Journal of Education and Health Promotion

The effect of couple supportive counseling on self‑efficacy in women with insulin‑treated gestational diabetes: A randomized clinical trial

. Sahar Rostampour; . Fatemeh Erfanian Araghvanian; . Masoumeh Kordi; . Farideh Akhlaghi; . Seyyed Mohsen Asghari Nekah; . Mohammad Taghi Shakeri

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes is the most common medical complication and a commonmetabolic disorder during pregnancy. Increasing people’s self‑efficacy is one of the best ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes is the most common medical complication and a commonmetabolic disorder during pregnancy. Increasing people’s self‑efficacy is one of the best ways tocontrol this disease. As there is a lag of intervention in this regard, the purpose of this study was todetermine the effect of couple supportive counseling on self‑efficacy in women with insulin‑treatedgestational diabetes.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 64 women with gestational diabeteswho referred to diabetes clinic of Mashhad Ommolbanin Hospital were divided into intervention andcontrol groups through block randomization during 2019. Their gestational age was in 26–30 weeks.For the couples in the intervention group, three couple supportive counseling session was held. Eachsession lasted 1 h and was held one time per week. The instruments were diabetes self‑efficacyquestionnaire, fasting and 2‑h postprandial checklist and Cassidy social support, which were assessedbefore and 4 weeks after intervention in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 25through Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon test. P values of < 0.05 were reported to be significant.RESULTS: In the preintervention, the diabetes self‑efficacy score had no significant differencein the intervention (30/6 ± 38/50) and control groups (09/8 ± 56/51) (P = 515/0). However, inthe postintervention, the diabetes self‑efficacy score was significantly higher in the interventiongroup (58/6 ± 41/71) compared to the control group (15/7 ± 31/51) (P < 001/0). Also, before theintervention, there was no significant difference between the intervention (30/2 ± 72/10) and controlgroup (87/1 ± 63/11) (P = 137/0) regarding social support. However, after the intervention, there wasa significant difference between the intervention and control groups (879/0 ± 53/13, 03/2 ± 41/11,P < 0/001 respectively). Also, data analysis showed a significant correlation between self‑efficacyand social support (r = 0.451, P < 0.001), self‑efficacy and fasting blood sugar (P < 0.001, r = ‑0.577),and 2 h post prandial (r = ‑0.778, P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Couple supportive counseling leads to increased self‑efficacy and social supportin pregnant women with gestational diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended to use this counselingas an effective method in the management of diabetic pregnant women during their prenatal careto have a healthier pregnancy.

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The effect of educational intervention based on the self‑efficacy theory of high school students in adopting preventive behaviors of COVID‑19

. Zahra Rezaie; . Vahid Kohpeima Jahromi; . Vahid Rahmanian; . Nader Sharifi

Volume 12, Issue 10 , November 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The COVID‑19 pandemic has become a major problem for education systems. Thisstudy was conducted to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the self‑efficacytheory ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The COVID‑19 pandemic has become a major problem for education systems. Thisstudy was conducted to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the self‑efficacytheory of high‑school students in adopting preventive behaviors of COVID‑19.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was performed on Hazrat Zahra andShahed high‑school students in Jahrom (southern Iran) in 2021. In total, 160 students (80 each inthe intervention group and the control group) were selected by multistage random sampling. Datacollection tools included a demographic information questionnaire and self‑efficacy in adoptingpreventive behaviors from COVID‑19 researcher‑made questionnaire. Questionnaires were completedby all participants before and 3 months after the educational intervention. The educational interventionwas performed for 6 weeks by using an educational program based on Bandura self‑efficacy theory.The intervention was performed during 12 sessions of face‑to‑face training in the classroom (two 1‑hsessions per week), distributing educational packages and sending educational videos throughcyberspace. Data were analyzed using Chi‑square test, independent t test, paired t test, and linearregression.RESULTS: After the educational intervention, a significant difference was observed in the interventiongroup before and after the educational intervention (P = 0.018) and between the intervention and thecontrol groups (P = 0.001) in the self‑efficacy in adopting preventive behaviors from COVID‑19 score.Also, the average self‑efficacy score of students increased with an increase in parental educationlevel and a history of COVID‑19 in family members.CONCLUSION: Educational intervention based on self‑efficacy theory was shown as an effectivemethod to improve students’ self‑efficacy in adopting preventive behaviors from COVID‑19.

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Determining the status of preconception care model in pregnant woman of Gorgan city (North of Iran) using structural equation modeling (SEM)

. Narjes Sadat Borghei; . Tayebeh Ebady; . Roghaieh Bayrami; . Roya Nikbakht

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Preconception reduces unplanned pregnancies and plays an important role in reducing maternal and infant mortality. Considering the importance of these care services, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Preconception reduces unplanned pregnancies and plays an important role in reducing maternal and infant mortality. Considering the importance of these care services, this study was conducted to determine the status of preconception care (PCC) model with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 394 pregnant women referring to Gorgan’s health centers. Samples were selected by multi‑stage stratified sampling method. The instrument used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire by Bayrami. Data were analyzed using R software version 4.1.4. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with weighted least square mean and variance method was used to fit the conceptual model and the significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.RESULTS: The results showed that PCC model was deemed appropriate as optimum conditions indicators of goodness of fit; knowledge with a coefficient of 0.182 leads to self‑efficacy (SE), and SE affects the accessibility of facilities with a coefficient of 0.465 and the expected outcome with a coefficient of 0.500. After facility structure with a coefficient of 0.500, SE construct with a coefficient of 0.215 had the most effect on performing PCC behavior.CONCLUSIONS: Facilities and SE as a key element of empowerment have an important role in promoting PCC. Identifying the factors associated with this care appears to help health policymakers to planning for these caregivers more precise and sensitive.

