Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Evaluation of Moroccan medical students’ experience of online learning during the COVID‑19 pandemic

. Narjisse Damoun; . Youssra Amekran; . Nora Taiek; . Abdelkader Jalil El hangouche

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID‑19 pandemic, online learning has become the main method ofinstruction. This study aimed to evaluate Moroccan medical students’ perceptions of medical ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Due to the COVID‑19 pandemic, online learning has become the main method ofinstruction. This study aimed to evaluate Moroccan medical students’ perceptions of medical onlinelearning experience and to list its probable related advantages and barriers.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study on 400 medical students randomly selectedfrom the different national medical institutions was conducted. A questionnaire evaluating the onlinelearning experience during the pandemic was distributed via institutional e‑mails. Statistical analyseswere carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).RESULTS: 51.2% of students were satisfied with the online learning experience and reported severalbenefits including no need to travel (35.8%), cost savings (20.7%), and flexibility of home studying(32.3%). Technical issues related to the use of platforms or internet connection, limited interactionbetween students and their instructors, and lack of motivation were the major barriers to online learning.Moreover, results also showed a significant difference when comparing the attendance frequency betweenpresential classes and online learning (i.e., before vs. during the COVID‑19 pandemic) (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The experience of medical online learning was reported in our study to be associatedto several advantages and disadvantages. Hence, students’ perceptions should be consideredto evaluate and improve the quality of this instructional method for a successful and more activeapproaches implementation.

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Medical students’ perceptions of the educational environment in a private medical school in Southwest Nigeria

. Oluwatosin O. Oguntoye

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The educational environment plays a very important role in determining the overallperformance of students. The aim of this study is to determine the perceptions of undergraduatemedical ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The educational environment plays a very important role in determining the overallperformance of students. The aim of this study is to determine the perceptions of undergraduatemedical students about their educational environment in a Nigerian university.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational, cross‑sectional study conducted amongfinal‑year (600 level) undergraduate medical students. The Dundee Ready Education EnvironmentMeasure (DREEM) questionnaire was used for the study to assess the educational environment ofthe medical students.RESULTS: A total number of 100 final‑year (600 level) undergraduate medical students participated inthe study, out of which 27 (27.0%) were males and 73 (73.0%) were females with a male‑to‑female ratioof 0.37 to 1. The age range of the respondents was 21–30 years with a mean (±SD) of 23.54 (±1.403).The total mean DREEM score was 116.2/200. The total score of SPL domain was 30.2/48 (62.9%).The total score of SPT domain was 27.3/44 (62.0%), while that of SASP was 19.2/32 (60.0%). Thetotal score of SPA domain was 26.6/48 (55.4%) and that of SSP was 13.1/28 (46.8%). For the SPL,SPT, SASP, and SPA domains, the score was above 50%. However, for the SSP domain the scorewas less than 50%.CONCLUSIONS: The total mean DREEM score in this study was 116.2/200, more positives thannegatives, with the students’ social perspective having the least domain score. There is a need toprovide adequate social support system for medical students in general and particularly for thosewho get stressed.

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Metamemory functioning and memory strategies used among medical students

. Kinjari Kancharla; . Sagayaraj Kanagaraj; . Ram Gopal C. N.

Volume 13, Issue 1 , January 2023, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Metamemory can be described as an intentional endeavor to guide or controlone’s memory processes. In other words, awareness and knowledge of one’s own memory ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Metamemory can be described as an intentional endeavor to guide or controlone’s memory processes. In other words, awareness and knowledge of one’s own memory processand strategies for using the memories effectively. Planning, allocating cognitive resources, selectingstrategies, assessing understanding, and evaluating performance all rely heavily on metamemorialinformation. For efficient learning, good memory abilities are necessary. This study aimed tounderstand metamemory functioning and to see if there were any gender differences in metamemoryfunctioning among medical students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted by collecting data from350 medical students using the Memory Functioning Questionnaire in 2021. The sample group wasselected from medical colleges in South India such as Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana,and Andhra Pradesh using a purposive sampling technique. This questionnaire focused on theseriousness of forgetting, the rate at which people recalled things over time, and frequency of useof mnemonics and techniques that assist memory. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t‑test,correlation, and regression were used for analysis.RESULTS: There was a significant difference based on gender among medical students in generalmemory functioning and frequency of forgetting (P < 0.001). Similarly, it was also found that genderwas a major predictor of general memory functioning and frequency of forgetting among medicalstudents (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Most medical students believe they have a minor memory issue. Even if the majorityof medical students forget information, the vast majority of them believe they have an exceptionalmemory. Gender acts as a significant predictor of general memory performance and forgetfulness.

