary lifestyle.
Employees’ health will be affected by their depriving of the benefits of physical activity (PA).
Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the PA among employee
women in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences based on the transtheoretical model.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross‑sectional study has been performed in Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences employee women (2013). A convenience sample of 100
women was selected. Data were collected by validated and reliable questionnaire in three
parts (demographics information, PA scale, and TTM constructs). Data were analyzed by SPSS
SPSS (version 16.0; SPSS, IBM, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) and descriptive and analytical statistics
such as ANOVA and independent t‑test were used. A two‑tailed P < 0.05 was considered
statistically significant. Results: The mean of PA was 21.17 ± 27.30 min in a day. Weekly
heavy, moderate, and light exercise mean was 0.72 ± 1.81, 0.89 ± 1.87 and 0.57 ± 1.57 days,
respectively. In this study, 26% of women were in contemplation, 22% in contemplation, 20%
in preparation, 13% in action, and 19% in the maintenance stage. Furthermore, there were
significant differences between consciousness raising, dramatic relief, counter‑conditioning,
stimulus control, helping relationships, reinforcement management, and self‑liberation with
stages of change constructs. Conclusion: Because of a significant relationship between
cognitive and behavioral processes and PA in this group, designing and implementing an
educational program based on the transtheoretical model may be useful in promoting PA of
a female employee.
Keywords
1. Acil AA, Dogan S, Dogan O. The effects of physical exercises
to mental state and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.
J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2008;15:808‑15.
2. Callaghan P, Eves FF, Norman P, Cheung YL, Chang AM. Applying
the transtheoretical model of change to exercise in young Chinese
people. Br J Health Psychol 2002;7:267‑82.
3. Callaghan P. Exercise: A neglected intervention in mental health
care? J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2004;11:476‑83.
4. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Physical activity in the prevention
of cardiovascular disease: An epidemiological perspective. Sports
Med 2001;31:101‑14.
5. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rexrode KM,
Willett WC, et al. Physical activity and risk of stroke in women.
JAMA 2000;283:2961‑7.
6. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al.
Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.
N Engl J Med 2001;345:790‑7.
7. Hu FB, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC,
Rimm EB. Physical activity and television watching in relation
to risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Arch Intern Med
2001;161:1542‑8.
8. Pfohl M, Schatz H. Strategies for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001;109 Suppl 2:S240‑9.
9. Fulton‑Kehoe D, Hamman RF, Baxter J, Marshall J. A case‑control
study of physical activity and non‑insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM). The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Ann
Epidemiol 2001;11:320‑7.
10. Dosemeci M, Hayes RB, Vetter R, Hoover RN, Tucker M,
Engin K, et al. Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status,
and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control
1993;4:313‑21.
11. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ,
Willett WC. Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and
adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:327‑34.
12. Rubin K, Schirduan V, Gendreau P, Sarfarazi M, Mendola R,
Dalsky G. Predictors of axial and peripheral bone mineral density
in healthy children and adolescents, with special attention to the
role of puberty. J Pediatr 1993;123:863‑70.13. Kohrt WM, Snead DB, Slatopolsky E, Birge SJ Jr. Additive effects
of weight‑bearing exercise and estrogen on bone mineral density
in older women. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:1303‑11.
14. Fox KR. The influence of physical activity on mental well‑being.
Public Health Nutr 1999;2:411‑8.
15. Al‑Nozha MM, Al‑Hazzaa HM, Arafah MR, Al‑Khadra A, Al‑MazrouYY,
Al‑Maatouq MA, et al. Prevalence of physical activity and inactivity
among Saudis aged 30‑70 years. A population‑based cross‑sectional
study. Saudi Med J 2007;28:559‑68.
16. Najdi A, El Achhab Y, Nejjari C, Norat T, Zidouh A, El Rhazi K.
Correlates of physical activity in Morocco. Prev Med 2011;52:355‑7.
17. Missoni E, Kern J, Missoni I. Physical inactivity changes in Croatia:
The CroHort study. Coll Antropol 2012;36 Suppl 1:257‑9.
18. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People
2010. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services; 2000.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of
regular physical activity among adults – United States, 2001 and
2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:1209‑12.
20. Barnes P. Physical activity among adults: United States, 2000
and 2005. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human
Services, CDC; 2007. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
products/pubs/pubd/hestats/physicalactivity/physicalactivity.htm.
[last accessed on20 july 2015]
21. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical
Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, D.C: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
22. Maddah M. The factors associated with adult obesity in Iran:
A review. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2012;7:119‑27.