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The relationship between childbirth self‑efficacy and coping styles of problem based and emotive based in nulliparous pregnant women

. Mahsima Banaei Heravan; . Sadaf Rashki

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Vaginal childbirth is the most stressful physical and mental event for most women, which necessitates the use of coping styles. Furthermore, childbirth self‑efficacy ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Vaginal childbirth is the most stressful physical and mental event for most women, which necessitates the use of coping styles. Furthermore, childbirth self‑efficacy will be one of the effective factors to cope with this stressful situation and doing compatible behaviors with childbirth pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between childbirth self‑efficacy and coping styles of problem based and emotive based in nulliparous pregnant women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a descriptive‑correlational study that is done over 323 nulliparous pregnant women attending the health centers in the city of Zahedan in 2020–2021. Data were collected by participants’ demographic questionnaire, childbirth self‑efficacy questionnaire of Lowe, and coping styles questionnaire of Folkman and Lazarus. The data were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient test, linear regressions model, and multiple regression in SPSS software version 22. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: Results of Spearman’s correlation coefficient test showed a significant direct correlation between problem‑based coping style and childbirth self‑efficacy (P = 0/017, r = 0.13); but, there was no significant direct correlation with emotive‑based coping style (P = 0/782, r = 0.01). According to the linear regressions model, just the problem‑based coping style is predicted childbirth self‑efficacy (P = 0/006).CONCLUSIONS: According to the findings, nulliparous pregnant women should be responsible, have a positive reassessment of vaginal childbirth, plan to solve their problems, and look for social support (all of these are part of a problem‑based coping style) to increase and improve their childbirth self‑efficacy. Furthermore, designing appropriate educational interventions based on problem‑based coping style is necessary.

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Online learning self‑efficacy: A necessity for virtual education

. Habibeh Ahmadipour

Volume 12, Issue 4 , April 2022, , Pages 1-4

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Online learning self‑efficacy is considered a major contributor to academic success. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Online learning self‑efficacy is considered a major contributor to academic success. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Online Learning Self‑Efficacy Scale.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted on 211 medical students at Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2021 who were selected through the convenience method. Data were collected using a two‑part self‑administered online questionnaire containing demographic information and the Persian version of the Online Learning Self‑Efficacy Scale (OLSES). Forward and back‑translation methods were used to provide the Persian version of OLSES. Internal consistency of the Persian version was determined by the Cronbach alpha coefficient in a pilot study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20.0 and LISREL version 8.80.RESULTS: The mean of the participants’ age was 21.40 ± 2.52 years, and most of them (56.4%) were female. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was determined as 0.74, 0.90, 0.75, and 0.89 for learning, time management, technology use subscales, and the whole scale, respectively. Exploratory factors analysis revealed the justifiability of factor analysis. In confirmatory factor analysis, most of the goodness of fit indices had an acceptable level.CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the Persian version of OLSES had good psychometric properties and can be used as a simple, valid, and reliable tool to assess students’ self‑efficacy related to the e‑learning environment.

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Factors influencing the consumption of fruits and vegetables in diabetic patients based on Pender’s health promotion model

. Seyed Vahid Ahmadi Tabatabai; . Armita Shah Esmailinejad; . reza Sadeghi; . Batool Zeidabadi

Volume 12, Issue 2 , February 2022, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: To control blood sugar and prevent complications related to diabetes, eating fruits and vegetables in standard amounts is recommended. The aim of this study was to ...  Read More BACKGROUND: To control blood sugar and prevent complications related to diabetes, eating fruits and vegetables in standard amounts is recommended. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the consumption of fruits and vegetables in diabetic patients based on the Pender health promotion model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 260 diabetic patients in Sirjan; one of the cities of Kerman in Iran in 2020. To collect data, a researcher‑made questionnaire of Pender’s Health Promotion Model and a standard Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire were used to measure fruit and vegetable consumption. Data were analyzed using SPSS24 software. Data were analyzed using t‑test, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, and path analysis. Significance level <0.05 was considered.RESULTS: The study showed that 71.5% of patients consumed fruits three or more times and 52.3% consumed vegetables per week. Employment, income, education, and gender were significantly associated with fruit and vegetable consumption (P < 0.05). Perceived barriers (P < 0.0001, β =0.23), self‑efficacy (P < 0.0001, β =0.32), and commitment to action plan (P = 0.002, β =0.20) were the main predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption.CONCLUSION: In this study, self‑efficacy was the strongest predictor of fruit and vegetable consumption in diabetic patients. Therefore, it is necessary to consider health education as well as health promotion interventions based on these variables is considered to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables for diabetic patients.