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Absenteeism among undergraduate medical students and its impact on academic performance: A record‑based study

. Sayeli Mitra; . a, Paramita Sarkar; . Suchetana Bhattacharyya; . Rivu Basu

Volume 12, Issue 11 , December 2022, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Student absenteeism is a major concern for undergraduate medical educationtraining in India. Regular class attendance helps students have a proper understanding of the topicof ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Student absenteeism is a major concern for undergraduate medical educationtraining in India. Regular class attendance helps students have a proper understanding of the topicof discussion. This study explores the pattern of absenteeism among medical students and whetherabsenteeism is associated with their academic performances.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A record‑based, cross‑sectional study was done by reviewingdepartmental attendance registers, item cards and marks obtained in exam by 190 students in thecommunity medicine department who had passed their 3rd professional part 1 examination in 2018.The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. A descriptive analysis summarizes thepattern of absenteeism and their marks obtained in the semester and professional exam of communitymedicine. The primary outcome indicator was the 3rd professional exam marks. The correlationbetween class absenteeism and other predictors and exam result was analyzed. Regressionanalysis was done to predict dependence of outcome variable on class attendance and formativeexamination marks.RESULTS: Overall, female students had better class attendance than male students. There was apositive correlation of lecture class attendance (r = 0.369) and marks obtained in the 6th semesterexam (r = 0.717) with the final exam result. Further regression analysis showed final marks had ahigher dependence on the 6th semester examination score (B = 0.669) when compared to lectureclass attendance (B = 0.051).CONCLUSION: Although lecture class attendance is an important predictor of final result, thisstudy showed that the 6th semester marks were a better predictor. This may be due to multiplefactors (alternate source of learning, student’s motivation, etc.) which require further exploration.

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Competency‑based medical education (CBME) curriculum and its effect on prevalence of anxiety, depression and stress amongst medical undergraduates

. Ashish Goel; . Yashendra Sethi; . Arsalan Moinuddin; . Desh Deepak; . Priyanka Gupta

Volume 12, Issue 10 , November 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: A growing body of literature now identifies higher levels of anxiety, depression, andstress among medical students as a distinct mental health domain. The competency‑based ...  Read More BACKGROUND: A growing body of literature now identifies higher levels of anxiety, depression, andstress among medical students as a distinct mental health domain. The competency‑based medicaleducation (CBME) curriculum was introduced to revamp the existing curriculum with an aim to garnerconstructive impact on the mental health of undergraduate medical students. As such, we soughtto draw comparisons between the mental health of medical students, studying the old (2018 batch)and the new (2019 batch) medical education systems in India.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a survey that contained structured questionspertained to anxiety (HAM‑A, GAD‑7), depression (HAM‑D, BDI), and stress (PSS) amongst medicalundergraduate students of 2018 and 2019 batches at the Government Doon Medical College (GDMC),Dehradun, India.RESULTS: Contrasting the 2018 and 2019 batches, the introduction of CBME resulted in a significanttwo‑fold decrease in moderate anxiety, as exhibited by both HAM‑A (6.0 vs 3.0, P = 0.016) andGAD‑7 (3.5 vs 1.0, P = 0.037) scales, although no significant change in mild and severe anxiety, andoverall depression (BDI: P = 0.05, HAM‑D: P = 0.05) or stress (PSS: P = 0.86) was found.CONCLUSION: The CBME system has made a significant impact on the mental health ofundergraduate medical students for anxiety, albeit its effect on depression and stress remainsequivocal. Future studies are warranted to compare the effect of CBME in other undergraduate andpostgraduate courses across the country to help predict the psychological impact of the newfangledCBME education system.

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Use of simulated patients for formative assessment of moral competence in medical students

. Mahboobeh Saber; . Sedighe Ebrahimi; . Neda Farzane; . Aliakbar Shakeri

Volume 12, Issue 9 , October 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: During the course of their education, medical students must attain moralcompetence. The current study aims at designing a formative structured examination that would createthe ...  Read More BACKGROUND: During the course of their education, medical students must attain moralcompetence. The current study aims at designing a formative structured examination that would createthe opportunity for learners to practice and interact with simulated patients under expert supervision.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article reports an experience in developing and implementationof a formative assessment of moral competence and the point of view of medical students. In thisstudy, the formative structured examination of medical ethics for 80 medical students in 2 roundswith eight stations was designed. In each station, a scenario was proposed, and the opportunity wasprovided to the learners to interact with a simulated patient under the supervision of a medical ethicsexpert. Then, the learners would receive structured feedback in accordance with their performance.All learners expressed their experience in reflective writing, and their opinions were put under contentanalysis.RESULTS: The content analysis of this reflective writing revealed three main categories, namely“Deeper understanding of ethical subjects,” “Collaborative thinking and synergy with peers,” and“Effective feedback of supervisors.”CONCLUSION: Within the framework of a formative structured examination of medical ethics, a safespace was created for interacting with simulated patients and practicing ethical reasoning, as wellas dimensions of moral competence.

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Study of suicidal thoughts and intentions with regard to job stress among female medical students living in dormitory with a mental health promotion approach

. Ali Salehi Sahlabadi; . Faezeh Abbasi Balochkhaneh; . Seyed Nouredin Hosseini Gousheh; . Javad Vatani; . Maliheh Eshaghzadeh; . Hamideh Bidel

Volume 12, Issue 9 , October 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences,such as suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to investigate the level of occupational ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Medical students are exposed to stresses which have irreversible consequences,such as suicidal ideation. The present study aimed to investigate the level of occupational stress inmedical students and its relationship with the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attention amongthem and then provide mental health promotion approaches.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional descriptive study was performed on325 undergraduate medical students residing at the dormitory of Shahid Beheshti University of MedicalSciences. The sample size was determined by the census method. Osipow and Suicide BehaviorsQuestionnaires were used to measure job stress and suicidal ideation, respectively. The conditionof entry into the study was living in the dormitory and spent at least one semester. Linear regressionand logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between variables.RESULTS: The mean score of occupational stress among students with a mean age of 21 (±2.18)years was 158.84 (±27.07) and 60% (n = 180) of students had high levels of stress. Therewas a significant relationship between age and educational level with stress level and suicidalideation (P < 0.05). They had the highest effect on stress (P = 0.031) and suicidal ideation (P = 0.001),respectively, among students. High level of stress was 11.829 times more likely to have suicidalthoughts than low‑stress level (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Stress and suicidal ideation are much higher in students of lower semesters andlower ages than students with higher semesters. Students should learn how and with what approachto control and manage exposure to stressors. Measures such as holding stress management trainingcourses as well as managing stressful situations are among the effective measures in improvingmental health and reducing stress levels and its effects.

