Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Evaluation of Moroccan medical students’ experience of online learning during the COVID‑19 pandemic

. Narjisse Damoun; . Youssra Amekran; . Nora Taiek; . Abdelkader Jalil El hangouche

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID‑19 pandemic, online learning has become the main method ofinstruction. This study aimed to evaluate Moroccan medical students’ perceptions of medical ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID‑19 pandemic, online learning has become the main method ofinstruction. This study aimed to evaluate Moroccan medical students’ perceptions of medical onlinelearning experience and to list its probable related advantages and barriers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study on 400 medical students randomly selectedfrom the different national medical institutions was conducted. A questionnaire evaluating the onlinelearning experience during the pandemic was distributed via institutional e‑mails. Statistical analyseswere carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).RESULTS: 51.2% of students were satisfied with the online learning experience and reported severalbenefits including no need to travel (35.8%), cost savings (20.7%), and flexibility of home studying(32.3%). Technical issues related to the use of platforms or internet connection, limited interactionbetween students and their instructors, and lack of motivation were the major barriers to online learning.Moreover, results also showed a significant difference when comparing the attendance frequency betweenpresential classes and online learning (i.e., before vs. during the COVID‑19 pandemic) (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The experience of medical online learning was reported in our study to be associatedto several advantages and disadvantages. Hence, students’ perceptions should be consideredto evaluate and improve the quality of this instructional method for a successful and more activeapproaches implementation.

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Development and validation of breastfeeding and dietary education package for women with gestational diabetes mellitus

. Farhanah Ahmad Shuhaimi; . Syahrul Bariah Abdul Hamid; . Nurul Ainfarhanah Md Yazid

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Recent findings show that a longer breastfeeding duration and proper dietarymanagement could lower the risk of postnatal diabetes. An excellent and interactive educationmodule ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Recent findings show that a longer breastfeeding duration and proper dietarymanagement could lower the risk of postnatal diabetes. An excellent and interactive educationmodule on breastfeeding and diet may effectively improve breastfeeding practices and dietaryknowledge among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Therefore, this study delvesinto developing and validating the content of Breastfeeding and Dietary Education Package (BFDEP)for women with GDM.METHOD: The development of the module involved three phases: need assessment, moduledevelopment, and validation. Six experts deployed a content validity index (CVI) to evaluate threeareas of the module, including objectives, structure or presentation, and relevance. Sixteen womenwith GDM were involved in the face validation process by assessing the “literacy presentation,”“illustrations,” “material is sufficiently specific,” and “quality of information.”RESULTS: Generally, I‑CVI, S‑CVI/Ave, and S‑CVI/UA of the objectives, structure or presentation,and relevance revealed an excellent level of content validity. No alteration was needed for thedomains of objective and relevance (S‑CVI/Ave: 1.0, S‑CVI/UA: 1.0). However, a minor revision wasrequired in the structure or presentation domain (S‑CVI/Ave: 0.98, S‑CVI/UA: 0.90). The expertsalso thought that some module pages were wordy, and a change of font color was needed. Themodule was thus modified accordingly. For face validation, “literacy presentation” and “material issufficiently specific” had a 99% positive response, while “illustrations” and “quality of information”had 100% positive feedback.CONCLUSION: A BFDEP with excellent content validity was developed and can be implemented toimprove breastfeeding practices and dietary knowledge among women with GDM.

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The effect of educational intervention on the quality of life of family caregivers of hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial

. Reza Sotoudeh; . Mousa Alavi

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Family caregivers of hemodialysis patients experience various physical,psychological, social, economic, and spiritual problems that reduce their quality of life. The presentstudy ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Family caregivers of hemodialysis patients experience various physical,psychological, social, economic, and spiritual problems that reduce their quality of life. The presentstudy aimed to determine the effect of a family‑centered education program on the quality of life offamily caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized controlled trial that was performed on 70caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis in the medical centers of Hazrate Ali Asghar andHazrate Zahraye Marzieh in Isfahan. Caregivers were randomly divided into experimental and controlgroups, and the experimental group received an eight‑session family‑centered education program.Data were collected using the Quality of Life Scale (QOLS)‑short form immediately after and 1 monthafter the intervention. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the SocialSciences (SPSS) software version 18 and analysis of variance and covariance.RESULTS: The results showed that both experimental and control groups were homogeneous interms of demographic information and there was no significant difference between them in this regard.Analysis of data on quality of life and its four domains showed that the mean scores of quality oflife (P = 0.089) and its four domains including physical health (P = 0.367), mental health (P = 0.429),community relations (P = 0.132), and environmental health (P = 0.232) increased significantlyimmediately after and 1 month after the intervention (P < 0.001 in all cases).CONCLUSION: Educational programs can improve the quality of life of family caregivers ofhemodialysis patients. Therefore, it is recommended that programs be developed and evaluated invarious studies in the future.