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The effect of educational intervention based on self‑efficacy theory on pregnancy anxiety and childbirth outcomes among Iranian primiparous women

. Narges Gandomi; . Gholamreza Sharifzadeh; . Marzieh Torshizi; . Ensiyeh Norozi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Pregnancy anxiety is associated with a diverse birth outcomes. Mothers’ educationcould have a critical role in increasing their self‑efficacy to defeat their anxiety ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Pregnancy anxiety is associated with a diverse birth outcomes. Mothers’ educationcould have a critical role in increasing their self‑efficacy to defeat their anxiety and improve pregnancyand child birth outcomes. The study was conducted to examine the effect of intervention based onself‑efficacy theory on pregnancy anxiety and child birth outcomes.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted as a quasi‑experimental design on60primiparous women (26–28 weeks) in Birjand (East Iranian province) from May to September 2017,who were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received8 sessions of 90‑min educational intervention based on self‑efficacy theory strategies besides theroutine prenatal care. Vanden Bergh’s pregnancy anxiety questionnaire and checklist of pregnancyand delivery outcomes were used for data collection.RESULTS: The level of pregnancy anxiety was similar in both groups before the intervention, butimmediately and 1 month after the intervention, the mean score of pregnancy anxiety significantlyreduced in the intervention group and significantly increased in the control group (P < 0.001). Therewas a significant difference in mean neonatal weight (P < 0.001) between the two groups. Emergencyand elective cesarean section were significantly lower in the intervention group compared to thecontrol group (P < 0.001), but there were no significant differences in the frequency of pretermdelivery between two groups (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The results provide support for the effectiveness of intervention based on self‑efficacytheory in reducing pregnancy anxiety and enhancing positive pregnancy outcomes. Hence,theory‑based educational interventions may serve as a cost‑effective and noninvasive approach toreduce pregnancy anxiety in Iran.

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Effect of progressive muscle relaxation technique on self‑esteem and self‑efficacy in multiple sclerosis patients: A clinical trial study

. Ali Akbari; . Farshid Shamsaei; . Efat Sadeghian; .. Mehrdokht Mazdeh; . Leili Tapak

Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2022, , Pages 1-10

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Low self‑esteem and inefficiency are major problems in multiple sclerosis (MS)patients. A progressive muscle relaxation technique is one of the complementary therapies. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Low self‑esteem and inefficiency are major problems in multiple sclerosis (MS)patients. A progressive muscle relaxation technique is one of the complementary therapies. Theobjective of this study was to investigate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques onself‑esteem and self‑efficacy in MS patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This clinical trial was conducted on 100 MS patients were randomlydivided into two groups of experimental (n = 50) and control (n = 50). The experimental group receivedprogressive muscle relaxation techniques in eight 60‑min sessions twice a week for 4weeks. Rosenberg’sSelf‑Esteem Scale and Self‑Efficacy Scales of MS patients were completed before, immediately, and4 weeks after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16.RESULTS: The mean score of self‑esteem was not significantly different between thecontrol (26.02 ± 5.83) and experimental (26.40 ± 6.06) groups before intervention (P = 0.247).The mean score of self‑esteem in the control group (27.16 ± 7.45) and the experimentalgroup (29.06 ± 6.61) immediately after the intervention (P = 0.083) was not significantly different.4 weeks after the intervention, the mean scores of self‑esteem in the control (26.96 ± 8.33)and the experimental (29.98 ± 7.02) groups were significantly different (P = 0.012). Themean score of self‑efficacy was significantly different between the control (41.62 ± 4.46) andexperimental (39.32 ± 4.31) groups before intervention (P = 0.010). The mean scores of self‑efficacyin the control group (38.38 ± 5.07) and the experimental group (44 ± 4.46) immediately after theintervention (P < 0.001) and 4 weeks after intervention showed a significant difference between thecontrol group (38.04 ± 5.46) and the experimental (46.40 ± 5.04) groups (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Due to the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on self‑esteem and self‑efficacyof MS patients, its safety and simplicity, this technique can be used as a complementary therapy toenhance the level of self‑esteem and self‑efficacy of MS patients.

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Investigating the effect of educational intervention based on the Pender’s health promotion model on lifestyle and self‑efficacy of the patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A clinical trial

. Parya Vakilian; . Mokhtar Mahmoudi; . Fatemeh Oskouie; . Ali Asghar Firouzian; . Alice Khachian

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on thePender’s health promotion model (HPM) on lifestyle and self‑efficacy of the patients ...  Read More BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on thePender’s health promotion model (HPM) on lifestyle and self‑efficacy of the patients with diabeticfoot ulcer.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this clinical trial conducted in 2019, 74 patients based oninclusion criteria were selected through convenience sampling and allocated to two groups ofintervention (n = 37) and control (n = 37) using the randomized permuted block method. In thisstudy, Demographic characteristics and localized Diabetes Foot Care Self‑Efficacy Scale andHealth‑Promoting Lifestyle Profile Questionnaire for diabetic foot care were completed by two groups.The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and through descriptive and comparative statistics,independent t‑test, paired t‑test, and ANCOVA.RESULTS: After the intervention, the mean score of the intervention group significantly increasedin all lifestyle dimensions (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean score of self‑effcacy increased in theintervention group after the intervention (P < 0.001). Comparing the change in the mean scores oflifestyle and self‑efficacy in both the groups 50 days after the intervention, an increase was observedin the mean scores of self‑efficacy (P < 0.001) as well as those of lifestyle and its dimensions in theintervention group compared to those in the control group (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Educational intervention based on the Pender’s HPM can promote the self‑efficacy,lifestyle, and its dimensions in the patients with diabetic foot ulcers. The results of this study can beused in educational interventions aiming at patients with diabetic foot ulcers to change their lifestyleand improve their self‑efficacy.