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Using instant messaging applications to promote clinical teaching of medical students

. Mohammadreza Saeedbakhsh; . Athar Omid; . Mahsa Khodadoostan; . Ahmad Shavakhi; . Peyman Adibi

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of Telegram as an Instantmessaging application in clinical teaching of medical students, especially clinical ward ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of Telegram as an Instantmessaging application in clinical teaching of medical students, especially clinical ward rounds.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this quasi‑experimental study, Telegram as an Instant messagingapplication was employed. To do this, a Telegram group entitled as “Lavender” was created and thenselected patients were divided between students and externs daily. After that, students and externswere asked to take medical histories, perform complete physical examinations, and then share theirdata in the Lavender group. Ultimately, to evaluate the effects of this intervention, two quantitativeand qualitative approaches were used.RESULTS: From the students’ point of view the highest average was associated with “Readinessfor teaching round” (3.71 ± 1.34) and the lowest average was related to “Time‑saving for studyingabout illnesses” (2.08 ± 1.44). In addition, medical trainees mentioned that reporting patients’ dailymedical histories and progress notes could create a reflective process. The suggestion made bymany medical trainees was to select and discuss simpler cases who have more teaching pointsfor them, while other trainees recommended focusing on common illnesses in the Lavender group.CONCLUSION: The use of messaging software applications such as Telegram in medical educationhas created a new paradigm, which could facilitate interpersonal interactions among trainees.

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Study of medical students’ learning approaches and their association with academic performance and problem‑solving styles

. Ghobad Ramezani; . Azam Norouzi; . Seyed Kamran Soltani Arabshahi; . Zohreh Sohrabi; . Atefeh Zabihi Zazoli; . Shahrzad Saravani; . Ghadir Pourbairamian

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Learners have various processing and understanding of the environment and issuesand choose different strategies for problem‑solving considering learning and studying approaches.The ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Learners have various processing and understanding of the environment and issuesand choose different strategies for problem‑solving considering learning and studying approaches.The purpose of this study was to examine medical students’ learning approaches and their associationwith academic performance and problem‑solving styles.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted using the descriptive‑correlational method.The statistical population comprised medical students of Iran University of Medical Sciences duringthe academic year of 2019–2020. Of them, 168 subjects were chosen based on simple randomsampling and Morgan Table. Study tools include the Standard Approaches and Study Skills Inventoryfor Students (ASSIST) Questionnaire, which includes 18 items and a Likert five‑choice spectrum,and includes a deep, superficial, and strategic approach. Its reliability was determined by Cronbach’salpha of 0.81. Problem‑Solving Style Questionnaire developed by Cassidy and Long was used. Thisinstrument included 24 items and 6 components, and its reliability equaled 0.83, which was theirgrade point average. Data were analyzed using normality tests, paired t‑test, Pearson correlationcoefficient, and regression through SPSS 16 software.RESULTS: Results implied the positive and significant relationship between deep‑strategic approaches,problem‑solving styles, and academic performance of medical students (P < 0.001); furthermore,there was no significant difference between learning approaches based on gender (P > 0.001), whilethere was a significant difference between two groups in terms of problem‑solving styles (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Because deep and strategic approaches predict academic performance andproblem‑solving styles, the diagnostic assessment must be done at the beginning of the educationalprocess to determine the type of learners’ approaches. Such an evaluation can be used to implementinstructional strategies and educational designs to improve the academic performance of students.

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Perception of undergraduate medical students toward stressors and de‑stressors during COVID‑19 pandemic: Online cross‑sectional survey from a medical institute in Eastern India

. Shreemathi S. Mayya; . Arun Mayya; . Maxie Martis; . Vani Lakshmi R; . Swayam Pragyan Parida; . Prajna Paramita Giri; . Dinesh Prasad Sahu; . Bimal Kumar Sahoo; . Sonu H. Subba

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  ntroduction: COVID‑19 has affected the quality of life of all age groups. Medical education during the pandemic shifted to online mode due to lockdown restrictions. The stress ...  Read More ntroduction: COVID‑19 has affected the quality of life of all age groups. Medical education during the pandemic shifted to online mode due to lockdown restrictions. The stress felt by medical students during the pandemic has been studied less. The current study aimed to assessed the stressors and de‑stressors for undergraduate medical students during the COVID‑19 pandemic.Materials and methods: A cross‑sectional online survey was conducted for the undergraduate medical students of a tertiary care institute of eastern India. A total of 307 medical students were included in the study by convenient and snowball sampling. A self‑designed semi‑structural questionnaire was created as a Google form and circulated among the students between September and October 2020. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling was adopted. Responses regarding stressors and de‑stressors were recorded on a Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Categorical variables were presented as percentages and descriptive statistics were performed.Results: A total of 307 students responded and 64.5% of them were men and 35.5% were women. 47.6% of the students experienced stress due to changes brought about by COVID‑19. Risk of parents getting infection (63.2%), fear of not easily returning home (53.1%), lack of clinical exposure (52.7%), and financial impact (47.9%) were the major stressors perceived by the students. Connecting with family and friends through social media (47.5%), gaming (45.0%), online streaming platform (51.2%), spending time with family members (54.4%) were the coping strategies adopted by these students.Conclusion: Higher level of psychological stress perceived by the undergraduate students needs psychological intervention. Academic revamp and adaptation of coping strategies are required for the medical under‑graduates.

