Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Midwifery Student, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vaginal childbirth is the most stressful physical and mental event for most women,
which necessitates the use of coping styles. Furthermore, childbirth self‑efficacy will be one of the
effective factors to cope with this stressful situation and doing compatible behaviors with childbirth
pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between childbirth self‑efficacy
and coping styles of problem based and emotive based in nulliparous pregnant women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a descriptive‑correlational study that is done over 323
nulliparous pregnant women attending the health centers in the city of Zahedan in 2020–2021. Data
were collected by participants’ demographic questionnaire, childbirth self‑efficacy questionnaire
of Lowe, and coping styles questionnaire of Folkman and Lazarus. The data were analyzed using
Spearman’s correlation coefficient test, linear regressions model, and multiple regression in SPSS
software version 22. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: Results of Spearman’s correlation coefficient test showed a significant direct correlation
between problem‑based coping style and childbirth self‑efficacy (P = 0/017, r = 0.13); but, there was
no significant direct correlation with emotive‑based coping style (P = 0/782, r = 0.01). According
to the linear regressions model, just the problem‑based coping style is predicted childbirth
self‑efficacy (P = 0/006).
CONCLUSIONS: According to the findings, nulliparous pregnant women should be responsible,
have a positive reassessment of vaginal childbirth, plan to solve their problems, and look for social
support (all of these are part of a problem‑based coping style) to increase and improve their childbirth
self‑efficacy. Furthermore, designing appropriate educational interventions based on problem‑based
coping style is necessary.
Keywords
1. Schwartz L, Toohill J, Creedy D, Baird K, Gamble J, Fenwick J.
Factors associated with childbirth self‑efficacy in Australian
childbearing women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015;15:29.
2. Toohill J, Fenwick J, Gamble J, Creedy D, Buist A, Turkstra E, et al.
A randomized controlled trial of a psycho‑education intervention
by midwives in reducing childbirth fear in pregnant women. Birth
2014;41:384‑94.
3. Arslan-Özkan İ, Okumuş H, Buldukoğlu K. A randomized
controlled trial of the effects of nursing care based on Watson’s
theory of human caring on distress, self-efficacy and adjustment
in infertile women. J Adv Nurs 2014;70:1801‑12.
4. Guszkowska M. The effect of exercise and childbirth classes on
fear of childbirth and locus of labor pain control. Anxiety Stress
Coping 2014;27:176‑89.
5. Sánchez‑Cunqueiro M, Comeche M, Docampo D. On the relation
of self‑efficacy and coping with the experience of childbirth. J Nurs
Educ Pract 2018;8:48‑55.
6. Shojae R, Firouzi M, Shakeri M, Amiri M. Investigating the
impact of counseling with an approach based on acceptance and
commitment therapy on self‑efficacy of choosing vaginal delivery
in primigravid women. J Med Sci 2020;8:13‑22.
7. Bandura A. Self‑efficacy: The exercise of control. 2nd ed. New York:
Freeman; 1997. P: 140‑3.
8. Jannati I, Khaki N. Psychologyi Midwifery. Tehran: Jameenegar;
2005. P: 1468‑77.
9. Mohamadirizi S, Mohamadirizi M, Mahmoodi F. The effect of
religious‑spiritual support on childbirth self‑efficacy. J Educ
Health Promot 2018;7:14.
10. McKee M, Cunningham M, Jankowski K, Zayas L. Health related
functional status in pregnancy: Relationship to depression
and social support in a multi ethmic population. Obs Gyn
2001;97:988‑93.
11. Khorsandi M, Ghofanipour F, Hidarnia A, Faghihzadeh S. Effects
of chilbirth education classes on self‑efficacy of nulliparous
women in coping with labour pain. Bio Info Bank Library
2008;5:56‑65.
12. Javadi‑Pashaki N, Darvishpour A. Survey of stress and coping
strategies to predict the general health of nursing staff. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:74.