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The social‑cognitive determinants of calcium intake for preventing osteoporosis in women in Isfahan: A cross‑sectional study using path analysis

. Mahin Nematollahi; . Ahmad Ali Eslami

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a common disease in women over age 45 years.Calcium intake is among the factors that help prevent osteoporosis. Identifying the social‑cognitivedeterminants ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a common disease in women over age 45 years.Calcium intake is among the factors that help prevent osteoporosis. Identifying the social‑cognitivedeterminants of calcium intake can have a major role in the development of osteoporosis preventionprograms.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 400 womenaged <50 years from 10 health centers by cluster sampling in Isfahan in 2016. A hypotheticalsocial‑cognitive model was assessed using path analysis, and the fit indices and explanatory powerof the model were assessed. The constructs, including self‑efficacy, outcome expectations, socialsupport, and self‑regulation, were taken as the explanatory variables and calcium intake as thecriterion variable.RESULTS: The mean age of the participating women was 34.07 years (standard deviation = 7.99)(range = 19–50), and their mean calcium intake was reported as 909.94 (12. 6) mg/day. Theconceptual model was able to explain 73% of the variance in calcium intake and had good fit indices.Self‑regulation was identified as the strongest predictor of calcium intake, and outcome expectationwas eliminated from the model since it was the weakest explanatory factor of calcium intake.CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical model of this study is recommended as a suitable framework forthe development of targeted osteoporosis prevention interventions.

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A comparative study of the effect of two educational methods of motivational interviewing and peers on self‑efficacy of female high school students in relation to puberty health

. Sarah Mohamadi; . Narges Alizadeh; . Zahra Motaghi; . Sahar Paryab; . Omid Garkaz

Volume 11, Issue 9 , October 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Adolescents experience many physical and psychological changes duringadolescence. Not paying attention to the issue of girls’ puberty may have a negative impact on ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Adolescents experience many physical and psychological changes duringadolescence. Not paying attention to the issue of girls’ puberty may have a negative impact on theirmental health and self‑efficacy in future. The aim of this study was to compare the two methods ofmotivational interviews and peers on puberty health of female high school students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed semi‑experimental intervention on 334high school students in 2019 through multi‑stage randomization. Data using two demographicquestionnaires and Scherrer self‑efficacy questionnaire in three stages (pre‑test, immediately afterthe test and one month after the test). It was collected that in the motivational interview group, 5training sessions were presented, and in the peer group, only one training session was taught to thepeers and the control group was not trained in any intervention.RESULTS: Immediately after, and 1 month after the intervention, the two intervention groups hadsignificantly better scores in self‑efficacy compared to the control group (P = 0.001). The mean scoreof self‑efficacy in the control group in the three time periods before, immediately, and one monthafter the intervention, respectively (50.75 ± 5.322, 50.45 ± 5.34, 50.45 ± 5.37), in the motivationalinterview group (50.56 ± 5.95, 53.63 ± 5.83, 56.03 ± 6.49) and in the peer group (50.10 ± 5.62,54.40 ± 4.28, 59.19 ± 4.43) was. Moreover, there were significant differences in self‑efficacy scoreswithin and between the groups by time (P < 0.001) in intervention groups.CONCLUSION: This study showed that puberty health education increases students’ self‑efficacy,that correct information should be conveyed by peers and motivational interview, and motivationalinterview is more effective.

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The mediating role of students’ academic resilience in the relationship between self‑efficacy and test anxiety

. Ali Asghar Hayat; . Hydar Choupani; . Hatam Faraji Dehsorkhi

Volume 11, Issue 7 , August 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: There is growing acknowledgment that medical education can be a stressfulexperience for students and may have a devastating effect on their psychological well‑being. Thepresent ...  Read More BACKGROUND: There is growing acknowledgment that medical education can be a stressfulexperience for students and may have a devastating effect on their psychological well‑being. Thepresent article, therefore, aimed at investigating students’ academic resilience as a mediating variablein self‑efficacy‑test anxiety relation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross‑sectional correlational study, a convenience sampleof 243 medical students was selected and participated, three prevalidated questionnaires wereapplied, that is, general self‑efficacy questionnaire, academic resilience questionnaire, and testanxiety questionnaire. To analyze the data, Pearson’s correlation coefficient as well as structuralequation modeling (SEM) were used.RESULTS: According to Pearson’s coefficients, self‑efficacy was found to be positively correlatedwith academic resilience (r = 0.437, P ≤ 0.01) and negatively with test anxiety (r = −0.475, P ≤ 0.01).SEM results also indicated that self‑efficacy positively impacts on academic resilience (β = 0.43,P < 0.001) and negatively on test anxiety (β = −0.37, P < 0.001). In addition, results demonstrated themediating role of academic resilience in self‑efficacy‑test anxiety relationship (β = −0.108, P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: This study showed that academic resilience could play a mediating role in students’self‑efficacy‑test anxiety relationship.