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Relationship between research self‑efficacy and evidence‑based practice in the medical students

. Zahra Zia; . Alireza Salehi; . Mitra Amini; . Hossein Molavi Vardanjani; . Malihe Sousani Tavabe

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Due to the rapid advancement of medical knowledge, promotion in research is necessary to have the best clinical practice. Research Self‑efficacy (RSE) is the researcher’s confidence ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Due to the rapid advancement of medical knowledge, promotion in research is necessary to have the best clinical practice. Research Self‑efficacy (RSE) is the researcher’s confidence in their ability to conduct a specific study. The Evidence‑Based Practice (EBP) represents how to improve the quality of care and treatment of patients. RSE and EBP are the cornerstones of successful research and then efficacious medical practice.This study aims to evaluate RSE and acceptance of EBP and their correlation among medical students.MATERIALS AND MEHODS: This is a cross‑sectional study designed on 600 clinical students at the medical school of Shiraz, using a census method in 2020. Students were invited to fill out the standardized Phillips and Russell’s questionnaires about RSE (4 domains, 33 questions) and Rubin and Parrish’s questionnaire of EBP (10 questions). The gathered data were analyzed through the SPSS at α = 0.05 using descriptive statistics, t‑test, Chi‑square, and multiple linear regressions.RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between EBP and RSE score (P < 0.05). The results of linear regression test showed that all variables had a significant effect on our response variables and their effect were significant (P < 0.05). The highest mean score in RSE was shown in the subscale of writing skills (52.54). The lowest score was observed in the subscale of quantitative (student’s subjective assessment of their ability to work with statistically related data and formulas) as well as computer skills (35.61).CONCLUSIONS: Students who participated in a research project, workshop, or Master of Public Health program got a higher RSE and EBP. Due to the positive correlation between RSE and EBP, we conclude that trained physicians who can research independently and use research evidence can find the best treatment approach for patients. These finding support the importance of integrating research education in medical curriculum to increase RSE and finally improvement of EBP among medical students.

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Smartphone addiction and its associated behaviors among medical and dental students in Pakistan: A cross‑sectional survey

. Sufiyan Kamal; . Shaheera Kamal; . Syed Muhammad Mubeen; . Aresha Masood Shah; . Syeda Sana Samar; . Rida Zehra; . Haya Khalid; . Ramsha Naeem

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Addiction refers to the irresistible urge to engage in certain actions or dependence on a particular substance despite knowing negative consequences. The current ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Addiction refers to the irresistible urge to engage in certain actions or dependence on a particular substance despite knowing negative consequences. The current study evaluated the severity of Smartphone addiction and the factors associated with cell phone‑like activity.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted from July to August 2019 among medical and dental students in Karachi, Pakistan. A pretested self‑administered questionnaire was used among 400 students. The mobile phone addiction was assessed using a 20-item, Mobile Phone Addiction Scale. A two‑stage cluster analysis was used to assess mobile phone addiction‑like behaviours. Chi‑square test was used to find associations between categorical variables. Kolmogorov–Smirnov to test normality of data were also used. A P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant for all tests.RESULTS: Out of the total 400 students, the majority 316 (79%) comprise female students. The mean age was 20.54 ± 1.59 years. In 184 (48%) students, there was evidence of mobile phone addiction‑like behavior. The prevalence was higher in female than male students and among older compared to adolescent students; the differences were statistically nonsignificant. A higher median score ≥ of 4 is found in questions related to components reflected intense desire, impaired control, and tolerance and harmful mobile use.CONCLUSION: This study highlights that a large number of students are addicted to their smartphones. Smartphone addiction continues to be the most problematic addiction aided by the presence of intense desire, impaired control tolerance, and harmful mobile use. The phenomenon must be fully understood to draw deeper and richer inferences about the origins of this addictive behavior, which is becoming more prevalent in our Pakistani society on a daily basis.

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COVID‑19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students: A systematic review

. Kirthika Venkatesan; . Sukrita Menon; . Nisha Nigil Haroon

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy leads to an increase in morbidity, mortality, and health‑care burden. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy include anti‑vax group statements, misinformation ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy leads to an increase in morbidity, mortality, and health‑care burden. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy include anti‑vax group statements, misinformation about vaccine side effects, speed of vaccine development, and general disbelief in the existence of viruses like COVID‑19. Medical students are future physicians and are key influencers in the uptake of vaccines. Hence, investigating vaccine hesitancy in this population can help to overcome any barrier in vaccine acceptance.METHODS: In this paper, we review five articles on COVID‑19 vaccine hesitancy in medical students and consider potential future research. All published papers relevant to the topic were obtained through extensive search using major databases. Inclusion criteria included studies that specifically investigated COVID‑19 vaccine hesitancy in medical students published between 2020 and 2021. Exclusion criteria included studies that investigated vaccine hesitancy in health‑care professionals, allied health, and viruses apart from COVID‑19. A total of 10 studies were found from our search.RESULTS: Based on our exclusion criteria, only five studies were included in our review. The sample size ranged from 168 to 2133 medical students. The percentage of vaccine hesitancy in medical students ranged from 10.6 to 65.1%. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included concern about serious side effects, vaccine efficacy, misinformation and insufficient information, disbelief in public health experts, financial costs, and belief that they had acquired immunity.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vaccine hesitancy is an important cause of the incidence and prevalence of COVID‑19 cases. Identifying the barriers of vaccine hesitancy in prospective physicians can help increase vaccination uptake in the general public. Further research is necessary to identify the root cause of these barriers.