13. Andersson L, Sundstrom‑Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Biox M.
Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months
postpartum: A follow‑up study. Acta Obstett Gynecol Scand 1. Schwartz L, Toohill J, Creedy D, Baird K, Gamble J, Fenwick J.
Factors associated with childbirth self‑efficacy in Australian
childbearing women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015;15:29.
2. Toohill J, Fenwick J, Gamble J, Creedy D, Buist A, Turkstra E, et al.
A randomized controlled trial of a psycho‑education intervention
by midwives in reducing childbirth fear in pregnant women. Birth
2014;41:384‑94.
3. Arslan-Özkan İ, Okumuş H, Buldukoğlu K. A randomized
controlled trial of the effects of nursing care based on Watson’s
theory of human caring on distress, self-efficacy and adjustment
in infertile women. J Adv Nurs 2014;70:1801‑12.
4. Guszkowska M. The effect of exercise and childbirth classes on
fear of childbirth and locus of labor pain control. Anxiety Stress
Coping 2014;27:176‑89.
5. Sánchez‑Cunqueiro M, Comeche M, Docampo D. On the relation
of self‑efficacy and coping with the experience of childbirth. J Nurs
Educ Pract 2018;8:48‑55.
6. Shojae R, Firouzi M, Shakeri M, Amiri M. Investigating the
impact of counseling with an approach based on acceptance and
commitment therapy on self‑efficacy of choosing vaginal delivery
in primigravid women. J Med Sci 2020;8:13‑22.
7. Bandura A. Self‑efficacy: The exercise of control. 2nd ed. New York:
Freeman; 1997. P: 140‑3.
8. Jannati I, Khaki N. Psychologyi Midwifery. Tehran: Jameenegar;
2005. P: 1468‑77.
9. Mohamadirizi S, Mohamadirizi M, Mahmoodi F. The effect of
religious‑spiritual support on childbirth self‑efficacy. J Educ
Health Promot 2018;7:14.
10. McKee M, Cunningham M, Jankowski K, Zayas L. Health related
functional status in pregnancy: Relationship to depression
and social support in a multi ethmic population. Obs Gyn
2001;97:988‑93.
11. Khorsandi M, Ghofanipour F, Hidarnia A, Faghihzadeh S. Effects
of chilbirth education classes on self‑efficacy of nulliparous
women in coping with labour pain. Bio Info Bank Library
2008;5:56‑65.
12. Javadi‑Pashaki N, Darvishpour A. Survey of stress and coping
strategies to predict the general health of nursing staff. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:74.
13. Andersson L, Sundstrom‑Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Biox M.
Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months
postpartum: A follow‑up study. Acta Obstett Gynecol Scand 1. Schwartz L, Toohill J, Creedy D, Baird K, Gamble J, Fenwick J.
Factors associated with childbirth self‑efficacy in Australian
childbearing women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015;15:29.
2. Toohill J, Fenwick J, Gamble J, Creedy D, Buist A, Turkstra E, et al.
A randomized controlled trial of a psycho‑education intervention
by midwives in reducing childbirth fear in pregnant women. Birth
2014;41:384‑94.
3. Arslan-Özkan İ, Okumuş H, Buldukoğlu K. A randomized
controlled trial of the effects of nursing care based on Watson’s
theory of human caring on distress, self-efficacy and adjustment
in infertile women. J Adv Nurs 2014;70:1801‑12.
4. Guszkowska M. The effect of exercise and childbirth classes on
fear of childbirth and locus of labor pain control. Anxiety Stress
Coping 2014;27:176‑89.
5. Sánchez‑Cunqueiro M, Comeche M, Docampo D. On the relation
of self‑efficacy and coping with the experience of childbirth. J Nurs
Educ Pract 2018;8:48‑55.
6. Shojae R, Firouzi M, Shakeri M, Amiri M. Investigating the
impact of counseling with an approach based on acceptance and
commitment therapy on self‑efficacy of choosing vaginal delivery
in primigravid women. J Med Sci 2020;8:13‑22.