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The effect of instructing mothers in attachment behaviors on short‑term health outcomes of premature infants in NICU

. Narges Abbasinia; . Zahra Akbarian Rad; . Mojtaba Qanbari Qalehsari; . Hemmat Gholinia; . Afsaneh Arzani

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The birth of a pre‑mature infant and subsequent hospitalization and separationfrom the family can impair maternal and neonatal attachment and quality of maternal care. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The birth of a pre‑mature infant and subsequent hospitalization and separationfrom the family can impair maternal and neonatal attachment and quality of maternal care. Thisstudy aimed to assess the effect of instructing mothers in attachment behaviors on short‑term healthoutcomes of pre‑mature infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this quasi experimental study, 80 mothers of pre‑mature infants whowere admitted to NICUs at two referral health centers in northern Iran were studied in two groups in2018. Attachment behaviors were taught to mothers in the test group during four consecutive sessions.Mother–infant attachment behaviors were evaluated at both the beginning and the end of this studyusing a checklist derived from Avant’s Maternal Attachment Assessment Strategy. Moreover, infants’short‑term health consequences were investigated in two groups. SPSS 18 statistical software wasused for data analysis.RESULTS: On average, it took respectively 34.90 ± 12/65 and 31/15 ± 14/35 days for the infants inthe control and the intervention group to reach full oral feeding and 38/5 (38/4–42/11) and 37 (31/85–42/14) days to gain the minimum weight required for discharge. Moreover, the mean length of stayfor the infants in the control and the intervention group was 41/80 ± 13/86 and 39/02 ± 16/01 days,respectively (P > 0/05).CONCLUSION: Instructing mothers in attachment behaviors clinically improved short‑termhealth‑related outcomes. Hence, this intervention is recommended to be incorporated in the careprogram for mothers with pre‑mature infants.

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The double‑edged sword of emotions in medical education: A scoping review

. Nahid Toufan; . Athar Omid; . Fariba Haghani

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-12

Abstract

  Emotions are universal in academic and clinical settings. A student is likely to hope for success,maybe be worried about failure, or may feel comfortable after an exam. These feelings ...  Read More Emotions are universal in academic and clinical settings. A student is likely to hope for success,maybe be worried about failure, or may feel comfortable after an exam. These feelings undoubtedlyaffect his/her motivation, effort, academic performance, and progress. This study aimed to investigatethe role of emotion in the learning and performance of medical students and its mechanism. Thisstudy was a scoping review conducted in 2022 to examine the role of emotions in medical education.The three databases PubMed, ERIC, and Science Direct and the search engine Google Scholarwere searched using the following keywords: “emotion,” “medical student,” “teaching,” “learning,”and “medical education.” English articles published from 2010 to 2022 were reviewed, and finally,34 articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Review of the selected articles showed thatthere was a significant relationship between the cognitive system and emotions in the brain. Theconceptual framework of the relationship between cognition and emotion can be explained in theform of dimensional and discrete views of emotions and based on cognitive load theory. Emotionsaffect cognition with the four mechanisms of memory, cognitive resources, cognitive strategies,and motivation and can be effective in learning self‑regulation, clinical reasoning, and academicachievement of medical students. Emotions in medical education is a double‑edged sword. In otherwords, it is highly recommended to divide emotions into activating and inactivating, instead of dividingthem into positive and negative ones. In this context, medical educators can use the positive aspectsof nearly all emotions to improve the quality of their teaching.

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Elements of the educational policy model in schools (a systematic review)

. Azar Sarghini; . Behnam Talebi; . Omidali Hoseinzade

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  Educational policymaking is a kind of public policy that is done in order to achieve the goals of theeducational system in fields areas such as education and students’ health. ...  Read More Educational policymaking is a kind of public policy that is done in order to achieve the goals of theeducational system in fields areas such as education and students’ health. The purpose of this studywas to determine the components of educational policymaking model in education. The method ofthe present study is systematic review. This is done using the SPIDER framework. The statisticalpopulation of the study included all related Persian and English articles published in the years2010–2021 consisting of 98 articles that are indexed in ScienceDirect, Sage, Springer, Wiley, Eric,and PMC English language databases and SID, Irandoc, and Magiran Persian language databases.The research sample included 52 articles selected in the article screening stage. The number ofPersian language references was 12 and English language references was 40. Sterberg thematicanalysis was used for coding the selected texts of articles. Results of coding the selected texts ofthe articles showed that the components of the educational policymaking model are included in 11themes: quiddity of policy and public policy, educational policy’s necessity, quiddity of educationalpolicy, process of educational policy, consequences, factors, obstacles, stakeholders, evaluationcriteria, and change in educational policies. Paying attention to all the dimensions and factorsinteracting in educational policy can lead to better education and improve the quality of education inall dimensions, especially in the field of health education.

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The age of doom scrolling – Social media’s attractive addiction

. Rajeshwari S.; . S. Meenakshi

Volume 13, Issue 1 , January 2023, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Human survival requires the ability to communicate. Today’s students’ use ofsocial media has opened up a slew of new possibilities; nevertheless, it is hard ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Human survival requires the ability to communicate. Today’s students’ use ofsocial media has opened up a slew of new possibilities; nevertheless, it is hard to say how manymore may emerge in the future. As the years have gone by, the use of social networking sites hasgrown in popularity among teenagers. This research investigates both the ways in which socialmedia draws in users and the ways in which it hooks users by revealing the gimmicky worlds thatthey inhabit. Depending more on social media than on oneself causes a tremendous problem. It isquite challenging to separate human beings from their many electronic devices in today’s world. Theuse of devices gradually began to take over the world.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative research approaches were used in this research. Thequalitative study’s findings were gathered from a variety of secondary sources, including mediaarticles, academic journal articles, and past theses. Throughout the course of this study, a discourseanalysis method was employed, and several case studies were gathered from news articles andjournals.RESULTS: According to the results of the research, addiction to the Internet has been defined asa decrease in an individual’s ability to exercise self‑control within the context of the social‑cognitiveframework. The research is based on true events that occurred in and around India. This researcharticle focuses on the various positive and negative effects that social media may have on educationand students. It is critical to figure out how to tackle this issue.CONCLUSION: One effective strategy is to restrict their access to social media. The bulk of thedisadvantages may be mitigated by reducing the amount of time spent on social media sites. Keepingtrack of their academic progress and dealing with any problems early on can help them avoid thenegative effects of social media on their education.

