Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Using education based on the health belief model to modifications in performance of behaviors related to sexually transmitted infections in vulnerable women

. Parastoo Golshiri; . Negar Mohaghegh; . Somayeh Shamsaee; . Zahra Boroumandfar

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have always been considered as a healthproblem in the world. Also, vulnerable women (addicts, jail breakers, and prostitutes) are ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have always been considered as a healthproblem in the world. Also, vulnerable women (addicts, jail breakers, and prostitutes) are at the highestrisk. According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) approach, the only effective way to preventand control this disease is public health education, and high‑risk and vulnerable groups should beprioritized in educational programs. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of health beliefmodel (HBM)‑based education on changing the behaviors related to STIs in vulnerable women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is an intervention (field trial) study in vulnerablewomen. Convenience sampling method was used in this study and the sample size was determinedto be 84 subjects. Through tossing a coin, the social support center was selected as the interventiongroup and the drop‑in center as the control group. Quantitative data analysis was performed, anddescriptive and inferential statistical methods were used.RESULTS: The mean scores of perceived threat, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, andperceived self‑efficacy and changes in performance between the three measurement stages, aswell as changes in the scores of perceived threat, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, andperceived self‑efficacy over three measurement times were significantly different between the twogroups (interaction) (P < 0.001). The mean score of performance 3 months after the interventionwas significantly higher than before the intervention (P = 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the effectiveness of the HBM in promoting behavioralmodifiers that lead to STIs. Therefore, educational interventions with emphasis on understandingthe threats, benefits, barriers, and self‑efficacy and, ultimately, performance improvement in relationto STIs are recommended.

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The effect of education based on the health belief model in improving anxiety among mothers of infants with retinopathy of prematurity

. Azam Salehnezhad; . Hamidreza Zendetalab; . Shoeibi Naser; . Hamidreza Behnam Voshni; . Mojtaba Abrishami; . Mohmmadreza Ansari Astaneh; . Belin Tavakkoli Sani; Zahra Emami Moghadam

Volume 12, Issue 11 , December 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Due to the role of education in improving anxiety and essential skills of mothersfor caring for their infants, this study aimed to investigate the effect of education based ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Due to the role of education in improving anxiety and essential skills of mothersfor caring for their infants, this study aimed to investigate the effect of education based on the healthbelief model (HBM) on anxiety among mothers of infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 67 motherswith premature infants admitted to the ROP unit of Khatam Al Anbia Eye Hospital in Mashhad,Iran from 2019 to 2020. Participants were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups.Intervention was designed based on HBM during six sessions, each of 45–60 minutes duration. Thecontrol group received routine educations according to the hospital policies. The maternal anxiety,adherence with follow‑up examinations and the rate of neonatal retinal vascularization were evaluatedusing an HBM‑ based questionnaire and State‑Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire and checklists,respectively. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software, version 16, using Chi‑squared test, Fisher’sexact test, independent t test, and Mann–Whitney U test.RESULTS: Based on our findings, no significant difference was observed between the two groupsbefore the intervention regarding the mean score of maternal anxiety (P = 0.141). However, afterintervention, the mean score of maternal anxiety decreased significantly from 67.0 ± 6.3 to 38.5 ± 6.6in the intervention group and increased from 69.8 ± 3.1 to 68.3 ± 3.4 in the control group (P < 0.001).In the intervention group, the mean scores of model constructs (perceived susceptibility andseverity, perceived benefits, barriers, self‑efficacy and cue to action) increased significantly afterintervention (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Education based on HBM appear to be an efficient method to improve maternalanxiety among mothers of infants with retinopathy of prematurity. Accordingly, nurses and treatmentstaff can provide interventions in the NICU based on the HBM to the parents of hospitalized andpremature infants.

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The effect of educational intervention on self‑care behavior in hypertensive older people: Applying the health belief model

. Leila Naeemi; . Seyedeh Shahrbanoo Daniali; . Akbar Hassanzadeh; . Majid Rahimi

Volume 12, Issue 11 , December 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a worldwide health issue. Increasing aging has given rise to theprevalence of this problem. Disease management using educational intervention based on theoreticalframeworks ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a worldwide health issue. Increasing aging has given rise to theprevalence of this problem. Disease management using educational intervention based on theoreticalframeworks is effective for influencing self‑care behavior. The goal of this study is to investigate theeffects of educational intervention on self‑care behaviors that influence hypertension control amongthe elderly population during 2020 based on the health belief model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on rural older people inArdestan, Iran. Assessments were done before and after three educational intervention sessionswith a control group. The random sampling has done on 99 hypertensive elderly people in two ruralcenters of Ardestan from 2019 to 2020. Awareness variables, components of the health belief model,and blood pressure were assessed before and three months after the intervention. Data analysiswas done using descriptive and analytical statistics.RESULTS: The study groups did not differ significantly in terms of the variables studied at thebeginning of the study. After three months, the variables of awareness, self‑care, and perceivedsensitivity constructs, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and guide to action showed a significantrise in the experimental group compared to the control group. In addition, the effectiveness ofeducational intervention significantly increased self‑care behavior in the experimental group.CONCLUSIONS: Educational intervention based on the health belief model can be effective toreduce the barriers of self‑care behaviors. In order to have a lasting change in behavior, the useof behavioral change patterns that ecologically take into account interpersonal, organizational, andsocial factors is suggested too.