7. Bandura A. Self‑efficacy: The exercise of control. 2nd ed. New York:
Freeman; 1997. P: 140‑3.
8. Jannati I, Khaki N. Psychologyi Midwifery. Tehran: Jameenegar;
2005. P: 1468‑77.
9. Mohamadirizi S, Mohamadirizi M, Mahmoodi F. The effect of
religious‑spiritual support on childbirth self‑efficacy. J Educ
Health Promot 2018;7:14.
10. McKee M, Cunningham M, Jankowski K, Zayas L. Health related
functional status in pregnancy: Relationship to depression
and social support in a multi ethmic population. Obs Gyn
2001;97:988‑93.
11. Khorsandi M, Ghofanipour F, Hidarnia A, Faghihzadeh S. Effects
of chilbirth education classes on self‑efficacy of nulliparous
women in coping with labour pain. Bio Info Bank Library
2008;5:56‑65.
12. Javadi‑Pashaki N, Darvishpour A. Survey of stress and coping
strategies to predict the general health of nursing staff. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:74.
13. Andersson L, Sundstrom‑Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Biox M.
Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months
postpartum: A follow‑up study. Acta Obstett Gynecol Scand 2006;85:937‑44.
14. Rezakhani S. Making and norm‑finding strategies for coping with
stress questionnaire. J Q New Ideas Educ 2012;5:83‑101.
15. Luque Salas B, Yáñez Rodríguez V, Tabernero Urbieta C,
Cuadrado E. The role of coping strategies and self‑effi cacy as
predictors of life satisfaction in a sample of parents of children
with autism spectrum disorder. Psicothema 2017;29:55‑60.
16. Rasoulzadeh M. The Effects of Collaborative Infertility Counseling
on Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies in Infertile Women
Undergoing IVF [Dissertion], Iran University; 2010.
17. Bahadori Khosroshahi J, Khanjani Z. Relationship of coping
strategies and self‑efficacy with substance abuse tendency among
students. Knowl Res Appl Psychol 2013;14:80‑90.
18. Huizink A, De Medina P, Mulder E, Visser G, BuitelaarJ. Coping
in normal pregnancy. Ann Behav Med 2002;24:132‑40.
19. Salehi H, Simbar M, Abolghasemi A, Abadi A. A comparison of
postpartum depression among low‑risk‑pregnant women with
emotion‑and problem‑focused coping strategies. Qom Univ Med
Sci J 2011;7:35‑40.
20. Brown M, Serovich J, Laschober T, Kimberly J, Lescano C. Ways
of coping and HIV disclosure among people living with HIV:
Mediation of decision self‑efficacy and moderation by sex. AIDS
Care 2019;31:1001‑10.
21. Scheenen M, Horn H, Koning M, Naalt J, Spikman J. Stability of
coping and the role of self‑efficacy in the first year following mild
traumatic brain injury. Soc Sci Med 2017;181:184‑90.
22. Cheraghaligol H, Bagheri N, Rahimi Z. Achievement motivation,
coping styles, and self‑efficacy in students. Contemp Psychol
2017;12:521‑5.
23. Zarrabi R, Rahmatnezhad L, Bastani F. Investigating health
locus of control among women with gestational diabetes and its
relationship with demographic variables. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery
Facult 2013;11:72‑82.
24. Nazari S, Salari P, Mazloom S. Comparison of first and second
month postpartum stress and stressors in primiparous women.
Nurs Midwifery J 2016;14:213‑23.
25. Bavojdan MR, Bavojdan MR, Nikazin A, Kaviani N,
Khezrimoghadam A. The relationship between self‑efficacy
beliefs and metacognition with coping strategies in substance
abusers. J Appl Psychol 2012;6:85‑102.