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Assessment of the psychological impact of COVID‑19 pandemic on undergraduate medical students in India

. Amit Kumar Shreevastava; . Manisha Mavai; . Pragati Sheel Mittal; . Ranjana Verma; . Daljit Kaur; . Bharti Bhandari

Volume 12, Issue 6 , July 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Medical students who are prone to psychological stress due to their overburdened curriculum, are at an increased risk of getting adversely affected by the pandemic. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Medical students who are prone to psychological stress due to their overburdened curriculum, are at an increased risk of getting adversely affected by the pandemic. The present study was planned to assess the anxiety level among undergraduate medical students across the country using generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD‑7).MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this online survey, anonymous data was collected through Google forms from undergraduate students from all the phases of MBBS course across the country from August 15, 2020, to October 15, 2020. Section I collected various demographic information, section II included GAD‑7 questionnaire for assessing anxiety and section III had open‑ ended questions about their impending fear, uncertainties, and apprehensions. The data was expressed in percentage and association among the variables was determined using Chi‑square test. Thematic analysis of the open‑ended responses was done.RESULTS: Among the sample of 1208 students, 81% were from urban areas. During the pandemic, 77% were residing with their parents and 71% parents having stable jobs. Eighty percent students had no relative diagnosed with COVID‑19, whereas 52% students had family members with comorbidity. The GAP score showed mild, moderate, and severe anxiety in 27, 24, and 16% students, respectively. Anxiety was significantly associated with rural setting and with COVID‑19 positive or comorbid family member (P < 0.05). Open ended responses revealed that majority of the students were finding it difficult to cope with the academic stress at home but still did not want to join back.CONCLUSION: With such a high incidence of anxiety among medical students, it is pertinent to safeguard the mental health and implement efficient approaches to upkeep the scholastic, physical, emotional, and professional well‑being of medical students during such vulnerable times.

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Online viva voce as a formative assessment method in forensic medicine during COVID‑19 pandemic

. G. N. Pramod Kumar; . A. N. Roopa Urs; . Malatesh Undi; . Shankar M. Bakkannavar

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Conducting online classes and assessment during the COVID‑19 pandemic isnot without challenges. The world of medical education is adapting online training and assessmentbecause ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Conducting online classes and assessment during the COVID‑19 pandemic isnot without challenges. The world of medical education is adapting online training and assessmentbecause of COVID‑19 pandemic restrictions. The present study was conducted to assess thestudents’ perception regarding the process, difficulties encountered and perceived effectiveness ofonline assessment.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Online viva‑voce (theory and visual based) was conducted ina government medical college in Karwar, Karnataka, India using videoconferencing application(Google Meet) to 149 second MBBS students as a formative assessment in 2020 over 3 months.Ten students per day joined Google Meet, 10 questions were asked to each student and assessedusing a tutor marking system (on‑spot). A feedback questionnaire (Google Form) was administeredto students who attended online Viva‑Voce. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferentialstatistics (Student’s t‑test).RESULTS: Out of 149 students, 132 participated and responded to a feedback questionnaire.Majority of the participants (91%) agreed that questions covered all topics kept for viva, 82% ofthem felt it would be helpful for performance in final examinations. Thirty percent of students facednetwork issues at their places, 45% felt nervous while facing viva in the presence of other studentsand 35% of participants preferred online methods over traditional viva voce. Online viva voce canbe transparent (90%) and less biased (88%) if done in structured format.CONCLUSION: Online viva‑voce may become relevant and effective in medical educationassessment with transparent marking system for students’ performance.

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Factors associated and knowledge on road traffic accidents, rules among private university students in Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India – A cross‑sectional study

. G. Vijayakrishnan; . P. Priyadharshini; . Balaji Ramraj; . V. V. Anantharaman

Volume 12, Issue 5 , June 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are an emerging public health issue of global concerncausing 1.35 million deaths per year. They are the leading cause of death among 5–29 ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are an emerging public health issue of global concerncausing 1.35 million deaths per year. They are the leading cause of death among 5–29 years whocontribute to the future and current productive population of the country. The outcome of mortalityand permanent disability are public health concerns. We determined the factors associated with RTAsamong medical undergraduates and assessed their knowledge of road traffic rules.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study had 500 medical undergraduates from a tertiary hospitallocated in Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu. Data were collected using questions from “Road safetyquestion bank” issued by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, sent asGoogle forms to students. Descriptive statistics were used and multivariate analysis was performedto identify risk factors associated with RTAs.RESULTS: The mean age of the students was 21.4 (standard deviation = 1.7) years. About 30.4%of students suffered from RTAs in the past 2 years. Practice of drunken driving and mobile phoneusage showed significant association with RTA occurrence (P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regressionrevealed that students crossing speed limits and jumping signals had 3.19 and 2.04 times morerisk of sustaining RTAs. Seventy‑five percent of students had good knowledge on road traffic rules.CONCLUSION: Nearly half the subjects have suffered RTA in the past 2 years. Students who overspeed, jumped signals and used mobile phones while driving sustained more RTAs. Overall, roadtraffic rules knowledge was satisfactory. Students need education on risky driving behaviors andaftermath of crashes.