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Predicting preventive behaviors of cardiovascular disease among oil industry workers based on health belief model

. Sahar Mohammadnabizadeh; . Ali Asghar Najafpoor; . Mohammad Vahedian‑Shahroodi; . Vahid Ghavami

Volume 12, Issue 9 , October 2022, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Working conditions play a significant role in the process that causes cardiovascular disease. In this regard, it is required to monitor the health conditions of workers ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Working conditions play a significant role in the process that causes cardiovascular disease. In this regard, it is required to monitor the health conditions of workers to design proper interventions to encourage healthy behaviors. This investigation was performed to determine preventive behaviors against cardiovascular disease based on the health belief model (HBM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was a cross‑sectional and descriptive study with 228 subjects of oil industry workers under shift work schedules in the oil regions of Khuzestan, Iran. The HBM questionnaire provided the theoretical framework for this study. Participants completed the questionnaires in person at work. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, and means, and linear regression analysis were calculated for variables.RESULTS: Findings of the study showed that most workers were of a weak level of knowledge (55.3%), self‑efficacy (82.5%), perceived severity (83.8%), perceived susceptibility (75.4%), perceived benefit (57.5%), and behavior (82.5%). Furthermore, results showed that most of the workers considered smoking (3.51 out of 5) and proper diet for good heart function (2.54 out of 5). In this study, the item of exercise was the lowest among all the preventive behaviors (1.39 out of 5). Self‑efficacy was the strongest predictor of health belief about cardiovascular disease.CONCLUSION: To decrease the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease in our population, and fight against this rank‑one killer, multiple useful prevention strategies must be adopted. Educational theory‑based interventions and applying designed programs to improve the adoption of preventive behaviors are a necessity.

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The correlates of physical activity during COVID‑19 pandemic among Indonesian young adults: A longitudinal study

. Novita Intan Arovah

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Social distancing policy during the COVID‑19 pandemic may affect physical activitylevels. This study aimed to compare physical activity levels before and during the pandemic ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Social distancing policy during the COVID‑19 pandemic may affect physical activitylevels. This study aimed to compare physical activity levels before and during the pandemic and toexplore physical activity correlates among Indonesian young adults.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This longitudinal study was conducted before the pandemic (n = 141)in September 2019 and was followed by an online follow‑up survey during the pandemic(79% response rate) in September 2020. Physical activity was measured using the global physicalactivity questionnaire and was classified into “sufficient” and “insufficient.” The potential correlatesof physical activity were constructs from social‑cognitive theory and health belief model. Those weremeasured using a validated questionnaire in the follow‑up survey. Physical activity levels before andduring pandemics were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‑rank test. Simple logistic regressionswere used to assess the relationships between each potential correlate and physical activity statusduring the pandemic.RESULTS: Physical activity levels decreased significantly during the pandemic, mostly in thework‑related domain. Participants with favorable physical activity‑related constructs were more likelyto be physically active. The odds ratio ranged from 3.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15–10.11)in participants with higher self‑efficacy to 4.50 (95% CI = 1.44–14.06) in those with higher outcomeexpectations of physical activity.CONCLUSION: A significant decline in physical activity during the COVID‑19 pandemic amongIndonesian young adults was confirmed. The application of behavioral change theories for explainingphysical activity status during the pandemic in this population is also supported. It is recommendedto incorporate these constructs to develop physical activity interventions in this target population.

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Predictors of the intention to receive the COVID 19 vaccine by Iranians 18– 70 year old: Application of health belief model

. Roya Jahanshahi‑Amjazi; . Mohsen Rezaeian; . Mehdi Abdolkarimi; . Mostafa Nasirzadeh

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In terms of public health, vaccination is considered as the most effective approachagainst the infectious diseases. Accepting and receiving the first vaccine produced as ...  Read More BACKGROUND: In terms of public health, vaccination is considered as the most effective approachagainst the infectious diseases. Accepting and receiving the first vaccine produced as an innovationmay not be easy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the predictors of intentionto receive COVID‑19 vaccine by Iranians aged 18–70 years based on the health belief model in 2021.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive study was performed on 2365 people aged18–70‑year old in Iran by random cluster sampling. Receipt of data was done electronicallyquestionnaire through the Porcelain system. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20using Chi‑square, one‑way analysis of variance, independent t‑test, and multiple regression analysisat a significance level of 0.05.RESULTS: The mean score of receiving the Iranian corona vaccine was 3.06 ± 1.30 out of 5 points.About 16.7% reported that they will definitely choose the Iranian vaccine. The highest correlationwas between the intention to receive the vaccine with self‑efficacy (r = 0.239, P < 0.001) and barriersto receiving the vaccine (r = −0.237, P < 0.001). Self‑efficacy (β = 0.114, P < 0.001), perceivedbarriers (β = −0.126, P < 0.001), and benefits of vaccine (β = 0.061, P = 0.022) were most importantpredictors the intention to receive the vaccine.CONCLUSION: Approximately 38% reported that they would definitely and probably not choose theIranian corona vaccine. Therefore, it is suggested that more information should be provided aboutthe features and benefits of domestically produced vaccines compared to foreign products.