26. Alipour P, Alizadeh S, Moghaddam Tabrizi F, Sayadi H. The effect
of antenatal preparation classess on self‑ efficacy in coping with
childbirth in pregnant women reffering to Fatemeh polyclinic,
and other health care centers in Urmia in 2015. J Urmia Nurs
Midwifery Fac 2017;14:859‑66.
27. Khorsandi M, Ghofranipour F, Hidarnia A, Faghihzadeh S,
Vafaei M, Rousta F, et al. The effect of childbirth preparation
classes on childbirth fear and normal delivery among primiparous
women. Arak Med Univ J 2008;11:29‑36.
28. Alipour A, Hashemi T, Babapour J, Toosi F. The relationship
between coping strategies and students’ happiness. Journal of
Psychology, University of Tabriz. 2010;5(18):20‑9.
29. Mohammadi ZD, Bosaknejad S, Sarvghad S. A survey
on the effectiveness of stress management training with
cognitive‑behavioral group therapy approach on state/trait
anxiety, pregnancy anxiety and mental health of primiparous
women. Jentashapir 2012;3:495‑504.
30. Sarani A, Azhari S, Mazlom S, Sherbaf HA. The relationship
between coping strategies during pregnancy with perceived stress
level in pregnant mothers. Babol Univ Med Sci 2016;18:7‑13.
31. Bayrami M, Zahmatyar H, Bahadori Khosroshahi J. Prediction
strategies to coping with stress in the pregnancy women with
first experience on the based factors hardiness and social support.
Iran J Nurs Res 2013;7:27.
32. Dadsetan P. Morbid Change Psychological. 4th ed., Vol. 1. Tehran:
Semat; 2001.
33. Mahmoodjanlou M, Nazarpour S, Ahadi H, Kraskian A. The
effectiveness of increasing the self‑efficacy of childbirth through
reality therapy on the choice of vaginal delivery in pregnant
women. J Shahed Univ 2018;26:37‑44.
34. Ghazaie M, Davoodi I, Neysi A, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M,
Nejad SB. The effectiveness of cognitive‑behavioral therapy on
fear of childbirth, fear of pain, self‑efficacy of childbirth and
tendency to caesarean in nulliparous women. Iran J Obstet
Gynecol Infertil 2016;19:1‑12.
35. Gärtner L, Hertel G. Age as moderator of the relationship between
self‑efficacy and effort in occupational teams. Work Aging
Retirement 2020;6:118‑29.
36. Ghazaei M, Tajikzadeh F, Sadeghi R, Ramezan Saatchi L. The
comparison of pain perception, coping strategies with pain and
self‑efficacy of pain in athlete and non‑athlete women. J Fundam
Ment Health 2015;17:159‑64.
37. Mirkohi MG, Boogar R. Predicting diabetes management
self‑efficacy base on hardiness and coping strategies in patients
with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Inflamm Dis 2016;20(4):43‑51.
Factors associated with childbirth self‑efficacy in Australian
childbearing women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015;15:29.
2. Toohill J, Fenwick J, Gamble J, Creedy D, Buist A, Turkstra E, et al.
A randomized controlled trial of a psycho‑education intervention
by midwives in reducing childbirth fear in pregnant women. Birth
2014;41:384‑94.
3. Arslan-Özkan İ, Okumuş H, Buldukoğlu K. A randomized
controlled trial of the effects of nursing care based on Watson’s
theory of human caring on distress, self-efficacy and adjustment
in infertile women. J Adv Nurs 2014;70:1801‑12.
4. Guszkowska M. The effect of exercise and childbirth classes on
fear of childbirth and locus of labor pain control. Anxiety Stress
Coping 2014;27:176‑89.
5. Sánchez‑Cunqueiro M, Comeche M, Docampo D. On the relation
of self‑efficacy and coping with the experience of childbirth. J Nurs
Educ Pract 2018;8:48‑55.
6. Shojae R, Firouzi M, Shakeri M, Amiri M. Investigating the
impact of counseling with an approach based on acceptance and
commitment therapy on self‑efficacy of choosing vaginal delivery
in primigravid women. J Med Sci 2020;8:13‑22.