23. Thorp AA, Owen N, Neuhaus M, Dunstan DW. Sedentary behaviors
and subsequent health outcomes in adults a systematic review of
longitudinal studies, 1996‑2011. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:207‑15.
24. Norouzi A, Ghofranipour F, Heidarnia A, Tahmasebi R. Determinants
of physical activity based on Health Promotion Model (HPM)
in diabetic women of Karaj diabetic institute. Iran South Med J
2010;13:41‑51.
25. Gorely T, Bruce DA. 6‑month investigation of exercise adoption
from the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model. Psychol
Sport Exerc 2000;1:89‑101.
26. Robabi H, Eghbali K, Zareban I, Karimy M, Mirhaghi AH,
Sanainasab H. An assessment of physical activity levels among
bank employees in Iranshahar in 2011. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh
University of Medical Sciences 2013;1:55‑62.
27. Jalilian F, Emdadi SH, Mirzaie M, Barati M. The survey physical
activity status of employed women in Hamadan University of
Medical Sciences: The relationship between the benefits, barriers,
self‑efficacy and stages of change. Rise of Health 2010;9:89‑99.
28. Prochaska JO, Marcus BH. The transtheoretical model: Application
to exercise. In: Dishman RK, editor. Advances in Exercise
Adherence. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1994. p. 161‑80.
29. Marcus BH, Rossi JS, Selby VC, Niaura RS, Abrams DB. The stages
and processes of exercise adoption and maintenance in a worksite
sample. Health Psychol 1992;11:386‑95.
30. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of self‑change
of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin
Psychol 1983;51:390‑5.
31. Marshall SJ, Biddle SJ. The transtheoretical model of behavior
change: A meta‑analysis of applications to physical activity and
exercise. Ann Behav Med 2001;23:229‑46.
32. Bandura A. Perceived self‑efficacy in cognitive development and
functioning. Educ Psychol 1993;28:117‑48.
33. Marcus BH, Eaton CA, Rossi JS, Harlow LL. Self‑efficacy,
decision‑making, and stages of change: An integrative model of
physical exercise. J Appl Soc Psychol 1994;24:489‑504.
34. Nishida Y, Suzuki H, Wang DH, Kira S. Psychological determinants
of physical activity in Japanese female employees. J Occup Health
2003;45:15‑22.
35. Mazloomy MahmoudabadS, MohammadiM, MorovatiSharifabadMA,
Falahzade H. A Study of the Decisional Balance’s Role in Exercise
Status Among Yazd’s Staff on the Basis Process of Change Model.
Zahedan J Res Med Sci2009;11 (2):57‑65.
36. Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior
in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1985;10:141‑6.
37. Marcus BH, Forsyth LH. Motivating People to be Physically Active.
USA: Human Kinetics; 2003.
38. Nigg CR, Normn GJ, Rossi JS, Benisovich SV. Processes of
Exercise Behavior Change: Redeveloping the Scale. Poster
Presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine Meeting, San
Diego, CA; 1999.
39. Plotnikoff RC, Blanchard C, Hotz SB, Rhodes R. Validation of
the decisional balance scales in the exercise domain from the
transtheoretical model: A longitudinal test. Meas Phys Educ Exerc
Sci 2001;5:191‑206.
40. Nigg CR, Riebe D. The transtheoretical model: Research review
of exercise behavior and older adults. In: Burbank PM, Riebe D,
editors. Promoting Exercise and Behavior Change in Older Adults:
Interventions with the Transtheoretical Model. 1st ed. New York:
Springer; 2002. p. 147‑80.
41. Farmanbar R, Niknami SH, Heidarnia AR, Hajizade E. Prediction of
exercise behavior among college student based on transtheoretical
model and self‑determination theory using path analysis. Payesh J
2010;10:27‑37.
42. Lee YM, Park NH, Kim YH. Process of change, decisional balance,
self‑efficacy and depression across the stages of change for
exercise among middle aged women in Korea. J Korean Acad Nurs
2006;36:587‑95.
43. Nigg CR, Geller KS, Motl RW, Horwath CC, Wertin KK, Dishman RK.
A research Agenda to examine the efficacy and relevance of the
transtheoretical model for physical activity behavior. Psychol Sport
Exerc 2011;12:7‑12.
44. Kirk A, MacMillan F, Webster N. Application of the transtheoretical
model to physical activity in older adults with type 2 diabetes and/or
cardiovascular disease. Psychol Sport Exerc 2010;11:320‑4.