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Using theory of reasoned action to reduce high‑risk sexual behaviors among patients with HPV: A randomized controlled trial

. Nima Pourgholamamiji; . Hooman Shahsavari; . Arpi Manookian; . Tahereh Soori; . Maryam Zandkarimkhani; . Zahra Zare

Volume 13, Issue 1 , January 2023, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted diseases are a major health problem in all countries. Humanpapillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common viral sexually transmitted disease in both ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted diseases are a major health problem in all countries. Humanpapillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common viral sexually transmitted disease in both genders.High‑risk sexual behaviors (HRSBs) are among the major risk factors for HPV infection. Lack ofknowledge can contribute to HRSBs and hence, education can potentially reduce HRSB risk. Thisis a study using theory of reasoned action to reduce the high‑risk sexual behaviors among patientswith HPV.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a two‑grouped, randomized, controlled trial. Theeducational program was developed based on the results of a survey into the most importantcomponents of the theory of reasoned action contributing to HRSBs among 100 patients recruitedfrom Razi hospital, Tehran, Iran. Then, 110 patients from the same hospital were consecutivelyrecruited and randomly allocated to a control (n = 55) and an intervention (n = 55) group. Then,each participant in the intervention group was provided with the developed educational program.Their counterparts in the control group solely received routine care services. Three months afterthe first educational session, HRSBs were reassessed in both groups. Data were analyzed via theSPSS software (v. 21.0).RESULTS: After the intervention, the mean score of HRSBs significantly decreased in the interventiongroup (P < 0.001) but did not significantly change in the control group (P = 0.70). The post‑test meanscore of HRSBs in the intervention group was significantly less than the control group (P = 0.015).CONCLUSION: Education based on the theory of reasoned action is effective in significantly reducingHRSBs. Nurses can develop and use educational interventions based on this theory to reduceHRSBs and HPV infection.

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The effect of education based on the health belief model in improving anxiety among mothers of infants with retinopathy of prematurity

. Azam Salehnezhad; . Hamidreza Zendetalab; . Shoeibi Naser; . Hamidreza Behnam Voshni; . Mojtaba Abrishami; . Mohmmadreza Ansari Astaneh; . Belin Tavakkoli Sani; Zahra Emami Moghadam

Volume 12, Issue 11 , December 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Due to the role of education in improving anxiety and essential skills of mothersfor caring for their infants, this study aimed to investigate the effect of education based ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Due to the role of education in improving anxiety and essential skills of mothersfor caring for their infants, this study aimed to investigate the effect of education based on the healthbelief model (HBM) on anxiety among mothers of infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 67 motherswith premature infants admitted to the ROP unit of Khatam Al Anbia Eye Hospital in Mashhad,Iran from 2019 to 2020. Participants were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups.Intervention was designed based on HBM during six sessions, each of 45–60 minutes duration. Thecontrol group received routine educations according to the hospital policies. The maternal anxiety,adherence with follow‑up examinations and the rate of neonatal retinal vascularization were evaluatedusing an HBM‑ based questionnaire and State‑Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire and checklists,respectively. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software, version 16, using Chi‑squared test, Fisher’sexact test, independent t test, and Mann–Whitney U test.RESULTS: Based on our findings, no significant difference was observed between the two groupsbefore the intervention regarding the mean score of maternal anxiety (P = 0.141). However, afterintervention, the mean score of maternal anxiety decreased significantly from 67.0 ± 6.3 to 38.5 ± 6.6in the intervention group and increased from 69.8 ± 3.1 to 68.3 ± 3.4 in the control group (P < 0.001).In the intervention group, the mean scores of model constructs (perceived susceptibility andseverity, perceived benefits, barriers, self‑efficacy and cue to action) increased significantly afterintervention (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Education based on HBM appear to be an efficient method to improve maternalanxiety among mothers of infants with retinopathy of prematurity. Accordingly, nurses and treatmentstaff can provide interventions in the NICU based on the HBM to the parents of hospitalized andpremature infants.

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Effectiveness of distance education program on mothers’ empowerment in exclusive breastfeeding: A randomized clinical trial

. Zeynab Taheri; . Fatemeh Bakouei; Mouloud Agajani Delavar .; . Mahbobeh Faramarzi; . Afsaneh Bakhtiari; Fatemeh Nasiri Amir Fatemeh Nasiri Amir

Volume 12, Issue 11 , December 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Mothers need the necessary skills to be empowered in successful breastfeeding.This study aimed to investigate effectiveness of the distance education program on the mothers’empowerment ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Mothers need the necessary skills to be empowered in successful breastfeeding.This study aimed to investigate effectiveness of the distance education program on the mothers’empowerment in exclusive breastfeeding.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized clinical trial study was done on 72 nulliparous pregnantwomen 28–32 weeks with normal pregnancy. The qualified women were randomly assigned to theintervention and control groups based on the random‑number table. The breastfeeding trainingpackages were sent to women in the intervention group via Telegram every week from 32 until37 weeks of gestation. The mothers’ empowerment in breastfeeding (primary outcome) and theexclusive breastfeeding rate (secondary outcome) were assessed by questionnaires.RESULTS: Based on the repeated measured tests, although scores for all domains and also thetotal score of the mothers’ empowerment in breastfeeding between two groups had increasedduring the study period, there was a significant difference between the increasing trends of thematernal empowerment domains in two groups (interaction P value ‹0.001). Also, the prevalence ofexclusive breastfeeding (secondary outcome) at 6 months was significantly higher in the interventiongroup (81.8% and 57.1% in the intervention and control groups, respectively) (P = 0.028).CONCLUSION: Distance education could increase all domains of the mothers’ empowerment inbreastfeeding after delivery. Also, exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months after delivery was significantlyhigher in mothers who were receiving the distance education packages.