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The effect of pregnancy training classes based on bandura self‑efficacy theory on postpartum depression and anxiety and type of delivery

. Fatemeh Mohammadi; . Shahnaz Kohan; . Sedigheh Farzi; . Mojgan Khosravi; . Zeinab Heidari

Volume 11, Issue 6 , July 2021, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression and anxiety is one of the most common complicationsthat women face and cause many problems for mother, baby, and family. Considering the effect ofself‑efficacy ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression and anxiety is one of the most common complicationsthat women face and cause many problems for mother, baby, and family. Considering the effect ofself‑efficacy on women’s adaptation to pregnancy and delivery conditions and their mental healthduring this period, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of pregnancy trainingclasses based on Bandura self‑efficacy theory on postpartum depression and anxiety and type ofdelivery.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this clinical trial study, 64 pregnant women were randomly dividedinto intervention and control groups. Mothers in the intervention group received pregnancy trainingin eight sessions (each session was 2‑hour) from the 20th week of pregnancy. The classes were runby a trained midwife and the content of the training was based on Bandura self‑efficacy components.The mothers in the control group received routine care. The demographic‑reproductive informationform, Beck Depression and Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire were completed by pregnant womenof both groups at several times, before the program, 1 week and 1 month after delivery.RESULTS: The results showed that the training program significantly decreased the depressionscore in 1 week and 1 month after delivery in the intervention group compared to the control group.In addition, this training program decreased the mean score of apparent and hidden anxiety in theintervention group 1 month after delivery, although this decrease was not statistically significant.Furthermore, 80.55% of the intervention group and 58.33% of the control group had vaginal delivery,which were significantly different between the two groups in terms of the type of delivery.CONCLUSION: The findings showed that pregnancy training classes based on Bandura self‑efficacytheory decrease depression and anxiety and increases vaginal delivery rate.

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The effect of self‑care self‑efficacy program on life satisfaction of the Iranian elderly

. Mahnaz Shafiei Alavijeh; . Zahra Zandiyeh; . Mahin Moeini

Volume 11, Issue 4 , May 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: With the increase in the elderly population in the world and the consequent increasein diseases and their physical and mental problems, improving self‑care behaviors by ...  Read More BACKGROUND: With the increase in the elderly population in the world and the consequent increasein diseases and their physical and mental problems, improving self‑care behaviors by increasingself‑efficacy in the elderly plays an important role in promoting their health and can increase theirlife satisfaction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of self‑care self‑efficacy program on lifesatisfaction of the elderly referred to selected health centers in Isfahan, Iran, in 2014.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a quasi‑experimental study with two experimentaland control groups and was performed on 64 elderly people referred to selected health centers inIsfahan. The samples were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, and a self‑careself‑efficacy program was performed on the experimental group. Data collection tools includeddemographic information questionnaire and life satisfaction indexes A questionnaire. Data wereanalyzed using the statistical tests such as Chi‑square, independent t‑test, Mann–Whitney, repeatedmeasures analysis of variance, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test.RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographiccharacteristics. Before the intervention, the mean score of life satisfaction was not statisticallysignificantly different between the two groups (P = 0.88). However, immediately and 1 month afterthe intervention, the mean score of life satisfaction in the experimental group increased, and thisscore was significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that the self‑care self‑efficacy program has beeneffective in increasing the life satisfaction of the elderly. Therefore, using this self‑care self‑efficacyprogram is recommended to promote life satisfaction in the elderly.

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Academic procrastination and self‑efficacy among a group of dental undergraduate students in Malaysia

. Eswara Uma; . Chia Hua Lee; . Siti Nor Hidayu Binti Mohd Shapiai; . Anis Nabila Binti Mat Nor; . Htoo Htoo Kyaw Soe; . Eby Varghese

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Undergraduate dental students have to do multiple tasks as part of their extensivecurriculum in order to achieve the proficiencies expected of them. During the course of ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Undergraduate dental students have to do multiple tasks as part of their extensivecurriculum in order to achieve the proficiencies expected of them. During the course of their study, atendency to procrastinate and question their self‑efficacy is detrimental for the students. The aim ofthis study was to evaluate the level of procrastination and self‑efficacy and its related factors amongdental undergraduate students.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted among all (n = 361)consented dental undergraduate students of our dental school. A twenty‑item Lay’s ProcrastinationScale for student population and a ten‑item General Self‑Efficacy Scale were used for the study aftergetting institutional ethical approval. The quantitative data were explained using descriptive statistics.Independent sample t‑test and ANOVA were used to determine the association between self‑efficacy,academic procrastination, and genders and academic years. Pearson correlation coefficient was usedto determine the association between self‑efficacy and procrastination. Multiple linear regressionanalysis was performed to determine the related factors to academic procrastination.RESULTS: High procrastination (score ≥62) was seen among 28.5% of students. The meanself‑efficacy score was 29.5. There was no significant difference between genders for procrastinationscores (P = 0.835) and between academic years (P = 0.226). Males showed significantly moreself‑efficacy (P < 0.001), and self‑efficacy did not show any significant difference (P = 0.204) betweenacademic years though a tendency for year 5 students to have lower self‑efficacy scores was observed.Academic procrastination was negatively correlated with self‑efficacy (r = −0.238 and P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: For dental undergraduates who have cognitive load as well as work associatedwith patients, procrastination and self‑efficacy are negatively correlated.

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Parental influences on medical students’ self‑efficacy and career exploration in collectivist culture

. Afifah Jasmon; . Fitria Masturah; . Nicho Saputra Nugraha; . Rizma Adlia Syakurah; . Azzahra Afifah; . Reynold Siburian

Volume 10, Issue 8 , August 2020, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Families, especially parents, play an important role in identifying their children’stalents and directing their educational journey. The role of parents in their ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Families, especially parents, play an important role in identifying their children’stalents and directing their educational journey. The role of parents in their children career appliesboth to collectivist and to noncollectivist culture.AIM: To examine the correlation between parental influences on medical students’ self‑efficacy andcareer exploration in collectivist culture.METHODS: This research was a quantitative study. The study involved 1017 medical students ofmedical faculties in four faculties of medicine in Indonesia. All data were collected online in August2018. The study was conducted using an online survey questionnaire and analyzed to finally form amodel that displays the determinants of career exploration behavior. The data were analyzed usingthe maximum likelihood estimation in IBM AMOS 24.RESULTS: The results found a model that has various routes toward career exploration in collectivistculture. Path analysis revealed both direct and direct effect toward the variable studied. Parents’expectations had influence on self‑efficacy.CONCLUSION: The findings show the important role between the influence of parents expectationsfor self‑efficacy and career exploration in children.