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A cross‑sectional study on assessment of perceived threat to cervical cancer using health belief model among women in a slum area of Kolkata

. Akanksha Yadav; . Madhumita Dobe; . Bobby Paul; . Chandrashekhar Taklikar

Volume 12, Issue 4 , April 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Despite the implementation of various cervical cancer preventive strategies by the Government of India, there is a scarcity of knowledge and consequent low utilization ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Despite the implementation of various cervical cancer preventive strategies by the Government of India, there is a scarcity of knowledge and consequent low utilization of cervical cancer screening services among women in India. This contributes to the burden of cervical cancer among Indian women. This study was conducted to assess perceived threat‑regarding cervical cancer among women and to identify its explanatory factors in a slum area of Kolkata.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted among 192 adult women from May to September 2019 in Kolkata. The multistage sampling technique was used using a structured schedule. Perceived threat to cervical cancer was measured using a composite score including perceived susceptibility and perceived severity constructs of the health belief model. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression model using SPSS software version 16.RESULTS: Overall, 22.9% of the participants had satisfactory levels of perceived threat to cervical cancer. Statistically significant association was found between unsatisfactory levels of perceived threat with reproductive age group (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.01; P = 0.036), education level up to primary (AOR = 2.89; P = 0.026), and unsatisfactory knowledge (AOR = 2.94; P < 0.001) among respondents. The multivariable regression model was of good fit.CONCLUSION: The study population had very unsatisfactory levels of perceived threat to cervical cancer. Thus, to increase cervical cancer screening uptake among women, it is necessary to tailor robust behavior change communication campaigns to increase the perception of susceptibility and severity, thereby increasing the perception of threat of cervical cancer among women.

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Evaluation of health belief model‑based educational intervention on colorectal cancer screening behavior at South Khorasan, Iran

. Shahrbanoo Khazaei; . Fatemeh Salmani; . Mitra Moodi

Volume 12, Issue 2 , February 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Health beliefs play an important role in the development of health behaviors. In this study, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Health beliefs play an important role in the development of health behaviors. In this study, the effect of educational intervention based on Health Belief Model on colorectal cancer screening behavior was investigated.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed as a randomized controlled intervention. The study population was 50–70‑years old in Khosf city. Initially, 120 eligible populations were randomly divided into intervention and control groups (60 people in each group). The data collection tool was a standard colorectal cancer screening questionnaire that was completed before, immediately, and 3 months after the intervention. The intervention consisted of eight 60‑min training sessions. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS19 software and statistical tests.RESULTS: The mean age of the intervention and control groups was 63.53 ± 5.67 and 57.73 ± 5.77 years. In terms of mean scores of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived barriers were homogeneous before intervention. After the intervention, the mean score of the model constructs showed significant changes, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The rate of occult blood test in stool 3 months after training reached 90% in the intervention group and 15% in the control group.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that by taking measures to reduce perceived barriers as well as increase knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and self-efficacy, the rate of participation in occult blood testing in feces can be significantly increased.

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Predictors of preventive behaviors of AIDS/HIV based on Health Belief Model constructs in women with high‑risk sexual behaviors: A cross‑sectional survey

. Mehri Alizade; . Azizeh Farshbaf‑Khalili; . Jamileh Malakouti; . Mojgan Mirghafourvand

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Worldwide, AIDS is an acute problem. Health Belief Model (HBM) is a model forprevention and control of diseases. This study examined the predictors of preventive behaviors ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Worldwide, AIDS is an acute problem. Health Belief Model (HBM) is a model forprevention and control of diseases. This study examined the predictors of preventive behaviors ofHIV/AIDS based on HBM constructs in participants.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was performed on 200 women whowere referred to vulnerable women’s centers across Tabriz city between November and December2018. Participants were selected by census sampling. Inclusion criteria were having a health record,multiple sexual partners, reading and writing skills, and willingness to participate in the study. Tocollect data, questionnaires of sociodemographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, self‑efficacy fornegotiating safe sex, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers,and behavioral prevention (BP) were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 19through Pearson’s correlation coefficient, one‑way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analyses.The significant level was set at α = 0.05.RESULTS: Pearson’s correlation test showed a statistically significant correlation between BPand perceived sensitivity (r = 0.25), perceived benefits (r = 0.32), self‑efficacy (r = 0.33), and HIVknowledge (r = 0.25) constructs (P < 0.001). According to the multiple linear regression, perceivedsensitivity (P = 0.020), perceived benefits (P = 0.036), and some of the sociodemographiccharacteristics were found to be predictors of preventive behaviors that explained in total 50% ofvariance of BP (P < 0.05 and R2 = 0.504).CONCLUSION: It seems that the HBM is useful to predict HIV preventive behaviors among thisvulnerable group. Training programs should be aimed on improving the health belief of HIV preventivebehaviors.

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Effect of educational intervention on preventive behaviors of brucellosis among health volunteers in Rafsanjan city: Application of health belief model

. Mostafa Nasirzadeh; . Fatemeh Kaveh; . Ahmad Reza Sayadi; . Mohammad Asadpour

Volume 11, Issue 9 , October 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Human brucellosis can be a source of problems that affect public health, social, andeconomic well‑being of the world’s population. This study was conducted with ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Human brucellosis can be a source of problems that affect public health, social, andeconomic well‑being of the world’s population. This study was conducted with the aim of determiningthe effect of Educational Intervention (EI) based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on preventive behaviorsagainst brucellosis in Health Volunteers (HVs) in Rafsanjan.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Randomly, 104 HVs, in the intervention and control group,participated in a quasi‑randomized, controlled experimental study. Variables were evaluated beforeand 1 month after intervention. In the intervention group, the educational program was conductedwith lecture, group discussion, showing movies and related photos, booklets, and pamphlets. Theprogram included five 45‑min sessions that developed regarding the beliefs and constructs ofHBM about brucellosis and its prevention methods. Data regarding HBM constructs and preventivebehavior were collected using the questionnaire with 100 items by the self‑report method. Finally,the data were entered into the SPSS software version 16.0, and statistical tests such as Chi‑square,independent and paired t‑test, Mann–Whitney, and Wilcoxon test were used for the data analysisat the significant level of 0.05.RESULTS: Prior to the intervention, the mean score of the HBM constructs and preventive behaviorsbetween the two groups did not differ significantly, but 1 month later, in the intervention groupincreased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: We recommend to health authorities and health‑care providers to use HBM in EIsto create susceptibility, increase perceived severity and benefits, promote self‑efficacy, uses cueto action, as well as reduce behavioral barriers, and ultimately adopt health‑promoting behaviors.