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A comparative study of the effect of face‑to‑face counseling and telephone counseling on attitudes toward infertility in infertile couples

. Fateme Ahmadi Rezamahaleh; . Talat Khadivzadeh

Volume 12, Issue 11 , December 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Couples’ attitudes toward infertility are related to different dimensions of infertility.Counseling can change attitudes toward infertility in infertile couples. Therefore, ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Couples’ attitudes toward infertility are related to different dimensions of infertility.Counseling can change attitudes toward infertility in infertile couples. Therefore, this study wasconducted to determine and compare the effect of face‑to‑face counseling and telephone counselingon infertility attitudes in infertile couples.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This two‑group intervention study was performed on 34 infertilecouples who were randomly assigned to face‑to‑face and telephone counseling groups. The coupleattended counseling sessions as scheduled by the researcher. An Infertility Attitude Questionnairewas completed by all participants at the beginning and end of the study. Data were analyzed usingSPSS software version 16.RESULTS: The results of independent t test showed that after the intervention, the mean scoreof attitude toward infertility in the face‑to‑face counseling group was significantly higher thanthe telephone counseling group. Based on paired t test, the mean score of infertility attitude inthe face‑to‑face counseling group was significantly increased two weeks after the interventioncompared to before. The mean score of infertility attitude in the telephone counseling group wassignificantly increased two weeks after the intervention compared to before. According to the resultsof independent t test, the attitude score toward infertility was not statistically significant betweenthe two groups.CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that with counseling, the mean score ofinfertility attitude in infertile couples in both groups had increased. In other words, counseling canchange attitudes toward infertility in infertile people.

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Patients’ perspectives on the quality of online patient education materials: A qualitative study

. Mohammad Ali Boroumand; . Shahram Sedghi; . Peyman Adibi; . Sirous Panahi; . Alireza Rahimi

Volume 12, Issue 11 , December 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Access to online patient education information can lead to more effective self‑careand disease management. However, the large amount of online information provided throughunknown ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Access to online patient education information can lead to more effective self‑careand disease management. However, the large amount of online information provided throughunknown or unreliable sources can challenge patients to trust and use this information. This studywas designed to examine the opinions of Iranian gastrointestinal patients about the quality of onlineinformation used.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted using thematic analysis. Datawere gathered via a semi‑structured interview with 29 gastrointestinal patients, and data analysiswas performed by qualitative content analysis using open coding with MAXQDA 2018 software.RESULTS: Based on the study, 22 codes were extracted in nine subcategories named as: “Emphasison the identity of providers,” “Nature of online information,” “Distrust on online information,” “Poorquality of information,” “Giving misinformation,” “False impact,” “Improve communication,” “Positiveeffect on the patient,” “Better Diagnosis.”CONCLUSIONS: In the current situation, Iranian patients are not confident enough about the qualityof available online information. They believe that the use of current poor‑quality information hasnegative consequences. However, they tend to use online patient education materials are produced inPersian by reputable scientific authorities. Using online information can increase patients’ knowledgeand lead to better communication with medical staff and other similar patients. They can use thisinformation for self‑care with more confidence, and such an approach can also have significantbenefits for the national health system.

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The effect of educational intervention based on the self‑efficacy theory of high school students in adopting preventive behaviors of COVID‑19

. Zahra Rezaie; . Vahid Kohpeima Jahromi; . Vahid Rahmanian; . Nader Sharifi

Volume 12, Issue 10 , November 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The COVID‑19 pandemic has become a major problem for education systems. Thisstudy was conducted to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the self‑efficacytheory ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The COVID‑19 pandemic has become a major problem for education systems. Thisstudy was conducted to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the self‑efficacytheory of high‑school students in adopting preventive behaviors of COVID‑19.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was performed on Hazrat Zahra andShahed high‑school students in Jahrom (southern Iran) in 2021. In total, 160 students (80 each inthe intervention group and the control group) were selected by multistage random sampling. Datacollection tools included a demographic information questionnaire and self‑efficacy in adoptingpreventive behaviors from COVID‑19 researcher‑made questionnaire. Questionnaires were completedby all participants before and 3 months after the educational intervention. The educational interventionwas performed for 6 weeks by using an educational program based on Bandura self‑efficacy theory.The intervention was performed during 12 sessions of face‑to‑face training in the classroom (two 1‑hsessions per week), distributing educational packages and sending educational videos throughcyberspace. Data were analyzed using Chi‑square test, independent t test, paired t test, and linearregression.RESULTS: After the educational intervention, a significant difference was observed in the interventiongroup before and after the educational intervention (P = 0.018) and between the intervention and thecontrol groups (P = 0.001) in the self‑efficacy in adopting preventive behaviors from COVID‑19 score.Also, the average self‑efficacy score of students increased with an increase in parental educationlevel and a history of COVID‑19 in family members.CONCLUSION: Educational intervention based on self‑efficacy theory was shown as an effectivemethod to improve students’ self‑efficacy in adopting preventive behaviors from COVID‑19.