45. Marcus BH, Pinto BM, Simkin LR, Audrain JE, Taylor ER. Application
of theoretical models to exercise behavior among employed
women. Am J Health Promot 1994;9:49‑55.
46. Gorely T, Bruce DA. Six mount investigation of exercise adoption
from the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model.
Phsychol Sport Exerc 2002;1:89‑101.
47. Purath J, Miller AM. Predictors of improvement in women’s physical
activity. Women Health 2005;42:57‑75.
48. Kim YH. Application of the transtheoretical model to identify
psychological constructs influencing exercise behavior: A
questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2007;44:936‑44.
to mental state and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.
J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2008;15:808‑15.
2. Callaghan P, Eves FF, Norman P, Cheung YL, Chang AM. Applying
the transtheoretical model of change to exercise in young Chinese
people. Br J Health Psychol 2002;7:267‑82.
3. Callaghan P. Exercise: A neglected intervention in mental health
care? J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2004;11:476‑83.
4. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Physical activity in the prevention
of cardiovascular disease: An epidemiological perspective. Sports
Med 2001;31:101‑14.
5. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rexrode KM,
Willett WC, et al. Physical activity and risk of stroke in women.
JAMA 2000;283:2961‑7.
6. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, et al.
Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.
N Engl J Med 2001;345:790‑7.
7. Hu FB, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC,
Rimm EB. Physical activity and television watching in relation
to risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Arch Intern Med
2001;161:1542‑8.
8. Pfohl M, Schatz H. Strategies for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2001;109 Suppl 2:S240‑9.
9. Fulton‑Kehoe D, Hamman RF, Baxter J, Marshall J. A case‑control
study of physical activity and non‑insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM). The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Ann
Epidemiol 2001;11:320‑7.
10. Dosemeci M, Hayes RB, Vetter R, Hoover RN, Tucker M,
Engin K, et al. Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status,
and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control
1993;4:313‑21.
11. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ,
Willett WC. Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and
adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:327‑34.
12. Rubin K, Schirduan V, Gendreau P, Sarfarazi M, Mendola R,
Dalsky G. Predictors of axial and peripheral bone mineral density
in healthy children and adolescents, with special attention to the
role of puberty. J Pediatr 1993;123:863‑70.13. Kohrt WM, Snead DB, Slatopolsky E, Birge SJ Jr. Additive effects
of weight‑bearing exercise and estrogen on bone mineral density
in older women. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:1303‑11.
14. Fox KR. The influence of physical activity on mental well‑being.
Public Health Nutr 1999;2:411‑8.
15. Al‑Nozha MM, Al‑Hazzaa HM, Arafah MR, Al‑Khadra A, Al‑MazrouYY,
Al‑Maatouq MA, et al. Prevalence of physical activity and inactivity
among Saudis aged 30‑70 years. A population‑based cross‑sectional
study. Saudi Med J 2007;28:559‑68.
16. Najdi A, El Achhab Y, Nejjari C, Norat T, Zidouh A, El Rhazi K.
Correlates of physical activity in Morocco. Prev Med 2011;52:355‑7.
17. Missoni E, Kern J, Missoni I. Physical inactivity changes in Croatia:
The CroHort study. Coll Antropol 2012;36 Suppl 1:257‑9.
18. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People
2010. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services; 2000.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of
regular physical activity among adults – United States, 2001 and
2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:1209‑12.
20. Barnes P. Physical activity among adults: United States, 2000
and 2005. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human
Services, CDC; 2007. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
products/pubs/pubd/hestats/physicalactivity/physicalactivity.htm.
[last accessed on20 july 2015]
21. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical
Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, D.C: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
22. Maddah M. The factors associated with adult obesity in Iran:
A review. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2012;7:119‑27.
23. Thorp AA, Owen N, Neuhaus M, Dunstan DW. Sedentary behaviors
and subsequent health outcomes in adults a systematic review of
longitudinal studies, 1996‑2011. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:207‑15.
24. Norouzi A, Ghofranipour F, Heidarnia A, Tahmasebi R. Determinants
of physical activity based on Health Promotion Model (HPM)
in diabetic women of Karaj diabetic institute. Iran South Med J
2010;13:41‑51.
25. Gorely T, Bruce DA. 6‑month investigation of exercise adoption
from the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model. Psychol
Sport Exerc 2000;1:89‑101.
