Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- . Saiideh Norouzi
- . Mohammad Hossein Baghiani Moghaddam 1
- . Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad 1
- . Ali Norouzi 2
- . Ali Reza Jafari 3
- . Hossein Fallahzadeh 1
1 Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd,
2 Department of Behvarzi, Deputy of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
3 Department of Psychology, School of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Abhar
Abstract
Context: Identification of parenting skills determinants among mothers is an ongoing field
of research. Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the social cognitive predictors of
parenting skills among mothers. Settings and Design: Previous studies have demonstrated
the health action process approach (HAPA) as a credible frame for predicting behavior,
but the number of studies considering the predictive value of parenting skills determinants
among mothers is rare. Subjects and Methods: An 8 months prospective design was
applied. Participants were mothers with preschool and early elementary school‑aged children.
At the 1st time, 120 participants completed self‑report questionnaires regarding their risk
perception, outcome expectancies, task self‑efficacy, and intentions toward parenting skills.
At the 2nd time, they returned a follow‑up questionnaire, which measured planning, coping
self‑efficacy, and recovery self‑efficacy and finally, 8 months later as the 3rd time, parenting
skills were measured. Path analysis was used for analysis. Results: Path analysis indicated
that, in the motivational phase, there was no relationship between parenting skills intention
and risk perception, outcome expectancies, and task self‑efficacy. Furthermore, no relationship
was found between parenting skills intention and planning. In the volitional phase, coping
self‑efficacy, recovery self‑efficacy, and planning were statistically significant predictors of
parenting skills. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that volitional phase of the HAPA
model is useful in determining parenting skills. However, the role motivational variables seem
to be unimportant in performing these behaviors. It was concluded that everybody intended
to apply parenting skills, in nature, and intervention strategies should be focused on turning
intentions into behavior.
Keywords
skills training program on stressed mothers and their children’s
self‑esteem level. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2011;30:316‑26.
2. Barlow J, Parsons J, Stewart‑Brown S. Preventing emotional and
behavioural problems: The effectiveness of parenting programmes
with children less than 3 years of age. Child Care Health Dev
2005;31:33‑42.
3. Nord JE, Marriage UoSCMo, Marriage FTMo, Therapy F. Assessing
the Parenting Education Needs of Adults Rearing Adolescents:
University of Southern California; 2007.
4. White KM, Wellington L. Predicting participation in group parenting
education in an Australian sample: The role of attitudes, norms, and
control factors. J Prim Prev 2009;30:173‑89.
5. DeHart T, Pelham BI, Tennen H. What lies beneath: Parenting style
and implicit self‑esteem. J Exp Soc Psychol 2006;42:1‑17.
6. Pourabdoli M, Kadivar P, Homayouni AR. To investigate the
relationship between mother parenting styles and their children’s
perception from them with locus of control and self esteem. J Iran
Sci Res Psychol 2008;10:107‑28.
7. Scholz U, Schüz B, Ziegelmann JP, Lippke S, Schwarzer R. Beyond
behavioural intentions: Planning mediates between intentions and
physical activity. Br J Health Psychol 2008;13:479‑94.
8. Schwarzer R. Modeling health behavior change: How to predict and
modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Appl
Psychol 2008;57:1‑29.
9. Schwarzer R. Self‑efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of
health behaviors: Theoretical approaches and a new model.
In R.Schwarzer (ed.) self‑efficacy: Thought control of action.
Washington, DC: Hemisphere 1992:217‑43.
10. Luszczynska A, Schwarzer R. Planning and self‑efficacy in the
adoption and maintenance of breast self‑examination: A longitudinal
study on self‑regulatory cognitions. Psychol Health 2003;18:93‑108.
11. Ziegelmann JP, Lippke S, Schwarzer R. Adoption and maintenance
of physical activity: Planning interventions in young, middle‑aged,
and older adults. Psychol Health 2006;21:145‑63.
12. Reuter T, Ziegelmann JP, Wiedemann AU, Lippke S, Schuz B,
Aiken LS. Planning bridges the intention‑behaviour gap: Age
makes a difference and strategy use explains why. Psychol Health
2010;25:873‑87.
13. Sniehotta FF, Scholz U, SchwarzerR. Bridging the intention‑behaviour
gap: Planning, self‑efficacy, and action control in the adoption and
maintenance of physical exercise. Psychol Health 2005;20:143‑60.