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Improvement of osteoporosis‑related behaviors in female students based on trans theoretical model

. Vahid Kohpeima Jahromi; . Sepide Bahlouli Ghashghaei; . Nader Sharifi

Volume 10, Issue 8 , August 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is one of the major problems associated with aging and is morecommon among women than men. This study was designed to modify osteoporosis‑related behaviorsin ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is one of the major problems associated with aging and is morecommon among women than men. This study was designed to modify osteoporosis‑related behaviorsin female students based on the transtheoretical model (TTM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on femalesecondary school students. The sample size was determined 100 by using Altman’s nomogram,including 50 cases and 50 controls. Participants were completed the Demographic Information andOsteoporosis‑Related Behavior Questionnaire based on TTM. Evaluation of the data showed thateach participant was at what stage of change in physical activity and preventive dietary behaviorof osteoporosis. The content of the training package was designed, and for the intervention group,2‑h training sessions were held weekly by the instructor in accordance with the stage of changefor 2 months, and the booklet was provided with the appropriate contents of the stage of change.Three months after the completion of training, the questionnaires were completed by interventionand control groups. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software.RESULTS: Concerning the stages of change in physical activity and nutrition, a significant differencewas before and after the intervention in the intervention group (P < 0.001), while no significantdifference was observed in the control group. After the intervention, there was a significant differencein the self‑efficacy and some subconstruct of processes of change, but there wasnot a significantdifference in the decisional balance.CONCLUSION: Educational intervention based on TTM has been successful in achieving the goal ofmodifying osteoporosis‑related behaviors in female students. The results of this study can be usedby health planners to plan and implement health promotion interventions that will undoubtedly helpreduce the burden of disease.

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Emotional Intelligence and SelfEfficacy among deputy’s administrative staff of Kerman University of Medical Sciences

. Arezoo Sarani; . Seyed Hossein Mousavi; . Sahar Salahi; . Fatemeh Hasani; . Zahra Esamaeili Abdar; . Hojjat Sheikhbardsiri

Volume 10, Issue 5 , May 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Emotional intelligence (EI) and self‑efficacy are important factors that lead tosuccess in work, life, and education. Various studies assessed the relationship between ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Emotional intelligence (EI) and self‑efficacy are important factors that lead tosuccess in work, life, and education. Various studies assessed the relationship between EI andwell‑being, performance, and self‑efficacy in educational levels, but this topic has been rarelyassessed in the occupational and administrative environments. The present study aimed to examinethe relationship between EI and self‑efficacy among administrative staffs of Kerman University ofMedical Sciences.METHODS: The study employed a descriptive‑correlational design and was conducted in six deputiessupervised by the Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2019, and 275 participants were selectedusing a census method. The research data were collected using the Goleman’s EI framework with areliability coefficient of α = 0.87 and Sherer General Self‑Efficacy Scale with a reliability coefficient ofα = 0.78. Data analysis was performed through Kolmogorov–Smirnov, analysis of variance, Tukey,and Pearson’s correlation coefficient techniques at P < 0.05 significance level.RESULTS: The mean score of EI was 98.8 ± 11.1 and the mean score of self‑efficacy was 60 ± 7.17.There was a significant positive relationship between the scores of EI and self‑efficacy. In addition,the findings indicated a positive significant correlation between self‑efficacy with self‑awareness,self‑regulation, and social skills.CONCLUSION: The findings of the current study confirm that EI has positive relationships withadministrative personnel’s self‑efficacy. Therefore, implications of the findings can help in the selection,training, counseling, and retention of administrative personnel to the improvement of medical sciencesuniversities’ occupational performance.

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Investigating the Relationship between Iranian EFL Teachers’ Empowerment and their Self-Efficacy as a Consequence for their Educational Improvement

. Akbar Azizifar; . Sakineh Naghipour; . Fathola Mohamadian; . Yousef Veisani; . Fariba Cheraghi; . Sehat Aibod

Volume 10, Issue 4 , April 2020, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Teacher empowerment is thought to improve student learning by fostering teachingquality. Therefore, the purpose of this study is investigating the relationship between ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Teacher empowerment is thought to improve student learning by fostering teachingquality. Therefore, the purpose of this study is investigating the relationship between empowermentand self‑efficacy of Iranian English as Foreign Language teachers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is an experimental study; the population of thestudy includes all the English language teachers of the universities of Ilam, Iran. Among whom byrandom sampling, the sample which was consisted of 60 teachers were selected. Participants inthis study answered the School Participant Empowerment Scale questionnaire (Short and Rinehart,1992) as the instrument of the study. The Pearson product‑moment correlation was computed todetermine the relationship between teacher empowerment and teacher self‑efficacy.RESULTS: The results showed that there was a positive correlation between teacher empowermentand their self‑efficacy (r = 0.55, P <  0.01) and differences among teachers’ self‑efficacy is notsignificant according to age (r = −0.14, P = 0.23).CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the study, empowerment and self‑efficacy have interactiverelationships; i.e. self‑efficacy in teachers leads to empowerment and empowerment in teachersleads to self‑efficacy.