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Coping strategy with coronavirus disease‑2019 health anxiety in nursing students

. Raziyeh Ghafouri; . Arezoo Qadimi; . Hosna Karami Khomaam

Volume 12, Issue 10 , November 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) has a lot of stress onmedical students. This study was conducted to investigating the adaptation strategy ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) has a lot of stress onmedical students. This study was conducted to investigating the adaptation strategy with COVID‑19health anxiety in nursing studentsMATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was designed as a cross‑sectional study. Participantsof the study were 431 students of the Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Shahid Beheshti Universityof Medical Sciences. Inclusion criteria were studying at the time of the outbreak of COVID‑19 andwillingness to participate in the study. Data collection tools included participated in the study. Datacollection tools included a demographic questionnaire, Health Anxiety and Coping Inventory forStressful Situations (Short Form). Reliability of tools was assessed and confirmed with Cronbach’salpha coefficient. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of health anxiety was 0.76 and Cronbach’s alphacoefficient of Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations was 0.79. Data were collected between July2020 and September 2020. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationshipbetween the data. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.RESULTS: Findings indicated that most of the participants were female, single, 22–28 years old, andundergraduate students. The mean of COVID‑19 health anxiety was 5.59 ± 17.04. Results showedthat 19.58 ± 5.05 of the participants used avoidance‑focused adaptation strategies, 25.12 ± 3.88problem‑focused adaptation strategies, and 19.32 ± 5.13 emotion‑focused adaptation strategies.CONCLUSION: The COVID‑19 health anxiety was higher in female, young, and married students.The problem‑focused adaptation strategy should be further taught so that students can better copingwith COVID‑19 health anxiety.

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The survey of nursing students’ attitude towards virtual education and its relationship with their satisfaction during the Covid‑19 epidemic: A cross‑sectional study

. Mansooreh Rooeintan; . Niloofar Hajiaraghi; . Seyed Maryam Mousavi; . Behnaz Asadizaker; . Zahra Gorjian

Volume 12, Issue 10 , November 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‑19) pandemic has increased virtual educationuse. This study aimed to determine the attitude of nursing students of Ahvaz Jundishapur Universityof ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‑19) pandemic has increased virtual educationuse. This study aimed to determine the attitude of nursing students of Ahvaz Jundishapur Universityof Medical Sciences towards virtual education and its relationship with their satisfaction during theCovid‑19 pandemic.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive‑analytical study was conducted during 2020–2021with the participation of 229 nursing students (undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral) who had spentat least one semester virtually at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. The samplingmethod was convenience. The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of three parts.The first part included students’ demographic information and the second and third parts includedthe standard questionnaire of individual development and educational assessment to determinestudents’ attitudes toward virtual education and their satisfaction with this type of education. IBMSPSS statistics 22 software and descriptive and analytical statistical tests were used for data analysis.RESULTS: According to the study results, the mean score of students’ attitudes toward virtualeducation was 35.1 ± 11.3 and the mean score of students’ satisfaction with this educational methodwas 88.3 ± 30.6, both of which are at the desired level. Also, a direct relationship was found betweenstudents’ attitudes and satisfaction scores (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: In this study, the attitude of nursing students to virtual education and their satisfactionwith this educational method had been at the desired level. Therefore, the relevant authorities shouldalso consider the necessary planning in the field of using this educational method and improvingstudents’ attitudes towards it under normal conditions.

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The effect of holding a workshop (group and face‑to‑face training method) on nutrition adjustment on anthropometric indices in children with chronic liver disease

. Zahra Namjou; . Seyed Ali Jafari; . Aramesh Rezaeian; . Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan; . Elham Shahraki Moghadam

Volume 12, Issue 10 , November 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Complications of chronic liver disease (CLD) in children play an important role in mortalityand disability. This disease is one of the health problems of the country and ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Complications of chronic liver disease (CLD) in children play an important role in mortalityand disability. This disease is one of the health problems of the country and due to its chronic and irreversibledisease, it needs care and treatment education programs. Therefore, this study was performed to determinethe effect of nutrition adjustment training program on anthropometric indices in children with CLD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This clinical trial study was performed on 75 children(45 in the intervention group and 30 in the control group) with CLD in the nutrition clinic of GhaemEducational‑Research Center in Mashhad. Children and caregivers with inclusion criteria enteredthe study after completing written consent. Anthropometric indices (abdominal circumference, bodywater level, body fat, height, weight, body mass index, arm circumference) were measured andrecorded in children at the beginning of the study. Children and their caregivers were randomlydivided into control and intervention groups. The intervention group underwent nutritional adjustment(calculation of energy and carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, vitamins and minerals, calculationand selection of diet) training (face to face) for 6 sessions (each session 90–120 min, three timesa week for 2 weeks). Twelve weeks after the start of the study, children in both intervention andcontrol groups were evaluated for anthropometric indices. The collected data were analyzed by SPSSsoftware version 16 and descriptive and analytical statistical tests (Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon).RESULTS: The results of Wilcoxon statistical test showed that children in the intervention group atthe end of the study compared to the beginning of the study had significant changes in scores aroundthe abdomen (P = 0.001), total body water (P = 0.009), total fat (0.001 > P), height (P = 0.001),weight (P < 0.001), body mass index (P < 0.001), arm circumference (P < 0.001). The mean scoresat the end of the study increased compared to the beginning of the study, but the mean scores ofthe studied indices in the control group did not change significantly.CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that diet adjustment training program can be effectiveon anthropometric indices of children with CLD. For this purpose, the use of this educational methodis recommended to improve the anthropometric indices of these children.