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Internet addiction theory‑based intervention among university students: A case of health belief model

. Mahsa Ahmadi; . Sakineh Rakhshanderou; . Soheila Khodakarim; . Mohtasham Ghaffari

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of Internet addiction has increased due to the delay betweenInternet technology and the culture of using it. According to the high prevalence of Internet ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of Internet addiction has increased due to the delay betweenInternet technology and the culture of using it. According to the high prevalence of Internet addictionamong students and its associated complications, the present study was conducted to determinethe effect of education based on the health belief model on Internet addiction status among studentsin Tehran, Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this interventional study, two dormitories were divided into twogroups of control and intervention in a completely random manner using the random cluster samplingmethod from a total of eight dormitories. Then 134 girls in each group answer two questionnaires ofYoung (about Internet addiction) and health belief model‑based scale. After the need assessmentsof the primary results, intervention was performed in the experimental group in a way that a textbookbased on the health belief model and ten educational text messages were sent to the students’ E‑mail.Two months later, questionnaires were again given to both groups. The results were analyzed withthe help of independent t‑test, Chi‑square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann–Whitney test, analysis ofcovariance, and logistic regression with repetitive measures with GEE approach.RESULTS: The average scores of knowledge (P < 0.001), perceived susceptibility (P < 0.001),perceived severity (P = 0.006), perceived barriers (P  <  0.001), and self‑efficacy  (P = 0.002)between the two groups, had a significant difference after the intervention. The average scores ofperceived benefits (P = 0.6), Internet addiction behavior (P = 0.11), and the frequency of Internetaddiction (P = 0.63) after intervention did not have a significant difference in the two groups.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show the effectiveness of educational intervention designbased on the structures of health belief model on reducing the frequency of Internet addiction andadopting preventive behaviors.

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Understanding COVID‑19 preventive behavior: An application of the health belief model in the Philippine setting

. Engracia Arceo; . John Edlor Jurado; . Leslee Anne Cortez; . Nestor Sibug; . Gestrelle Lides Sarmiento; . Amica Coleen Lawingco; . Carisse Carbungco; . Raphael Enrique Tiongco

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: With the Philippines emerging as the hotspot in the Western Pacific Region forthe COVID‑19 cases, the study aimed to understand the COVID‑19 preventive behavior of Filipinosusing ...  Read More BACKGROUND: With the Philippines emerging as the hotspot in the Western Pacific Region forthe COVID‑19 cases, the study aimed to understand the COVID‑19 preventive behavior of Filipinosusing the health belief model (HBM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross‑sectional study included 304 respondents recruited forthe whole month of July 2020 through various social media platforms. Participants were requestedto answer an online questionnaire, and results were analyzed using SPSS software.RESULTS: The majority of respondents were female (71.1%), with an average age of 29,college graduate (57.6%), and living in an area where modified general community quarantine isimplemented (63.2%). Good preventive behavior was noted among the participants, and not shakingof hands with others and refraining from touching of surfaces were reported as the most practicedbehavior. Spearman’s correlation and Pearson’s Chi‑square showed that age and sex are significantpredictors for the HBM constructs and preventive behavior. Furthermore, results showed that cues toaction, self‑efficacy, and perceived barrier have a significant association with COVID‑19 preventivebehavior.CONCLUSION: Findings prove that HBM is useful in understanding preventive behaviors in timesof coronavirus pandemic. Strategies that promote a supportive environment and help overcome theperceived barriers can guide Filipinos to adopt the desired health behavior. Interventions to promotepreventive behaviors should be focused on males and younger individuals.

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Determinants of mammography screening in Tehranian women in 2018 based on the health belief model: A cross‑sectional study

. Masoumeh Rezaeimanesh; . Mahnaz Solhi; . Farbod Ebadi Fard Azar; . Homeira Sajjadi; . Hassan Rafiey; . Farhad Nosrati Nejad; . Mohammad Ali Mohammadi Gharehghani3; . Marzieh Najafi; . Sayedeh Mahboobeh Hosseini; . Salah Eddin Karimi