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The impact to demographic and academic factors on metacognition and academic self‑efficacy: A study on Iranian students in health sciences

. Elham Raeisi; . Kamal Solati; . Mathias Hossain Aazami; . Nastaran Shamsipour; . Zohreh Sadeghian; . Soleiman Ahmady

Volume 10, Issue 3 , March 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Metacognition and academic self‑efficacy are two emerging resources in the processof learning. Basic levels of metacognition and academic self‑efficacy may differ and ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Metacognition and academic self‑efficacy are two emerging resources in the processof learning. Basic levels of metacognition and academic self‑efficacy may differ and be influenced bydemographic and academic factors. This study investigated impacts of demographic and academicfactors on metacognition, metacognitive skills, and academic self‑efficacy in health sciences students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted among 404 participatingstudents attending various fields of study in health sciences at Shahrekord University of MedicalSciences. Demographic and academic data were collected. Global metacognition, metacognitiveskills, and academic self‑efficacy scores were assessed using published or online questionnaires.Means were compared using Student’s t‑test, whereas intra‑ and intergroups’ scores were comparedusing one‑way ANOVA test.RESULTS: Global metacognition and academic self‑efficacy were not impacted by demographicstudents’ status. The gender and age impacted both knowledge and control of process‑ planning (favoringmale gender), as well knowledge and control‑of‑self (disfavoring 20–30 age class) of metacognitiveskills, (P < 0.05).  Academic status did not influence academic self‑efficacy. The school type influencedthe metacognitive skill component to knowledge and control of process‑regulation (disfavoring nursingschool) (P < 0.05). The academic discipline impacted the global metacognition (P < 0.05) and itsknowledge and control of self‑component (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Demographic and academic status does impact metacognitive skills and globalmetacognition scores. Given the heterogeneous level to innate metacognitive skills, this study shedslights on usefulness to screen learners’ subgroups that require supplementary educational instructionsto uniformly optimize metacognitive skills.

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Self‑efficacy and perceived barriers of pregnant women regarding exposure to second‑hand smoke at home

. Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad,; . Zohreh Karimiankakolaki; . Ashraf Kazemi; . Hossein Fallahzadeh

Volume 9, Issue 7 , July 2019, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND AIM: The inability of women to demand from their husbands, for not smoking,has been reported as a factor in exposure to cigarette smoke. This study aimed to investigate ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND AIM: The inability of women to demand from their husbands, for not smoking,has been reported as a factor in exposure to cigarette smoke. This study aimed to investigate theperceived barriers and self‑efficacy of pregnant women regarding second‑hand smoke (SHS) at home.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross‑sectional study, and the sample size was 255pregnant women who visited the health‑care centers in Isfahan, Iran, from July 2018 to September2018, and were selected randomly and voluntarily. A questionnaire was designed to collect thedata about the exposure to smoke, perceived barriers, and self‑efficacy. The data were analyzedusing descriptive statistics (mean score and standard deviation), inferential statistics (nonparametricMann–Whitney and Kendall test), and Spearman’s correlation and regression.RESULTS: The mean score of self‑efficacy in the exposure group was lower than that the othergroup (P = 0.000). The mean score of perceived barrier was not a significant difference (P = 0.449).Personal perceived barriers are the most important predictor of self‑efficacy of pregnant womenin exposure to SHS (95% confidence interval: 0.013–0.262) (P = 0.030). Kendall test comparingitems within the group and Mann–Whitney test comparing the two groups showed that personalfactors such as “Unaware of the dangers of SHS and protective measures” for notexposed womenand environmental factor “the lack of ban smoking law at home” for exposed women are consideredthe most important barriers (P = 0.000). “Not being together a husband” (P = 0.293) and “going toanother place when smoking a husband” (P = 0.000) are the highest self‑efficacy items.CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to develop training programs to increase self‑efficacy to avoidexposure to SHS and for both pregnant women and their husbands. It is also necessary to educateand inform about SHS and protective measures against it and to set up “smoking ban law” at homein our country to protect pregnant women.

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The effect of educational workshop on emergency department nurses’ self‑efficacy in patient training

. Hojjat Sheikhbardsiri; . Syed Hossein Mousavi; . Mohammad Mahdi Doustmohammadi,; . Masoumeh Karimi; . Sahar Salahi

Volume 9, Issue 7 , July 2019, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: Self‑efficacy is an individual’s self‑perception of one’s ability to perform competentlyand to achieve a task or goal effectively. In the nursing field, self-efficacy ...  Read More OBJECTIVE: Self‑efficacy is an individual’s self‑perception of one’s ability to perform competentlyand to achieve a task or goal effectively. In the nursing field, self-efficacy can be useful in predictingperformance, job satisfaction, or well-being. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, this studyaimed to determine the effect of educational workshop on nurses’ self‑efficacy along with follow‑upin patient training.METHODS: The study employed a single group quasi‑experimental study with a pretest/posttestdesign and was conducted in one educational hospital supervised by the Kerman University of MedicalSciences in 2016. Nurses’ self‑efficacy was analyzed through a researcher‑made questionnaireprior and after the workshop and along with the follow‑up period (n = 20). Data were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation and analytic statistics such as Pearsoncorrelation coefficient, independent t‑test, paired t‑test, and ANOVA with P ≤ 0.05.RESULTS: This study showed that 1 month after educational workshop, the score of self‑efficacydimensions increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, results showed that after a 3‑month follow‑up period,self‑efficacy score increased in comparison to preintervention self‑efficacy score. Results showed thatthe total score means of self‑efficacy before the workshop was 59.01 ± 14.91 while postworkshop,self‑efficacy score means was 79.83 ± 11.90.CONCLUSION: The present research results presented that educational workshop may enhanceself‑efficacy among nurses. According to the obtained results, it is recommended that the Ministryof Health, Treatment and Medical Training, in cooperation with nursing institutions responsible fornursing and medical in‑service education adopt necessary measures to enhance self‑efficacy amongemployees in addition to improving patient training condition at medical processes through similarworkshops or conducting related studies.