14. Sniehotta FF, Schwarzer R, Scholz U, Schüz B. Action planning
and coping planning for long‑term lifestyle change: Theory and
assessment. Eur J Soc Psychol 2005;35:565‑76.
15. Caudroit J, Stephan Y, Le Scanff C. Social cognitive determinants
of physical activity among retired older individuals: An application
of the health action process approach. Br J Health Psychol
2011;16:404‑17.
16. Garcia K, Mann T. From ‘I Wish’ to ‘I Will’: Social‑cognitive predictors
of behavioral intentions. J Health Psychol 2003;8:347‑60.
17. Renner B, Kwon S, Yang BH, Paik KC, Kim SH, Roh S, et al.
Social‑cognitive predictors of dietary behaviors in South Korean
men and women. Int J Behav Med 2008;15:4‑13.
18. Schwarzer R, Schuz B, Ziegelmann JP, Lippke S, Luszczynska A,
Scholz U. Adoption and maintenance of four health behaviors:
Theory‑guided longitudinal studies on dental flossing, seat belt
use, dietary behavior, and physical activity. Ann Behav Med
2007;33:156‑66.
19. Schwarzer R, Renner B. Social‑cognitive predictors of health
behavior: Action self‑efficacy and coping self‑efficacy. Health
Psychol 2000;19:487‑95.
20. Lippke, S., Ziegelmann, J. P., and Schwarzer, R. Behavioral intentions
and action plans promote physical exercise: A longitudinal study
with orthopedic rehabilitation patients. Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 2004;26:470-83.
21. Scholz U, Sniehotta FF, Schwarzer R. Predicting physical exercise
in cardiac rehabilitation: The role of phase‑specific self‑efficacy
beliefs. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2005;27:135‑51.
22. Renner B, Spivak Y, Kwon S, Schwarzer R. Does age make a
difference? Predicting physical activity of South Koreans. Psychol
Aging 2007;22:482‑93.
23. Schwarzer R. Self‑efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of health
behaviors: Theoretical approaches and a new model. Self‑Efficacy:Thought Control of Action. Washington, DC, US: Hemisphere
Publishing Corp.; 1992. p. 217‑43.
24. Barg CJ, Latimer AE, Pomery EA, Rivers SE, Rench TA,
Prapavessis H, et al. Examining predictors of physical activity among
inactive middle‑aged women: An application of the health action
process approach. Psychol Health 2012;27:829‑45.
25. Tavares LS, Plotnikoff RC. Not enough time? Individual and
environmental implications for workplace physical activity
programming among women with and without young children.
Health Care Women Int 2008;29:244‑81.
26. Mullan B, Wong C, Kothe E, Maccann C. Predicting breakfast
consumption: A comparison of the theory of planned behaviour and
the health action process approach. Br Food J 2013;115:1638‑57.
27. Perrier MJ, Sweet SN, Strachan SM, Latimer‑Cheung AE. The
health action process approach and athletic identity predict sport
participation among individuals with acquired, physical disabilities.
Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2012;13:713-20.
28. Arbour KP, Ginis KA. Helping middle‑aged women translate physical
activity intentions into action: Combining the theory of planned
behavior and implementation intentions. J Appl Biobehav Res
2004;9:172‑87.
29. Conn VS, Burks KJ, Minor MA, Mehr DR. Randomized trial of 2
interventions to increase older women’s exercise. Am J Health
Behav 2003;27:380‑8.
30. Vallance JK, Murray TC, Johnson ST, Elavsky S. Understanding
physical activity intentions and behavior in postmenopausal
women: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Int J
Behav Med 2011;18:139‑49.
31. Norman P, Conner M. The theory of planned behavior and
exercise: Evidence for the mediating and moderating roles of
planning on intention‑behavior relationships. J Sport Exerc Psychol
2005;27:488.
32. Orbeil S, Hodgldns S, Sheeran P. Implementation intentions and the
theory of planned behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1997;23:945‑54.
33. Arbour‑Nicitopoulos KP, Ginis KA, Latimer AE. Planning, leisure‑time
physical activity, and coping self‑efficacy in persons with spinal
cord injury: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil
2009;90:2003‑11.
34. Williams SL, French DP. What are the most effective intervention
techniques for changing physical activity self‑efficacy and physical
activity behaviour – And are they the same? Health Educ Res
2011;26:308‑22.
35. Gollwitzer PM. Why we thought that action mind‑sets affect illusions
of control. Psychol Inq 2003;14:261‑9.
)