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Comparison of the effect of face‑to‑face training and telemedicine on self‑care in adolescent pregnant women: A quasi‑experimental study

. Samira Khayat; . Maryam Palizvan; . Ali Navidian; . Hamed Fanaei; . Zahra Pahlavani Sheikhi

Volume 12, Issue 9 , October 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Improving self‑care in adolescent pregnancy leads to improved maternal andneonatal outcomes of pregnancy. However, self‑care in adolescent pregnancy is less than otherwomen. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Improving self‑care in adolescent pregnancy leads to improved maternal andneonatal outcomes of pregnancy. However, self‑care in adolescent pregnancy is less than otherwomen. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of face‑to‑face training and telemedicineon self‑care in adolescent pregnant women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is a quasi‑experimental study that was conductedin Zahedan in 2021 and 120 adolescent pregnant women with a gestational age of 15–20 weeksparticipated in it. The sampling was done in multistage, and the samples were divided into three groups:Face‑to‑face training, telemedicine, and control. Face‑to‑face training was presented in five sessionsand the telemedicine group received the similar educational content through the mobile applications.The samples completed a researcher‑made self‑care questionnaire before the intervention and at28 weeks of gestation. SPSS software version 21 was used for the analysis, and data were analyzedby ANOVA, Tukey post hoc, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney tests.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in face‑to‑face and telemedicine training in improvingthe scores of nutritional performance, smoking and narcotics use, personal hygiene, and routinepregnancy care (P > 0.05), but face‑to‑face training caused more improvement in the scores ofsports and physical activity as compared to telemedicine group (P = 0.04). Face‑to‑face trainingand telemedicine training in all domains led to a significant improvement in scores as compared tothe control group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the face‑to‑face training and telemedicinemethods were proper methods for self‑care education in pregnant adolescent women. It isrecommended to use these methods in promoting self‑care in pregnant adolescent women.

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A comparative study of the effects of multimedia training materials on mini CEX scores of internal medicine residents in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

. Soheila Shokrollahi; . Farzaneh Ashrafi; . Bijan Iraj; . Athar Omid; . Vahid Mansouri

Volume 12, Issue 9 , October 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Role of multimedia training materials on Mini-CEX scores of internal medicineresidents. We aimed to assess the effect of multi multimedia training materials on Mini-CEX ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Role of multimedia training materials on Mini-CEX scores of internal medicineresidents. We aimed to assess the effect of multi multimedia training materials on Mini-CEX scoresof internal medicine residents of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A quasi-experimental action research study on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-yearinternal medicine residents were implemented.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Mini-CEX test measures students’ performance in six core skillsnecessary for medical practice. Mini-CEX scores of 135 internal medicine residents in 2017–2018were compared before and after the training with prepared multimedia materials. We used repeatedmeasured ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U test to compare the distribution of Mini-CEX scores acrosscorresponding groups. Analysis was done using the SPSS software version 23 (IBM SPSS Statisticsfor Windows. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp).RESULTS: The median Mini-CEX score (IQR) of students in preintervention and postinterventiongroups were 16.14 (5.19) and 19.62 (3.13), respectively. Findings of this study showed a significantincrease in mini-CEX scores of the groups who used the multimedia learning material compared tothose who did not use it (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Multimedia learning resources demonstrated a promising influence on internalresidents’ mini‑CEX scores in this study. They demonstrate significantly greater performance afterusing multimedia learning materials compared to their same‑year residents who did not benefit fromit. This demonstrates the favorable effect of multimedia on the acquisition of practical skills such asobtaining a history or performing a physical examination.

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Challenges faced by health professions educationists en route to educational reforms in Pakistan

. Laila S. Abbasi; . Rahila Yasmeen; . Taliya Sajjad

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Since the field of health professions education (HPE) is an emerging trend in thecountry, educationists face considerable challenges in their workplaces while proposing ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Since the field of health professions education (HPE) is an emerging trend in thecountry, educationists face considerable challenges in their workplaces while proposing any changesin the existing systems of academic institutions. The challenges affect the quality of work, hinderinnovation, and create a dysfunctional work environment, non‑conducive for both personal andprofessional progress. The study was conducted to explore the various kinds of challenges facedby educationists while bringing changes to the existing systems of academic institutions in Pakistan.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative exploratory research design was used to explore thechallenges faced by health professions educationists in Pakistan during their efforts to bring aboutchanges in the existing systems and structures. Thirteen health professions educationists workingin various academic institutions of Pakistan were interviewed through one‑to‑one semi‑structuredinterviews from March to May 2022. The data obtained were analyzed through manual thematicanalysis, and themes and subthemes were identified.RESULTS: Four themes emerged after qualitative data analysis explaining the predominantchallenges faced by educationists. These included challenges related to faculty and staff, institutionalconstraints, challenges from leadership, and stakeholders’ apprehension.CONCLUSION: Challenges are inevitable at every workplace but the field of health professionseducation in Pakistan faces significant challenges in institutions, leading to hindrance in positivedevelopments and innovations in the field. Educationists should be skilled at recognizing thepredominant challenges in the workplace and be equipped with strategies to manage conflicts toachieve productive results and to promote the long‑overdue reforms in the field.