7. Bandura A. Self‑efficacy: The exercise of control. 2nd ed. New York:
Freeman; 1997. P: 140‑3.
8. Jannati I, Khaki N. Psychologyi Midwifery. Tehran: Jameenegar;
2005. P: 1468‑77.
9. Mohamadirizi S, Mohamadirizi M, Mahmoodi F. The effect of
religious‑spiritual support on childbirth self‑efficacy. J Educ
Health Promot 2018;7:14.
10. McKee M, Cunningham M, Jankowski K, Zayas L. Health related
functional status in pregnancy: Relationship to depression
and social support in a multi ethmic population. Obs Gyn
2001;97:988‑93.
11. Khorsandi M, Ghofanipour F, Hidarnia A, Faghihzadeh S. Effects
of chilbirth education classes on self‑efficacy of nulliparous
women in coping with labour pain. Bio Info Bank Library
2008;5:56‑65.
12. Javadi‑Pashaki N, Darvishpour A. Survey of stress and coping
strategies to predict the general health of nursing staff. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:74.
13. Andersson L, Sundstrom‑Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Biox M.
Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months
postpartum: A follow‑up study. Acta Obstett Gynecol Scand 1. Schwartz L, Toohill J, Creedy D, Baird K, Gamble J, Fenwick J.
Factors associated with childbirth self‑efficacy in Australian
childbearing women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015;15:29.
2. Toohill J, Fenwick J, Gamble J, Creedy D, Buist A, Turkstra E, et al.
A randomized controlled trial of a psycho‑education intervention
by midwives in reducing childbirth fear in pregnant women. Birth
2014;41:384‑94.
3. Arslan-Özkan İ, Okumuş H, Buldukoğlu K. A randomized
controlled trial of the effects of nursing care based on Watson’s
theory of human caring on distress, self-efficacy and adjustment
in infertile women. J Adv Nurs 2014;70:1801‑12.
4. Guszkowska M. The effect of exercise and childbirth classes on
fear of childbirth and locus of labor pain control. Anxiety Stress
Coping 2014;27:176‑89.
5. Sánchez‑Cunqueiro M, Comeche M, Docampo D. On the relation
of self‑efficacy and coping with the experience of childbirth. J Nurs
Educ Pract 2018;8:48‑55.
6. Shojae R, Firouzi M, Shakeri M, Amiri M. Investigating the
impact of counseling with an approach based on acceptance and
commitment therapy on self‑efficacy of choosing vaginal delivery
in primigravid women. J Med Sci 2020;8:13‑22.
7. Bandura A. Self‑efficacy: The exercise of control. 2nd ed. New York:
Freeman; 1997. P: 140‑3.
8. Jannati I, Khaki N. Psychologyi Midwifery. Tehran: Jameenegar;
2005. P: 1468‑77.
9. Mohamadirizi S, Mohamadirizi M, Mahmoodi F. The effect of
religious‑spiritual support on childbirth self‑efficacy. J Educ
Health Promot 2018;7:14.
10. McKee M, Cunningham M, Jankowski K, Zayas L. Health related
functional status in pregnancy: Relationship to depression
and social support in a multi ethmic population. Obs Gyn
2001;97:988‑93.
11. Khorsandi M, Ghofanipour F, Hidarnia A, Faghihzadeh S. Effects
of chilbirth education classes on self‑efficacy of nulliparous
women in coping with labour pain. Bio Info Bank Library
2008;5:56‑65.
12. Javadi‑Pashaki N, Darvishpour A. Survey of stress and coping
strategies to predict the general health of nursing staff. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:74.
13. Andersson L, Sundstrom‑Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Biox M.
Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months
postpartum: A follow‑up study. Acta Obstett Gynecol Scand 1. Schwartz L, Toohill J, Creedy D, Baird K, Gamble J, Fenwick J.
Factors associated with childbirth self‑efficacy in Australian
childbearing women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015;15:29.