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Online learning self‑efficacy: A necessity for virtual education

. Habibeh Ahmadipour

Volume 12, Issue 4 , April 2022, , Pages 1-4

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Online learning self‑efficacy is considered a major contributor to academic success. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Online learning self‑efficacy is considered a major contributor to academic success. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Online Learning Self‑Efficacy Scale.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted on 211 medical students at Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2021 who were selected through the convenience method. Data were collected using a two‑part self‑administered online questionnaire containing demographic information and the Persian version of the Online Learning Self‑Efficacy Scale (OLSES). Forward and back‑translation methods were used to provide the Persian version of OLSES. Internal consistency of the Persian version was determined by the Cronbach alpha coefficient in a pilot study. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20.0 and LISREL version 8.80.RESULTS: The mean of the participants’ age was 21.40 ± 2.52 years, and most of them (56.4%) were female. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was determined as 0.74, 0.90, 0.75, and 0.89 for learning, time management, technology use subscales, and the whole scale, respectively. Exploratory factors analysis revealed the justifiability of factor analysis. In confirmatory factor analysis, most of the goodness of fit indices had an acceptable level.CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the Persian version of OLSES had good psychometric properties and can be used as a simple, valid, and reliable tool to assess students’ self‑efficacy related to the e‑learning environment.

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Multiple‑choice questions in assessment: Perceptions of medical students from low‑resource setting

. Venkata Avinash Kumar Vegi; . P. V. Sudhakar; . Devi Madhavi Bhimarasetty; . Kiran Pamarthi; . Lokesh Edara; . L. V. Simhachalam Kutikuppala; . Tarun Kumar Suvvari; . Shubham Anand

Volume 12, Issue 3 , March 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In curriculum reforms under Competency‑Based Medical Education (CBME) introduced by the National Medical Commission, medical students are recognized as one of the stake ...  Read More BACKGROUND: In curriculum reforms under Competency‑Based Medical Education (CBME) introduced by the National Medical Commission, medical students are recognized as one of the stake holders. The well‑designed multiple‑choice questions (MCQs) help students in assessment as well as promote deep learning. The objective of this study is to assess the perceptions of the Indian medical students towards the examination patterns in their undergraduate curriculum with particular reference to MCQs.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational cross‑sectional study was conducted among the medical colleges in India. A total of 7875 students took part in the study. The study instrument was a validated pretested self‑administered questionnaire. The study was conducted as an online survey using the Google Forms platform. Inclusion criteria were students from all professional years as well as interns and those who were willing to participate in the study.RESULTS: For the question of initiation of MCQs as a tool for the assessment, many of the students (46%) expressed that it should start from the 1st MBBS itself. The majority of the students (85%) felt that MCQ oriented preparation will be helpful for MBBS professional (theory and practical) examinations. Most of the students (90.9%) preferred that the MCQs should be concept and case scenario based. To the question of whether the current system of the university theory examinations of essays and short notes be replaced in total with MCQs so that they are more prepared for NEXT and USMLE examination, 65.5% responded with an answer of yes.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide input to the regulatory authorities and other stakeholders responsible for designing and implementing the medical curriculum.

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The level of satisfaction and quality of E‑learning in medical universities of Iran during the epidemic of COVID‑19

. Mina Iravani; . Maryam Beheshti Nasab; . Hadis Bahmaei; . Saeed Ghanbari; . Zaynab Mohaghegh; . Shahla Faal Siahkal

Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2022, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: E‑learning is web‑based learning for education and training. The current globalpandemic crisis created due to COVID‑19 has made worldwide online learning. This study ...  Read More BACKGROUND: E‑learning is web‑based learning for education and training. The current globalpandemic crisis created due to COVID‑19 has made worldwide online learning. This study aimed toinvestigate the level of satisfaction and quality of E‑learning in medical universities from the students’point of view during the epidemic of COVID‑19 and assessing the obstacles and solutions proposedto improve the quality of E‑learning.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional, web‑based study was conducted among 400medical university students of Iran during the epidemic of COVID‑19. After getting written consent,three parts questionnaire contains demographic, user satisfaction, quality questionnaire, and threeopen‑ended questions were distributed randomly using social media. Descriptive analysis, t‑test,Chi‑square, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to achieve the objective of this study, withsignificance set to P < 0.05. Furthermore, three open‑ended questions were reviewed qualitativelyand the problems and solutions suggested by the students were reported.RESULTS: Based on the findings of the descriptive section, 277 of the respondents were girls (69%)with a mean age of 21 ± 2 years. Sixty‑nine percent of students were studying in medical sciencesuniversities and 31% were studying in Islamic Azad University. The level of satisfaction was in theupper range of low (34.0 ± 10.0); P < 0.001, and intention to reuse was moderate (23.06 ± 6.0);P = 0.064. Student’s perception of quality in most domains was in the upper range of low to medium.User satisfaction, intention to reuse, the quality of knowledge, and participatory quality for evaluatingonline courses were significantly higher in the Azad University group than in medical universities.CONCLUSION: Given that this is the first experience in the use of E‑learning in Iran, both universitieshave not yet fully succeeded in satisfying students and it is necessary to increase the quality ofE‑learning based on student suggestions.