Volume 11, Issue 3 , March 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Mammographyis the most sensitive and important method for screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer.Considering ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Mammographyis the most sensitive and important method for screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer.Considering the importance of using mammography in breast cancer screening, this study wasperformed to evaluate mammographic determinants.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the cross‑sectional study, we surveyed 985 women over 40 years inTehran concerning demographic characteristics: age, socioeconomic status, a problem in the breast,alcohol use, drug use, and health belief model. Logistic regression was used to identify determinantfactors associated with mammography performance.RESULTS: The results of this study showed that 42.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38, 45)participant performed mammography at least once during their lifetime. Age (odds ratio [OR] = 4.252;95% CI = 2.041–8.857); housing situation (OR = 1.706; 95% CI = 1.178–2.469); having breastproblems (OR = 5.224; 95% CI = 3.501–7.795); socioeconomic status (OR = 1.855; 95%CI = 1.035–3.325); family income level (OR = 1.998; 95% CI = 1.028–3.884); alcoholconsumption (OR = 2.676; 95% CI = 1.344–5.328); smoking (OR = 2.824; 95% CI = 1.418–5.623);self‑efficacy (OR = 1.935; 95% CI = 1.242–3.015); perceived barriers (OR = 2.017; 95%CI = 1.348–3.019); self‑care (OR = 4.901; 95% CI = 3.152–7.620); perceived susceptibility (OR = 1.971;95% CI = 1.271–3.057) and perceived severity (OR = 1.830; 95% CI = 1.170–2.860) weremammography behaviors determinants.CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that the rate of mammography screening among Tehranianwomen is low and highlights the need for developing a comprehensive national breast cancer controlprogram, which should be considered as the priority for health‑care providers. Furthermore, theidentification of these factors can help to design an appropriate educational intervention that focuseson the benefits of mammography screening.

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Application of health belief model to predict COVID‑19‑preventive behaviors among a sample of Iranian adult population

. Amin Mirzaei; . Farogh Kazembeigi; . Hojatollah Kakaei; . Mohsen Jalilian; . Sajad Mazloomi; . Heshmatollah Nourmoradi

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus (COVID‑19) has infected nearly 9.5 million people in 216countries, areas, or territories in the world. The fight against the COVID‑19 has become ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus (COVID‑19) has infected nearly 9.5 million people in 216countries, areas, or territories in the world. The fight against the COVID‑19 has become a very seriousinternational challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of COVID‑19‑preventivebehaviors using the health belief model (HBM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted with the participation of558 samples from the adult population of Iran. The online convenience sampling was conductedin this research. The online 68‑item questionnaire link was published all over Iran through socialnetworks including Telegram and WhatsApp, which are common in Iran. The data were analyzedusing SPSS software version 19. Descriptive statistics, bivariate Pearson’s correlation test, andmultiple linear regression were used to analyze the data.RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 33.3 ± 10.01 years. The participants were oftenfemale (61.3%), married (57.9%), and resident of the city (81.0%) with university educationallevel (78.8%). The results showed that the HBM structures predicted 29.3% of the preventivebehaviors of COVID‑19 in the subjects. The perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self‑efficacysignificantly predicted the preventive behaviors, but the perceived susceptibility and perceivedseverity were not significant in the regression model. The internet and virtual social networks (49.8%),broadcast (33.5%), and healthcare providers (15.8%) were the most important sources of informationrelated with COVID‑19. In response to COVID‑19‑related internal cues to action, 36.6% did notpay attention and 34.7% tried to self‑medicate. Only 28.5% of the subjects referred to the hospital,healthcare center, or physician.CONCLUSION: Self‑efficacy, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits were the key determinantsof COVID‑19‑preventive behaviors in the subjects. It can be concluded that the HBM is a good toolto predict COVID‑19‑preventive behaviors in Iranian population.

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The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap smear test at Iranian health centers: A randomized controlled clinical trial

. Elahe Samami; . Seyed Jalil Seyedi‑ Andi; . Beyrambibi Bayat; . Davoud Shojaeizadeh; . Neda Ahmadzadeh Tori

Volume 11, Issue 1 , January 2021, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effect of educational interventionusing the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap test ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effect of educational interventionusing the health belief model on knowledge, attitude, and function of women about Pap test at healthcenters.METHODOLOGY: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 120 women whowere allocated into two groups (intervention = 60 and control = 60). The sampling method was amultistage cluster. The training was provided in two sessions for 90 min. Data gathering tool wasa 4‑part researcher‑made questionnaire including demographic characteristics, knowledge, healthbelief model structures, and function. Women were evaluated and completed the questionnaire in twostages (before and 2 months after training). Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Wilcoxon,linear regression, Mann–Whitney U‑test, Fisher, Chi‑square, and marginal homogeneity tests.RESULTS: At baseline, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding the mean ofknowledge and the structures of health belief model scores. The average scores of participants in termsof health belief model structures were increased significantly after the training sessions. Furthermore,the comparison of the performance of Pap smear before training showed that in the interventiongroup (23.3%) and in the control group (31.7%), there was no significant difference in terms of thehistory of performing the Pap smear test (P = 0.414). However, a significant difference (P = 0.001)was observed after training in the intervention group (31.7%) and in the control group (3.3%).CONCLUSION: Educational intervention using the health belief model is effective in increasingknowledge, attitude, and function of women in terms of providing useful and required education.

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Effect of education based on health belief model on observation of standard precautions by dental students in Rafsanjan in 2019

. Mohammad Asadpour; . Mostafa Nasirzadeh; . Nahid Pourhashem; . Ali Peimani

Volume 10, Issue 12 , December 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: It is vital importance to observe standard precautions (SPs) in dentistry to preventthe transfer and spread of blood‑borne diseases in the community. The aim of the ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: It is vital importance to observe standard precautions (SPs) in dentistry to preventthe transfer and spread of blood‑borne diseases in the community. The aim of the present study wasto evaluate the effect of educational intervention using health belief model (HBM) on the observationof SPs by dental students in 2019.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty‑seven dental preclinical students were included in the presentquasi‑experimental study. The students were randomly assigned to two groups, and data werecollected using a questionnaire designed based on HBM. Educational intervention was carried outafter the pretest analysis in four 60‑min sessions. Data were analyzed with independent t‑test andpaired t‑test using SPSS 16 at a significance level of P < 0.05.RESULTS: After the educational intervention, the mean score of awareness (P = 0.001), perceivedsusceptibility (P = 0.01), perceived severity (P = 0.02), perceived benefits (P < 0.001), cues toaction (P = 0.006), self‑efficacy (P = 0.002), and behavior (0.03) in the intervention group wassignificantly increased.CONCLUSION: Despite the effect of education on increasing the students’ scores in HBM constructsand observation of SPs, the most important barriers to the adoption of precautionary behaviors weredeficiencies in protective tools and aids.