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The effect of case‑based e‑learning on academic performance and problem‑solving ability in nursing students: A pre‑ and post‑test study

. Rita Rezaee; . Fateme Haveshki; . Reza Barati‑Boldaji; . Manoosh Mehrabi

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Case‑based learning is a modern learning approach, aims to prepare studentsfor practical skills. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effectiveness of case‑basede‑learning ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Case‑based learning is a modern learning approach, aims to prepare studentsfor practical skills. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effectiveness of case‑basede‑learning (CBEL) on the academic performance and problem‑solving ability of nursing students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this pre‑ and post‑test study, census sampling method was usedto select 128 nursing students who had nutrition courses during 2015–2017 at (blinded). Before andafter the educational intervention, the students completed the problem‑solving inventory includingproblem‑solving confidence (PSC), approach‑avoidance style (AA), and personal control (PC) and ascientific test for evaluating academic function. Continuous variables before and after the interventionand categorical variables were analyzed using paired t‑test and Chi‑square test, respectively.RESULTS: The mean scores of PSC, AA, and PC decreased after the intervention (P < 0.001). Themean scientific score of the students improved after the intervention (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: This study showed that the CBEL method had a positive effect on the ability to solvethe learning problems and the academic performance of the students and can be used to train nursesto improve their ability to confront clinical problems in the future.

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Comparison of the effect of two educational methods based on mindfulness and cognitive emotion strategies on psychological well‑being and anxiety of eighth‑semester midwifery students before the final clinical trial

. Mahnaz Noroozi; . Zahra Mohebbi‑Dehnavi

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Midwifery services help maintain and improve the health of the community. However,a comprehensive examination reduces students’ psychological well‑being by creating ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Midwifery services help maintain and improve the health of the community. However,a comprehensive examination reduces students’ psychological well‑being by creating anxiety. For thispurpose, the present study was conducted to determine and compare the effect of two educationalmethods based on mindfulness and cognitive emotion strategies on psychological well‑being andanxiety of eighth‑semester midwifery students before the final clinical trial.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a quasi‑experimental three‑group study with availablesampling method that was performed on 30 eighth‑semester midwifery students of the School ofNursing and Midwifery of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2020–2021. Data collection toolswere psychological well‑being and Test Anxiety Questionnaire. Two intervention groups were trainedfor eight sessions. The control group did not receive any training program. The data collected bySPSS version 22 software were analyzed by analytical statistical tests of ANOVA and least significantdifference post hoc test.RESULTS: The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the threegroups in terms of components of test anxiety and psychological well‑being. Furthermore, emotionregulation training and mindfulness‑based training reduced test anxiety and increased students’psychological well‑being before the comprehensive test (P = 0.001).CONCLUSION: It is recommended that educational programs be considered before the comprehensiveexamination to promote the mental health and success of these students.

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Prevention of osteoporosis in menopausal women: A systematic review of nonpharmacological clinical trials

. Azam Mohammadi; . Zahra Behboodi Moghadam; . Fatemeh Ghelichkhani; . Farzane Alidost; . Somayyeh Naghizadeh; . Zeinab Haghparast; . Marzieh Azizi

Volume 12, Issue 8 , September 2022, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

  Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that is associated with negative physical and psychosocialconsequences, so understanding the effective strategies that can be used in the ...  Read More Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that is associated with negative physical and psychosocialconsequences, so understanding the effective strategies that can be used in the prevention ofosteoporosis is especially important. The aim of this study was to integrative review the publishedinterventional of nonpharmacological studies regarding the prevention and treatment of osteoporosisamong menopausal women. In this systematic review, databases such as PubMed, PsycInfo, Webof Science (ISI), Scopus, ScienceDirect, EmBase, Cochrane library, Google scholar, and Iraniandatabases, such as Scientific Information Database and Magiran, were searched. The latest searchwas performed between “November 2020 and December 2020” separately by two researchers andthen double‑checked by them. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Jadadscore calculation tool. Twenty eight randomized controlled trials and quasi‑experimental studies wereincluded in this current study. The quality assessment indicated that 19 studies had acceptable (good)methodological quality and also 9 studies had weak methodological quality. The main results of thisstudy were classified in three main categories such as exercise or physical activity training (n = 15),educational sessions (n = 11), and other interventions (n = 2). The results of most included studiesshowed that nonpharmacological strategies such as physical activity and educational interventionsare considered as the appropriate actions to prevention of osteoporosis among menopausal womenso implementing these strategies can be a good alternative for women with contraindication ofhormone therapy or therapeutic treatment.