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Testing adaptation and psychometric properties of survey instrument for students’ perspectives on e‑professionalism and social media in Iranian students: Corona crisis and medical education

. Leili Mosalanejad; . Saeed Abdollahifard

Volume 12, Issue 1 , January 2022, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The use of social networks in the field of education has also accelerated andhas become a powerful source of learning for transformation and empowerment in various fields.This ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The use of social networks in the field of education has also accelerated andhas become a powerful source of learning for transformation and empowerment in various fields.This study aimed to test the adaptation and psychometric properties of an instrument for students’prospective on e‑professionalism in the use of social media in Iranian medical science students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this questionnaire, with the aim of psychometric properties of theperception toward social media in Iranian students, this survey instrument developed by (Ness et al.)in five fields in 2nd‑year pharmacology students in Purdue University The fields include accountability,hiring decisions, profile editing, professionalism, and privacy settings. In this study, first, a culturaladaptation was done by an expert panel. Then, psychometric properties of an instrument by contentvalidity and construct validity using explanatory factor analysis were performed. Reliability wasassessed by test–retest and internal consistency of items. The reliability of the survey instrumentwith three factors was 0.82 using the test–retest, and the internal consistency was good (r = 0.94).RESULTS: The result of psychometric properties using the principal component method extractedthree factors (accountability, hiring decision, and professionalism) to assessment of students’ attitudeto professionalism using social media in Iranian students.CONCLUSION: The adapted and psychometric properties of the instrument developed by Nesset al., 2013, with three dimensions and ten items proved to be a valid, reliable instrument for usefor assessing perspectives on e‑professionalism and social media in Iranian medical students. Thisquestioner may be suitable for Iranian researches in medical education.

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Evaluation of participatory learning approach for developing competency of human immunodeficiency virus risk assessment skills among MBBS undergraduate students

. Syed Irfan Ali; . Jarina Begum; . D. Lakshmi Lalitha; . M. Ganesh Kamath; . Rajesh Kumar Sethi; . Aruna Rani Behera

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: An Indian medical graduate needs to be competent in the diagnosis andmanagement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. This is crucial in terms of occupationalsafety. ...  Read More BACKGROUND: An Indian medical graduate needs to be competent in the diagnosis andmanagement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. This is crucial in terms of occupationalsafety. A participatory learning approach could be a possible way to change behavior and improveHIV risk assessment skills among medical students for better occupational safety and health care. Thepresent study was planned to identify the need, provide different learning experiences for acquiringcompetency, and compare the effectiveness of participatory learning over traditional in developingHIV risk assessment skills.MATERIALS AND METHODS: An educational interventional (randomized controlled trial) wascarried out at GEMS and Hospital. Needs assessment survey was conducted, which identified HIVrisk assessment as a key competency. For which the outcome‑specific learning objectives weredefined, two different learning experiences were employed. A pretest was conducted to assess thebaseline knowledge and attitude (n = 92); they were then divided into two equal groups (A and B).“A” group was taught by participatory approach, whereas “B” by traditional techniques followed byposttest and objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to assess their HIV risk assessmentskills. Statistical analysis: Paired t‑test for assessing knowledge and attitude within the same groupand unpaired t‑test for assessing skills between the two groups were used in this study.RESULTS: Statistically significant improvement (P < 0.001) in knowledge and attitude scores wasnoticed that OSCE scores were significantly higher in the intervention group “A” (P < 0.001) ascompared to “B” taught by traditional techniques.CONCLUSION: Participatory learning effectively builds upon existing knowledge and attitude todevelop better HIV risk assessment skills.

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Online classes versus traditional classes? Comparison during COVID‑19

. Sanjana Kumari; . Hitender Gautam; . Neha Nityadarshini; . Bimal Kumar Das; . Rama Chaudhry

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, , Pages 1-4

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Nowadays, the use of Internet with e‑learning resources anytime and anywhereleads to interaction possibilities among teachers and students from different parts of the ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Nowadays, the use of Internet with e‑learning resources anytime and anywhereleads to interaction possibilities among teachers and students from different parts of the world. Itis becoming increasingly pertinent that we exploit the Internet technologies to achieve the mostbenefits in the education.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study compares the difference between traditional classroomand e‑learning in the educational environment. Medical undergraduate students of our institution wereenrolled to compare between the online versus traditional method of teaching through questionnaire.RESULTS: Forty percent of students found the online lecture material difficult to understand. 42.6%of respondents found it difficult to clear the doubts in online teaching; 64.4% of the participantsbelieved that they have learned more in a face‑to‑face learning.CONCLUSION: In this study, we concluded that online mode offers flexibility on timing and delivery.Students can even download the content, notes, and assignment. Despite all the advantagesoffered, there is a general consensus that no technology can replace face‑to‑face teaching in realbecause in this, there will be visual as well as verbal discussion. Looking at the uncertainty of thecurrent scenario, it is difficult to predict how long online classes will have to continue. Hence, it is ofparamount importance that we assess the effectiveness of online classes and consequently takemeasures to ensure proper delivery of content to students, especially in a skilled field like medicine,so we concluded that face‑to‑face learning is of utmost importance in medical institutions.