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Effects of training based on the health belief model on Iranian women’s performance about cervical screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis

. Masoumeh Simbar; . Masumeh Ghazanfarpour; . Somayeh Abdolahian

Volume 10, Issue 7 , July 2020, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Pap smear test is one of the most important actions in preventing cervical cancer. Thisstudy aimed to perform a meta-analysis on all related literature about the effects of ...  Read More CONTEXT: Pap smear test is one of the most important actions in preventing cervical cancer. Thisstudy aimed to perform a meta-analysis on all related literature about the effects of health beliefmodel (HBM)-based training on Pap smear screening test performance of Iranian women.METHODS: The search was performed in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteriawere limited to English and Persian language articles with experimental or semi-experimental methodsuntil October 2019 that evaluated the effect of HBM-based training on Iranian women’s performanceof Pap smear test. We excluded studies that used both cervical and breast cancer screening together.RESULTS: Twelve studies were performed on totally 1605 participants. This meta-analysis showedthat all of Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs improved significantly among HBM-based trainedwomen, perceived susceptibility (standard mean division [SMD] =0.785; P = 0.002; confidence interval[CI] = 0.005 to 1.56; Heterogeneity; P = 0.013; I2 = 97%)., perceived severity (SMD = 1.14; P = 0.001;CI = 0.66–1.62; heterogeneity; P < 0.001; I2 = 92%), perceived benefits (SMD = 1.25; P = 0.001;CI = 0.545–0.135 heterogeneity; P = 0.003; I2 = 97%), perceived barrier (SMD = 0.20; P = 0.001;CI = 0.44–1.24; heterogeneity; P < 0.001; I2 = 92%) and perceived self-efficacy (SMD = 0.638;P < 0.001; CI =1.76–0.426; heterogeneity; P < 0.001; I2 = 97%).CONCLUSION: Cervical screening education program based on the HBM can be effective on Iranianwomen’s performance in their perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barrier, andperceived self-efficacy about Pap smear test.

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Using an educational program based on health belief model to improve the preventive behaviors of nurses against cardiovascular diseases

. Shahram Ghasemi Amraei; . Farideh Malekshahi; . Fateme Goudarzi; . Farzad Ebrahimzadeh

Volume 10, Issue 4 , April 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: An unhealthy lifestyle can threaten the health of nursing staff, especially in thecontext of cardiovascular diseases  (CVDs). Considering the importance of health education ...  Read More BACKGROUND: An unhealthy lifestyle can threaten the health of nursing staff, especially in thecontext of cardiovascular diseases  (CVDs). Considering the importance of health education inpromoting preventive behaviors against these diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the effect ofan educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) on improving preventive behaviorsof nurses against CVDs.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a randomized controlled trial with a pretest–posttest designconducted on 104 nursing staff of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Kuhdasht, Lorestan, Iran, in 2017.They were randomly assigned into two groups of HBM (n = 52) and control (n = 52). The HBM groupreceived the educational intervention for 6 weeks, one session per week each for 30–40 min. Theywere measured before and after the intervention using a demographic form, a researcher‑made HBMquestionnaire, Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the 3‑day food intake record all inPersian. The collected data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)v. 24 software using the Chi‑squared test and paired t‑test.RESULTS: The educational program could only increase the perceived severity (22.64 ± 2.22),perceived benefits (50.83 ± 5.22), and perceived self‑efficacy (42.37 ± 5.93) of nurses in the HBMgroup compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The nurses’ perceived sensitivity was also increased,but it was not significant (P  >  0.05). In the HBM group, a significant change was found in thefood intake level for energy (t = 4.79, P = 0.000), protein (t = −2.99, P = 0.004), and unsaturatedfat (t = −2.94, P = 0.005) after intervention. No significant difference was observed in the total physicalactivity score after the intervention (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: An educational program based on the HBM model can be used to increase theseverity, benefits, and self‑efficacy of the nurses’ preventive behaviors against CVDs and modifytheir dietary regime.

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The effects of an educational program based on the health belief model on information‑motivation‑skill‑behavioral skills among women living with human immunodeficiency virus

. Zahra Bayat Jozani; . Minoo Mohraz; . Mostafa Qorbani; . Touran Bahrami Babaheidari; . Zohreh Mahmoodi