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A model for implementing oral health‑promoting school: Integration with dental students’ educational curriculum: A protocol study

. Bahareh Tahani; . Imaneh Asgari

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Schools are ideal setting for children’s oral health‑promoting programs. It is anintegrated model for oral health‑promoting schools (OHPS) with the capacities ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Schools are ideal setting for children’s oral health‑promoting programs. It is anintegrated model for oral health‑promoting schools (OHPS) with the capacities of dental school’scurriculum and dental students as workforces. In this protocol, the principle of planning andimplementation of the oral health program is described.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the PRECEDE‑Policy, Regulatory, and OrganizationalConstructs in Educational and Environmental Development (PROCEED) planning model, a frameworkfor determining the potential predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors that could be interveningwas diagnosed. To adapt the phases of the planning model for integration of the “OHPS” principlesand the dental students’ curriculum, the following steps are supposed to be considered: Phases1–5 which are to assess the baseline data will include the assessment of children oral health statusand parents and teachers’ knowledge, attitude, and performance. Phase 6 or implementation phasewill be allocated to oral health education interventions for students, parents, and teachers, professionalscreening, prevention, and referral. Phase 7 or the process assessment phase will be to record thenumber of screened students, the amount of fissure sealant and fluoride provision, and percentageof trained parents and teachers. Phase 8 or the impact assessment phase will assess the students’improvement in knowledge and practice, decayed, missing, and filled teeth scores, teachers andmothers’ oral health attitudes and behaviors, and brushing and flossing behaviors. At the last, costanalysis of the program and long‑term monitoring of the interventions is suggested.CONCLUSION: In case that the effectiveness of this model is proven, it can be implemented by otherdental schools for the primary schools in their regions. Considering the number and distribution ofdental schools in the country, this model is executable as targeted population oral health promotionapproach in 6–12‑year‑old schoolchildren.

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Online versus face‑to‑face metacognitive educational counseling program on anxiety and meta‑worry in women with a history of miscarriage: A randomized clinical trial

. Mina Ghiasi Shahamabadi; . Tahmineh Farajkhoda; . Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In the COVID‑19 outbreak, women with a history of miscarriage need more mentalhealth. Anxiety and meta‑worry as consequences of miscarriage, besides concerns due to ...  Read More BACKGROUND: In the COVID‑19 outbreak, women with a history of miscarriage need more mentalhealth. Anxiety and meta‑worry as consequences of miscarriage, besides concerns due to pregnancyduring coronavirus, show the necessity of appropriate online and face‑to‑face educational counseling.This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of online metacognitive educational counseling versusface‑to‑face method on anxiety and meta‑worry in these women.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 80 women with a history ofmiscarriage, anxiety, and meta‑worry referred to Imam Jafar Sadegh hospital (labor, women wardand women clinic), Meybod, Iran, were selected conveniently and randomly assigned into twogroups (n = 20/each). The participants received 8‑session metacognitive educational counselingpackage online or face‑to‑face. Data were collected by Beck Anxiety Inventory, Wellz meta‑worryquestionnaire at baseline, week eight, and follow up as primary outcomes and analyzed via SPSSsoftware (Anova and Repeated measure statistic tests).RESULTS: Anxiety in the 12th week (online group 13.75 ± 3.59 vs. face to face 18.25 ± 5.91,P = 0.04) was statistical significantly less than baseline (respectively 22.15 ± 5.67 vs. 22.35 ± 4.93,P =  0.56); with fewer anxiety scores in the online group. Meta‑worry in the 12th week (onlinegroup 11.90 ± 2.59 vs. face to face 15.70 ± 4.06, P = 0.03) was statistically significant compared tobaseline (respectively 17.15 ± 2.70 vs. 18.50 ± 3.47, P = 0.36); with fewer meta‑worry scores in theonline group. Belief about worry in 12th week (online group 66.50 ± 14.60 vs. face to face 78.45 ± 9.27,P = 0.01) was statistical significantly less than baseline (respectively 85.50 ± 8.87 vs. 86.05 ± 8.85,P = 0.96); with less score of belief about worry in the online group.CONCLUSION: Online and face‑to‑face metacognitive educational counseling methods decreasedanxiety, meta‑worry, and belief about worry in women with miscarriage. But online educationalcounseling was more effective. Distance online counseling in COVID‑19 can help the mental healthof women with miscarriage.

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Financial literacy and its correlates among healthcare professionals of India: An ignored educational need

. Neeraj Agarwal; . Bijit Biswas

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Financial literacy is a person’s capability to manage their own monetary matters. There was no information available on financial literacy status of healthcare ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Financial literacy is a person’s capability to manage their own monetary matters. There was no information available on financial literacy status of healthcare professionals (HCPs) of India. So, the current research was formulated to assess the financial literacy status and its correlates among HCPs of India.MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was an observational study, cross‑sectionally designed, conducted among 524 HCPs of India using a structured Google form during July 2020. For data analysis, SPSS (version 22) was used.RESULTS: Among the study participants, 68.3% were found to be financially literate. Among the various subdomains of the total financial literacy, knowledge regarding general domain was observed to be the best (69.3%) followed by savings (63.7%) and investment (58.0%) domains, respectively. The total financial literacy score was found to be positively correlated with higher age [spearman rho correlation co‑efficient (ρ) = 0.25; P =< 0.01], qualification [(medical postgraduate) (ρ = 0.16;P =< 0.01); (medical super speciality) (ρ = 0.14; P =< 0.01)], and annual family income (ρ = 0.29;P =< 0.01). Moreover, males (ρ = 0.23; P =< 0.01)], currently married (ρ = 0.19; P =< 0.01), and surgeons (ρ = 0.12; P =< 0.01) were found to be more financially literate compared with others. Positive financial attitude (ρ = 0.26; P =< 0.01) and regular maintenance of financial record (ρ = 0.21;P =< 0.01) were the other enabling factors of financial literacy observed in the study.CONCLUSIONS: Financial literacy was found to be quite low in the surveyed HCPs as every third study participant were found to be deficient in knowledge regarding one or more financial attributes. Incorporation of finance management in curriculum of the healthcare allied courses and repeated sensitization of the graduated HCPs are warranted to enable them to take effective financial decisions to meet their personal and organizational financial goals.

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