2. Toohill J, Fenwick J, Gamble J, Creedy D, Buist A, Turkstra E, et al.
A randomized controlled trial of a psycho‑education intervention
by midwives in reducing childbirth fear in pregnant women. Birth
2014;41:384‑94.
3. Arslan-Özkan İ, Okumuş H, Buldukoğlu K. A randomized
controlled trial of the effects of nursing care based on Watson’s
theory of human caring on distress, self-efficacy and adjustment
in infertile women. J Adv Nurs 2014;70:1801‑12.
4. Guszkowska M. The effect of exercise and childbirth classes on
fear of childbirth and locus of labor pain control. Anxiety Stress
Coping 2014;27:176‑89.
5. Sánchez‑Cunqueiro M, Comeche M, Docampo D. On the relation
of self‑efficacy and coping with the experience of childbirth. J Nurs
Educ Pract 2018;8:48‑55.
6. Shojae R, Firouzi M, Shakeri M, Amiri M. Investigating the
impact of counseling with an approach based on acceptance and
commitment therapy on self‑efficacy of choosing vaginal delivery
in primigravid women. J Med Sci 2020;8:13‑22.
7. Bandura A. Self‑efficacy: The exercise of control. 2nd ed. New York:
Freeman; 1997. P: 140‑3.
8. Jannati I, Khaki N. Psychologyi Midwifery. Tehran: Jameenegar;
2005. P: 1468‑77.
9. Mohamadirizi S, Mohamadirizi M, Mahmoodi F. The effect of
religious‑spiritual support on childbirth self‑efficacy. J Educ
Health Promot 2018;7:14.
10. McKee M, Cunningham M, Jankowski K, Zayas L. Health related
functional status in pregnancy: Relationship to depression
and social support in a multi ethmic population. Obs Gyn
2001;97:988‑93.
11. Khorsandi M, Ghofanipour F, Hidarnia A, Faghihzadeh S. Effects
of chilbirth education classes on self‑efficacy of nulliparous
women in coping with labour pain. Bio Info Bank Library
2008;5:56‑65.
12. Javadi‑Pashaki N, Darvishpour A. Survey of stress and coping
strategies to predict the general health of nursing staff. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:74.
13. Andersson L, Sundstrom‑Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Biox M.
Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months
postpartum: A follow‑up study. Acta Obstett Gynecol Scand 2006;85:937‑44.
14. Rezakhani S. Making and norm‑finding strategies for coping with
stress questionnaire. J Q New Ideas Educ 2012;5:83‑101.
15. Luque Salas B, Yáñez Rodríguez V, Tabernero Urbieta C,
Cuadrado E. The role of coping strategies and self‑effi cacy as
predictors of life satisfaction in a sample of parents of children
with autism spectrum disorder. Psicothema 2017;29:55‑60.
16. Rasoulzadeh M. The Effects of Collaborative Infertility Counseling
on Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies in Infertile Women
Undergoing IVF [Dissertion], Iran University; 2010.
17. Bahadori Khosroshahi J, Khanjani Z. Relationship of coping
strategies and self‑efficacy with substance abuse tendency among
students. Knowl Res Appl Psychol 2013;14:80‑90.
18. Huizink A, De Medina P, Mulder E, Visser G, BuitelaarJ. Coping
in normal pregnancy. Ann Behav Med 2002;24:132‑40.
19. Salehi H, Simbar M, Abolghasemi A, Abadi A. A comparison of
postpartum depression among low‑risk‑pregnant women with
emotion‑and problem‑focused coping strategies. Qom Univ Med
Sci J 2011;7:35‑40.
20. Brown M, Serovich J, Laschober T, Kimberly J, Lescano C. Ways
of coping and HIV disclosure among people living with HIV:
Mediation of decision self‑efficacy and moderation by sex. AIDS
Care 2019;31:1001‑10.