26. Robabi H, Eghbali K, Zareban I, Karimy M, Mirhaghi AH,
Sanainasab H. An assessment of physical activity levels among
bank employees in Iranshahar in 2011. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh
University of Medical Sciences 2013;1:55‑62.
27. Jalilian F, Emdadi SH, Mirzaie M, Barati M. The survey physical
activity status of employed women in Hamadan University of
Medical Sciences: The relationship between the benefits, barriers,
self‑efficacy and stages of change. Rise of Health 2010;9:89‑99.
28. Prochaska JO, Marcus BH. The transtheoretical model: Application
to exercise. In: Dishman RK, editor. Advances in Exercise
Adherence. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1994. p. 161‑80.
29. Marcus BH, Rossi JS, Selby VC, Niaura RS, Abrams DB. The stages
and processes of exercise adoption and maintenance in a worksite
sample. Health Psychol 1992;11:386‑95.
30. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of self‑change
of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin
Psychol 1983;51:390‑5.
31. Marshall SJ, Biddle SJ. The transtheoretical model of behavior
change: A meta‑analysis of applications to physical activity and
exercise. Ann Behav Med 2001;23:229‑46.
32. Bandura A. Perceived self‑efficacy in cognitive development and
functioning. Educ Psychol 1993;28:117‑48.
33. Marcus BH, Eaton CA, Rossi JS, Harlow LL. Self‑efficacy,
decision‑making, and stages of change: An integrative model of
physical exercise. J Appl Soc Psychol 1994;24:489‑504.
34. Nishida Y, Suzuki H, Wang DH, Kira S. Psychological determinants
of physical activity in Japanese female employees. J Occup Health
2003;45:15‑22.
35. Mazloomy MahmoudabadS, MohammadiM, MorovatiSharifabadMA,
Falahzade H. A Study of the Decisional Balance’s Role in Exercise
Status Among Yazd’s Staff on the Basis Process of Change Model.
Zahedan J Res Med Sci2009;11 (2):57‑65.
36. Godin G, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior
in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1985;10:141‑6.
37. Marcus BH, Forsyth LH. Motivating People to be Physically Active.
USA: Human Kinetics; 2003.
38. Nigg CR, Normn GJ, Rossi JS, Benisovich SV. Processes of
Exercise Behavior Change: Redeveloping the Scale. Poster
Presented at the Society of Behavioral Medicine Meeting, San
Diego, CA; 1999.
39. Plotnikoff RC, Blanchard C, Hotz SB, Rhodes R. Validation of
the decisional balance scales in the exercise domain from the
transtheoretical model: A longitudinal test. Meas Phys Educ Exerc
Sci 2001;5:191‑206.
40. Nigg CR, Riebe D. The transtheoretical model: Research review
of exercise behavior and older adults. In: Burbank PM, Riebe D,
editors. Promoting Exercise and Behavior Change in Older Adults:
Interventions with the Transtheoretical Model. 1st ed. New York:
Springer; 2002. p. 147‑80.
41. Farmanbar R, Niknami SH, Heidarnia AR, Hajizade E. Prediction of
exercise behavior among college student based on transtheoretical
model and self‑determination theory using path analysis. Payesh J
2010;10:27‑37.
42. Lee YM, Park NH, Kim YH. Process of change, decisional balance,
self‑efficacy and depression across the stages of change for
exercise among middle aged women in Korea. J Korean Acad Nurs
2006;36:587‑95.
43. Nigg CR, Geller KS, Motl RW, Horwath CC, Wertin KK, Dishman RK.
A research Agenda to examine the efficacy and relevance of the
transtheoretical model for physical activity behavior. Psychol Sport
Exerc 2011;12:7‑12.
44. Kirk A, MacMillan F, Webster N. Application of the transtheoretical
model to physical activity in older adults with type 2 diabetes and/or
cardiovascular disease. Psychol Sport Exerc 2010;11:320‑4.
45. Marcus BH, Pinto BM, Simkin LR, Audrain JE, Taylor ER. Application
of theoretical models to exercise behavior among employed
women. Am J Health Promot 1994;9:49‑55.
46. Gorely T, Bruce DA. Six mount investigation of exercise adoption
from the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model.
Phsychol Sport Exerc 2002;1:89‑101.
47. Purath J, Miller AM. Predictors of improvement in women’s physical
activity. Women Health 2005;42:57‑75.
48. Kim YH. Application of the transtheoretical model to identify
psychological constructs influencing exercise behavior: A
questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2007;44:936‑44.
)