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Emotional distress and psychiatric drug use among students in an Italian medical school: Assessing the role of gender and year of study

. Sara Carletto; . Marco Miniotti; . Alberto Persico; . Paolo Leombruni

Volume 11, Issue 11 , December 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that medical students show high rates of depression,anxiety, and stress levels, but mixed findings were found regarding possible differences ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that medical students show high rates of depression,anxiety, and stress levels, but mixed findings were found regarding possible differences betweengender and different years of medical training. This study evaluated depression, anxiety, and stresslevels and psychiatric drug use in students in an Italian medical school and investigated the differencesbetween gender and year of study.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study included 694 medical students in their1st (n = 286), 4th (n = 209), and 6th (n = 199) year of study. The questionnaire included demographicinformation, self‑report questionnaires regarding depression, anxiety, and stress, and questionsabout psychiatric drug use. Data analysis was performed using SPSS/Ver 22 through descriptive andanalytic statistics, including Mann–Whitney U‑test, Fisher’s exact test, and GLM two‑way ANOVA.RESULTS: Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were reported by 365 (52.6%), 428 (61.7%),and 545 (78.5%) medical students, respectively. Female students in their 4th year of study reportedhigher depression levels than males of the same year (P = 0.004), whereas levels of anxiety werehigher in 6th‑year female students compared with those in their 1st and 4th years (P = 0.001; P = 0.025).Stress levels were consistently higher in females than in males for all 3 years (1st year: P = 0.041;4th year: P < 0.001; 6th year: P = 0.004). No gender differences were found in the use of psychiatricand stimulant drugs.CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary evidence suggesting the importance of planninginterventions aimed at reducing emotional distress among medical students that should be targetedon gender and year of the study.

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Enhanced learning strategies of undergraduate medical students with a structured case presentation format

. Sarabmeet Singh Lehl; . Monica Gupta; . Sanjay D’Cruz

Volume 11, Issue 10 , November 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Improvement of the learning in undergraduate bedside teaching needs to bepromoted through innovative interventions. Changes in the structured format (SF) for bedside casediscussion ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Improvement of the learning in undergraduate bedside teaching needs to bepromoted through innovative interventions. Changes in the structured format (SF) for bedside casediscussion may help students improve their learning experience and gain insights into collaborativeself‑directed learning. The aim of the present study was to encourage collaborative and self‑directedlearning strategies by MBBS undergraduate students through a new case presentation formatstructured for this purpose.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an interventional study carried out in the year 2010–2011.A new SF for bedside cases presentation was developed. A comparison with the traditional formatwas done by holding one session in each format. Uniformity of topic and teaching style was ensuredby having the sessions on pulmonary medicine cases with the same teacher. The student perspectiveof the educational process was analyzed using evaluation pro forma, Likert scale, and narratives.RESULTS: Ninety final year and prefinal year MBBS students participated in this study. There wassignificantly higher participation in history taking (50.7%) and clinical examination (60%) in the SF.A higher statistically significant number of clinical possibilities were considered in the SF (85.3%vs. 66.6%). Similarly, significantly higher number of students indulged in self‑directed learning andreferred to learning resources in the SF. The SF provided students an active role (96.9%), encouragedaccess to resources (93.9%), and control of learning (75.7%). The additional interactive session wasproductive (90.9%), discussions were streamlined (66.6%), and the role of a teacher was consideredimportant (75.7%).CONCLUSION: The SF generated higher participation in the aspects of history taking, clinicalexamination, and consideration of differential diagnoses. It led to a perceived improvement inself‑directed and collaborative learning among students.

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Distance learning strategies in medical education during COVID‑19: A systematic review

. Soleiman Ahmady; . Per Kallestrup; . Mohammad Mehdi Sadoughi; . Marzieh Katibeh; . Masomeh Kalantarion; . Mitra Amini; . Nasrin Khajeali

Volume 11, Issue 10 , November 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) across the world forced universitiesto suspend learning to limit the spread of the virus. Many medical schools have shifted ...  Read More The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) across the world forced universitiesto suspend learning to limit the spread of the virus. Many medical schools have shifted to onlineeducation as an information delivery mechanism where the educator and learner are separated inspace and potentially also in time. This systematic review aims to explore and understand the varietyof distance learning strategies in medical students in the contexts of COVID‑19. A systematic reviewwas conducted in Web of Sciences, PubMed, Educational Resources and Information Center, andScopus from December 2019 to July 2020. Eight sets of terminology were used, combining “Distancelearning” AND “Medical education” AND “Pandemic.” Studies were reviewed independently by tworeviewers. Data were extracted and quality appraised using QualSyst tools, and synthesized byperforming thematic analysis. A total of 473 articles were identified after removing duplicates and314 records were screened, of which 125 were included in this study. The primary articles were 52primarily qualitative articles. Five learning strategies consisted of technology‑enhanced learning (TEL),simulation‑based learning, technology‑based clinical education, mobile learning, and blended learning.Tools, methods, and learning resources associated with these five learning strategies were extractedfrom the articles. Our review highlights that TEL and simulation‑based learning were more commonlyused than others in distance learning in medical education during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Thesestrategies have the potential to improve learners’ level of knowledge and performance throughmaking online learning resources such as Massive Open Online Courses, virtual clinical cases, andblended sources accessible.

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