Volume 9, Issue 12 , December 2019, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a kind of behavioral disease in thatadopting behavioral changes is the only way to control and stop the epidemic. The aim of this studyis ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a kind of behavioral disease in thatadopting behavioral changes is the only way to control and stop the epidemic. The aim of this studyis to investigate the effect of education base on the health belief model (HBM) on health‑seekingbehavior among HIV‑positive women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a paralleled, randomized controlled clinical trial donewith control group among HIV‑positive women who were registered at the voluntary and counselingtesting center of Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran. Data were gathered by using information obtainedfrom the Motivation‑Skill‑Behavior questionnaire and demographic data. The women were divided bypermuted block and were randomized into two groups. Interventional group participated in six HBMeducational classes and used routine counseling guidelines, but the control group used only routinecounseling protocol. Data were collected before, immediately after, and 3 weeks after interferenceamong all participants. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 16.RESULTS: According to the results and statistical test, before intervention, the mean score ofknowledge was not significantly different in the two groups, but after intervention in the interventionalgroup, test result and follow‑up increased statistically significantly (P = 0.000). Both groups hadincreased mean score of knowledge, and there is significant trend in level of knowledge(interventionalgroup 20.79 ± 1.88, control group: 17.36 ±2.44) and there was a significant increase in mean attitudefollow‑up score (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: According to the result of the present study, counseling base on HBM by trainededucator can increase information‑motivation‑skill‑behavior among women living with HIV.

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Predictors of mammography based on Health Belief Model in Khorramabad women

. Zahra Khazir; . Mohammad Ali Morrowati Sharifabad1; . Ali Akbar Vaezi; . Behnaz Enjezab; . Hossein Fallahzadeh; . Fatemeh Yari

Volume 9, Issue 9 , September 2019, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Health beliefs play an important role in people’s willingness to participate inhealth‑promoting behaviors. Given the role of beliefs in women’s function and ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Health beliefs play an important role in people’s willingness to participate inhealth‑promoting behaviors. Given the role of beliefs in women’s function and the importance ofthe benefits of mammogram, and because the predictors of a behavior are a major prerequisite tocodification of an effective prevention program, the present study was conducted with the aim ofpredicting mammography based on Health Belief Model (HBM) in women in Khorramabad.Materials and Methods: In this cross‑sectional study, 262 women referring to health centers inKhorramabad, Lorestan province, in 2018, were selected by randomly sampling. The data collectiontool was a four‑part questionnaire including demographic information, knowledge on breast cancerand mammography, Champion’s Health Belief Model, and Champion’s Self‑Efficacy Questionnairefor Mammography. Validity and reliability of the tool were investigated and confirmed. Data wereanalyzed by version 16 of SPSS software using descriptive statistics, Chi‑squared test, and multiplelogistic regression.RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 49.26 (±7.79) years.Seventy‑nine (30.85%) of the 262 participants reported mammography. Constructs’ sensitivity,benefits, barriers, and perceived self‑efficacy were significantly different in terms of performingmammography (P < 0.05). Participants with a history of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 11.18, 95%confidence interval [CI] = [3.73–33.46]) had lower perceived barriers (OR = 3.54, 95% CI= [1.77–7.09]),were more likely to undergo mammography than women with no family history of breast cancer, andhad moderate‑to‑high perceived barriers (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that health managers are required to pay moreattention to training and promoting screening methods. Understanding the barriers to mammography inwomen by managers can help design and implement effective programs that enhance mammographyin women.

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Predicting oral health behaviors among Iranian students by using health belief model

. Azam Goodarzi; . Alireza Heidarnia; . Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian; . Mohammad Eslami

Volume 9, Issue 1 , January 2019, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is assessing predictors to oral health behavior in Iranianstudents based on the health belief model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is assessing predictors to oral health behavior in Iranianstudents based on the health belief model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 416 (applying thestatistical estimation) of fifth‑grade female students of Tehran in 2016. Random cluster samplingmethod was used to recruit students. The inclusion criteria were being grade five female student(aged 10–12 years), and studying in governmental schools, and having a signed consent from thechild’s parent or legal guardian. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the variables thatpredict oral health behaviors.RESULTS: Overall, 416 female students were entered into the study. Of these, only55.3% of the students reported that they were brushing at least twice a day, 22.4%were using dental floss at least once a day, and 23.1% reported checking their teethevery 6 months. The results obtained from the logistic regression analysis indicated thatperceived self‑efficacy, was the significant predicting factor for brushing at least twice a day(odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.06–1.69, P = 0.012) and use of dentalfloss at least once a day (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.14–2.27, P = 0.007). Furthermore, mother’s jobpredicted use of dental floss at least once a day by (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.07–3.10). Perceivedbenefits were the significant predicting factor for 6 months check (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.14–2.77).CONCLUSION: The current study provides evidence oral health can be promoted by increasingperceived self‑efficacy and enhancing perceived benefits in female students.

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Evaluation of an educational intervention based on health belief model on beta thalassemia carrier and final suspects couples

. Nourdin Saeedi Kia; . Khdabaakhsh Karami; . Hashem Mohamadian; . Amal Saki Malehi

Volume 8, Issue 6 , June 2018, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Beta‑thalassemia is the most severe form of thalassemia major in which wherethe person needs regular blood transfusions and medical cares. The genetic experiment of ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Beta‑thalassemia is the most severe form of thalassemia major in which wherethe person needs regular blood transfusions and medical cares. The genetic experiment of prenataldiagnosis (PND) has been effective in the diagnosis of fetus with thalassemia major. This studywas aimed to evaluate educational interventions on perceived susceptibility, perceived severity,perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and self‑efficacy in beta‑thalassemia carriersand suspected couples on doing a PND genetic test in Andimeshk.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this quasi‑experimental study, 224 beta‑thalassemia carriersand suspected couples were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The data werecollected using a researcher‑made validated questionnaire using the self‑administrated method.Before the intervention, questionnaires for both groups were completed, and then, an educationalintervention was done for the intervention group during a month in four sessions for 30 min. After2 months, the questionnaire was completed again by both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSSsoftware version 20.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean score of health belief model (HBM)variables and behavior between intervention and control groups before intervention (P < 0.05).However, after the educational intervention, the significant statistical difference in the mean scoreof perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, guidance foraction, self‑efficacy, and behavior of PND β‑thalassemia genetic tests was observed between theintervention and control groups. (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Educational programs based on HBM can increase HBM constructs, behavior, andself‑efficacy of beta‑thalassemia carrier couples for doing beta‑thalassemia PND.