21. Scheenen M, Horn H, Koning M, Naalt J, Spikman J. Stability of
coping and the role of self‑efficacy in the first year following mild
traumatic brain injury. Soc Sci Med 2017;181:184‑90.
22. Cheraghaligol H, Bagheri N, Rahimi Z. Achievement motivation,
coping styles, and self‑efficacy in students. Contemp Psychol
2017;12:521‑5.
23. Zarrabi R, Rahmatnezhad L, Bastani F. Investigating health
locus of control among women with gestational diabetes and its
relationship with demographic variables. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery
Facult 2013;11:72‑82.
24. Nazari S, Salari P, Mazloom S. Comparison of first and second
month postpartum stress and stressors in primiparous women.
Nurs Midwifery J 2016;14:213‑23.
25. Bavojdan MR, Bavojdan MR, Nikazin A, Kaviani N,
Khezrimoghadam A. The relationship between self‑efficacy
beliefs and metacognition with coping strategies in substance
abusers. J Appl Psychol 2012;6:85‑102.
26. Alipour P, Alizadeh S, Moghaddam Tabrizi F, Sayadi H. The effect
of antenatal preparation classess on self‑ efficacy in coping with
childbirth in pregnant women reffering to Fatemeh polyclinic,
and other health care centers in Urmia in 2015. J Urmia Nurs
Midwifery Fac 2017;14:859‑66.
27. Khorsandi M, Ghofranipour F, Hidarnia A, Faghihzadeh S,
Vafaei M, Rousta F, et al. The effect of childbirth preparation
classes on childbirth fear and normal delivery among primiparous
women. Arak Med Univ J 2008;11:29‑36.
28. Alipour A, Hashemi T, Babapour J, Toosi F. The relationship
between coping strategies and students’ happiness. Journal of
Psychology, University of Tabriz. 2010;5(18):20‑9.
29. Mohammadi ZD, Bosaknejad S, Sarvghad S. A survey
on the effectiveness of stress management training with
cognitive‑behavioral group therapy approach on state/trait
anxiety, pregnancy anxiety and mental health of primiparous
women. Jentashapir 2012;3:495‑504.
30. Sarani A, Azhari S, Mazlom S, Sherbaf HA. The relationship
between coping strategies during pregnancy with perceived stress
level in pregnant mothers. Babol Univ Med Sci 2016;18:7‑13.
31. Bayrami M, Zahmatyar H, Bahadori Khosroshahi J. Prediction
strategies to coping with stress in the pregnancy women with
first experience on the based factors hardiness and social support.
Iran J Nurs Res 2013;7:27.
32. Dadsetan P. Morbid Change Psychological. 4th ed., Vol. 1. Tehran:
Semat; 2001.
33. Mahmoodjanlou M, Nazarpour S, Ahadi H, Kraskian A. The
effectiveness of increasing the self‑efficacy of childbirth through
reality therapy on the choice of vaginal delivery in pregnant
women. J Shahed Univ 2018;26:37‑44.
34. Ghazaie M, Davoodi I, Neysi A, Mehrabizadeh Honarmand M,
Nejad SB. The effectiveness of cognitive‑behavioral therapy on
fear of childbirth, fear of pain, self‑efficacy of childbirth and
tendency to caesarean in nulliparous women. Iran J Obstet
Gynecol Infertil 2016;19:1‑12.
35. Gärtner L, Hertel G. Age as moderator of the relationship between
self‑efficacy and effort in occupational teams. Work Aging
Retirement 2020;6:118‑29.
36. Ghazaei M, Tajikzadeh F, Sadeghi R, Ramezan Saatchi L. The
comparison of pain perception, coping strategies with pain and
self‑efficacy of pain in athlete and non‑athlete women. J Fundam
Ment Health 2015;17:159‑64.
37. Mirkohi MG, Boogar R. Predicting diabetes management
self‑efficacy base on hardiness and coping strategies in patients
with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Inflamm Dis 2016;20(4):43‑51.
)