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Effect of educational intervention on promoting self‑care in hemodialysis patients: Applying the self‑efficacy theory

. Tahereh Ramezani; . Gholamreza Sharifirad; . Fatemeh Rajati; . Mojgan Rajati; . Siamak Mohebi

Volume 9, Issue 3 , March 2019, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients experience many issues in self‑care behavior. Patientsrequire to control of manage the issue to improve the self‑care. Educational intervention ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients experience many issues in self‑care behavior. Patientsrequire to control of manage the issue to improve the self‑care. Educational intervention to behaviorchange can be effective on self‑care behavior. This study was conducted to investigate the effect ofan educational intervention, based on the self‑Efficacy theory on promoting self‑care in hemodialysispatients.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy hemodialysis patients recruited in this study and dividedrandomly into intervention group (n = 35) and control group (n = 35) with convenience sampling in2016 from Qom city, Iran. Data were collected before and 3 months after education using demographicquestionnaire, self‑efficacy, a valid researcher‑made questionnaire regarding to awareness andself‑care. The educational intervention was performed for the intervention group in 4 1‑h sessionsover 2 months. The data were analyzed through Paired t‑test, Independent t‑test, Chi‑square, andMann–Whitney at the significant level of 0.05.RESULTS: While variables in two groups did not show significant difference before education (P > 0.05),a significant increase was observed in variables of self‑efficacy (P < 0.001), awareness (P < 0.001),and self‑care dimensions (P < 0.05) between two groups after 3 months education.CONCLUSION: The results of this research suggested that employing educational programs basedon the self‑efficacy theory can lead to the improvement of the self‑care behaviors in hemodialysispatients.

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The effectiveness of group training of cognitive behavioral therapy‑based stress management on anxiety, hardiness and self‑efficacy in female medical students

. Sara Sahranavard; . Aliakbar Esmaeili; . Hamid Salehiniya; . Susan Behdani

Volume 9, Issue 2 , February 2019, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioraltherapies (CBTs) for anxiety, hardiness, and self‑efficacy in female students of Birjand ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioraltherapies (CBTs) for anxiety, hardiness, and self‑efficacy in female students of Birjand Universityof Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an interventional study. A sample of 30 participants wereselected through the available sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental (CBT)and control groups (each group, 15 female student). The data collection instrument was the BeckDepression Inventory questionnaire. The questionnaires of Beck Anxiety Inventory, Ahvaz HardinessInventory, and Schwartz’s General Self‑Efficacy Scale were completed by all participants in twostages (pretest and posttest). A 6‑session protocol of cognitive behavioral group therapy wasperformed only on the experimental group. The data were analyzed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov,Levene’s F, Mbox, analysis of variance, and multivariate analysis of variance tests.RESULTS: The intervention group showed that the mean of anxiety decreased, whereas (P< 0.001) themeans of hardiness and self‑efficacy increased in the posttest for the experimental group (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that CBT is an effective treatmentfor anxiety, hardiness, and self‑efficacy. Therefore, through managing anxiety, the levels of hardinessand self‑efficacy can be increased in students of university to be able to cope with the differentchallenges in their life.

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Life satisfaction, general self‑efficacy, self‑esteem, and communication skills in married women

. Zahra Poorbaferani; . Maryam Amidi Mazaheri; . Akbar Hasanzadeh

Volume 8, Issue 12 , December 2018, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Life satisfaction and its determinants in married women are essential for thedevelopment of proper preventive programs. The aim of this study was to examine the relationshipbetween ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Life satisfaction and its determinants in married women are essential for thedevelopment of proper preventive programs. The aim of this study was to examine the relationshipbetween the communication skills, self‑efficacy, and self‑esteem with life satisfaction in married women.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional, descriptive study was conducted on marriedwomen who were selected by multistage random sampling, in Naien city health centers. Datawere collected using the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), General Self‑Efficacy Scale (GSE),Rosenberg Self‑esteem Scale (RSE), and revised version of communication skills test. The datawere analyzed using the SPSS version 20 by descriptive statistics. Pearson correlations and multipleregression analyses were used.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Pearson correlations and multiple regression analyses andANOVA were used.RESULTS: According to the regression analysis test, 35.8% of the total variance in life satisfactionwas accounted for by self‑efficacy, communication skills, and self‑esteem. Pearson correlationsdemonstrated that all correlations between the variables were statistically significant. Inparticular, self‑efficacy, communication skills, and self‑esteem had positively correlated with lifesatisfaction (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: General self‑efficacy highly correlated with life satisfaction in married women.Therefore, in order to increase life satisfaction in married women, it is necessary to focus more onself‑efficacy promotion strategies.

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