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Determinants of the self‑efficacy of physical activity for maintaining weight during pregnancy: The application of the health belief model

. Nafise Abdolaliyan; . Hossein Shahnazi; . Ashraf Kzemi; . Akbar Hasanzadeh

Volume 7, Issue 5 , September and October 2017, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy is one of the high‑risk periods for women’s health that the lack ofattention to healthy behaviors such as weight control behaviors can lead to adverse ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy is one of the high‑risk periods for women’s health that the lack ofattention to healthy behaviors such as weight control behaviors can lead to adverse consequenceson the health of women and also the fetus. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to explore thedeterminants of weight control self‑efficacy among pregnant women using Health Belief Model (HBM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross‑sectional study were enrolled 202 pregnant womenreferring to Health Care Center in Isfahan city, Iran. Sampling method was multistage random.A researcher‑made instrument based on HBM structures was used after confirming the valid andreliable. Data were analyzed by software SPSS 21 and descriptive statistics were representedwith (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and analytical (Pearson correlation, independent tand liner regression) at the significant level of <0.05.RESULTS: The average age of participants was 27.80 ± 5.08. HBM structures were able explained31% of variance of weight control self‑efficacy. Also, of the studied structures, perceived benefits,perceived barriers were statistically significant predictors of weight control self‑efficacy, within whichperceived barriers (β = 0.391) was the most significant predictor.CONCLUSION: The findings of current study showed that the HBM model could be as a suitableframework to identify effective factors for designing educational intervention to improve weight controlbehaviors among pregnant women.

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A randomized trial to promote physical activity during pregnancy based on health belief model

. Mahnaz Shafieian; . Ashraf Kazemi

Volume 7, Issue 2 , May and June 2017, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The positive effects of physical activities during pregnancy are totally recognizedbut due to lack of knowledge and negative aspect toward it, physical activities decrease ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The positive effects of physical activities during pregnancy are totally recognizedbut due to lack of knowledge and negative aspect toward it, physical activities decrease throughoutthe pregnancy period. To find the appropriate model to enhance physical activity during pregnancy,the education that are focused on health belief constructs about physical activity during pregnancy,were assessed.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a semi‑experimental study conducted on 90 pregnantwomen in their first trimester that were divided into two groups of control and intervention.After assessing health belief model (HBM) constructs and measuring the duration of severe/moderate‑intensity) physical activity through a questionnaire, participants were divided intotwo groups of 45. The intervention group received education about physical activity based onHBM and the control group received dental health education. In the second trimester again, theconstructs of HBM and the duration of physical activities were evaluated. Significant level wasset at P < 0.05.RESULTS: Data analysis showed that level of perceived susceptibility/severity and perceivedbenefits and also the level of appealing physical activity (P < 0.05), had a significant increase inthe intervention group after the education, but the mean of the severe/moderate‑intensity physicalactivity with did not rise to 150 min/week.CONCLUSION: Study results showed that education based on HBM could lead to an increase inphysical activity during pregnancy by increasing the level of health beliefs in pregnant women, butthis increase does not reach the adequate level.

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Determinants of physical activity in middle‑aged woman in Isfahan using the health belief model

. Habibollah Hosseini; . Razieh Moradi; . Ashraf Kazemi; . Maryam Sadat Shahshahan

Volume 7, Issue 2 , May and June 2017, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Nowadays with respect to the automation of the lifestyle, immobility statisticsin middle‑aged women has increased and they are at risk for complications of immobility. ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Nowadays with respect to the automation of the lifestyle, immobility statisticsin middle‑aged women has increased and they are at risk for complications of immobility. One ofthe models used to identify factors associated with physical activity is Health Belief Model utilizedin different age and different cultural backgrounds and different results have been obtained fromthose studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting on physical activityin middle‑aged women using Health Belief Model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive‑correlation study was conducted on 224 middle‑agedwomen referring to health centers in Isfahan. Health Belief Model structures including perceivedsusceptibility and severity, perceived barriers and benefits, and self‑efficacy were measuredby questionnaire and physical activity was assessed using the international physical activityquestionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlationcoefficient test and regression analysis.RESULTS: There wasn’t significant correlation between perceived susceptibility (P = 0.263, r = 0.075)and perceived severity with physical activity duration (P = 0.127, r = 0.058) but there was positiveand weak correlation between physical activity duration with perceived benefits (P = 0.001 andr = 0.26) and perceived self‑efficacy (P = 0.001, r = 0.54) and had weak and inverse correlation withperceived barriers (P = 0.001, r = ‑0.25). Regression analysis also showed that from among all theHealth Belief Model structures just self‑efficacy structure has influenced on behavior independentlyand other structures are affected by it.CONCLUSION: The obtained results implied on a correlation between benefits, barriers and perceivedself‑efficacy with and moderate physical activity. Therefore it is necessary to develop appropriateeducational programs with emphasis on structures of Health Belief Model that has the maximumimpact on physical activity in middle‑aged women.

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