Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Prevalence of self‑medication among the elderly: A systematic review and meta‑analysis

. Shideh Rafati; . Tayebeh Baniasadi; . Neda Dastyar; . Ghazal Zoghi; . Sudabeh Ahmadidarrehsima; . Nasibeh Salari; . Foozieh Rafati

Volume 13, Issue 2 , February 2023, , Pages 1-10

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Self‑medication is the use of unprescribed drugs to treat a disease. Elderlyself‑medication can be more dangerous compared to other age groups because of changes in ... Read More

Estimating the prevalence of high‑risk behaviors using network scale‑up method in medical university students

. Fatemeh Moghaddam Tabrizi; . Rahim Sharafkhani; . Zeynab Heydari; . Abdolah Khorami Markani; . Najaf Ahmadi Aghziyarat; . Hamid Reza Khalkhali

Volume 12, Issue 10 , November 2022, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is not much information about high‑risk behaviors in young groups, especiallystudents. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of high‑risk behaviors ... Read More

Asymptomatic bacteriuria of pregnant women in a tertiary care centre

. Meenakshi Totadhri; . Anandhi Lakshmanan; . Saraswathy M P; . Manisha S. Mane

Volume 12, Issue 7 , August 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is commonly seen during pregnancy due to thevarious morphological, hormonal, and physiological changes the body undergoes. If left undiagnosed,it ... Read More BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is commonly seen during pregnancy due to thevarious morphological, hormonal, and physiological changes the body undergoes. If left undiagnosed,it can lead to conditions such as pyelonephritis and preterm delivery which could culminate in causingmaternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence,risk factors, microbial profile, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns associated with ASB in a tertiaryhealthcare center.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was carried out where 150 urine sampleswere obtained from pregnant women within the gestational age of 13–36 weeks. Randomizedstratified sampling was the method of sampling used. A questionnaire was also administered tothem to determine potential risk factors. The samples were cultured and identified using biochemicaltests. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Statisticalanalysis was carried out using Chi‑square test. The graphs and tables were generated using MicrosoftExcel and Word.RESULTS: Out of the 150 samples that were obtained, 8 samples had significant bacteriuria whichis a prevalence of 5.33%. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism accountingto 45% of the isolates. The other organisms that were isolated were Enterococcus, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CONS), Candida albicans, and Group BStreptococcus which measured to 11% of the total distribution each. In the antibiotic sensitivitytests, among the gram‑negative isolates, marked resistance to Ampicillin and Amoxycillin along withsensitivity to Cotrimoxazole and Nitrofurantoin. Of the gram‑positive isolates, there was sensitivityto Ampicillin and Nitrofurantoin. A positive correlation was seen between the age groups of 23–27and the prevalence of ASB.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ASB in this study shows that ASB is not uncommon in thepopulation. Despite the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and National Health Missionrecommendations to make urine check‑ups a routine, it not carried out, possibly due to costimplications. However, it poses a risk for severe maternal and fetal outcomes and hence, should bescreened for on a regular basis. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of screening pregnantwomen for ASB for promoting better maternal and fetal health.

Knowledge, awareness, and attitudes toward antibiotic resistance and practice of self‑medication among university students in Bangladesh: A cross‑sectional study

. Gowranga Kumar Paul; . Md. Shalauddin Swapon; . K. M. Kaderi Kibria

Volume 12, Issue 4 , April 2022, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of self‑medication is high in Bangladesh due to easy access and poor regulatory controls over these drugs. Our study aimed to assess the attitude of ... Read More

Prevalence and predictors of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus

. Ravi Kant; . Poonam Yadav; . Shruti Barnwal; . Vishal Dhiman; . Bruzily Abraham; . Kanchan Gawande

Volume 11, Issue 8 , September 2021, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial disease and can be described as anoncommunicable disease of epidemic magnitude. Little is known about the predictors of ... Read More

The prevalence of attention‑deficit hyperactivity disorder and its related risk factors among children at elementary school in Shahroud

. Azam Hamidzadeh; . Mehrnaz Kharatha; . Milad Bazghaleh; . Hassan Basirinejad; . Nasrin Fadae Aghdam; . Hossein Ebrahimi

Volume 11, Issue 8 , September 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Attention‑deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common reasonsfor visiting psychiatrists and psychologists. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence ... Read More

Psychiatric comorbidities among COVID‑19 survivors in North India: A cross‑sectional study

. Shabir Ahmad Dar; . Mohammad Maqbool Dar; . Shanoo Sheikh; . Inaamul Haq; . Aaliya Mohi Ud Din Azad; . Mehvish Mushtaq; . Naveed Nazir Shah; . Zaid Ahmad Wani

Volume 11, Issue 7 , August 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease‑19 (COVID‑19) emerged from China and rapidly spreadto many other countries all over the world. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety,depression, ... Read More

Prevalence of primary osteoporosis and low bone mass in postmenopausal women and related risk factors

. Elnaz Hemmati; . Mojgan Mirghafourvand; . Majid Mobasseri; . Seyed Kazem Shakouri; . Parvaneh Mikaeli; . Azizeh Farshbaf‑Khalili

Volume 11, Issue 5 , June 2021, , Pages 1-11

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Globally, 30% of female over 50 years old have osteoporosis. This disease is oneof the major causes of disability and death in the elderly. This research was aimed to determinethe ... Read More BACKGROUND: Globally, 30% of female over 50 years old have osteoporosis. This disease is oneof the major causes of disability and death in the elderly. This research was aimed to determinethe prevalence of primary osteoporosis and low bone density based on bone mineral density inpostmenopausal women and its sociodemographic, obstetric, and life style risk factors.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed bysimple random sampling on 850 postmenopausal women aged 50–65 years covered by all healthcenters, from August 2018 to April 2019, in Tabriz-Iran. Four hundred and forty-five eligible womenunderwent densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine and femoralneck. Socio-individual, obstetric-medical, international physical activity questionnaires-short form,and anthropometric questionnaires were completed. Data analyzed using descriptive and analyticalstatistics including multivariate logistic regression in SPSS 21 software.RESULTS: The prevalence of primary osteoporosis based on lumbar vertebra T-score, femoralneck T-score, and total was 23.4%, 3.4%, and 24.5%, respectively, and the prevalence of primaryosteopenia based on lumbar vertebra T-score, femur neck T-score, and total was 42%, 35.5%, and43.6%, respectively. The present study showed that the odds of osteoporosis increased by incrementof age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.30), but it decreased by increasingmenopausal age (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85–1.01), body mass index (OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78–0.97),arm circumference (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74–0.95), and education level (P = 0.028). It was higher inunmarried women (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 0.99–7.08) and those with nonpersonal housing (OR: 4.02;95% CI: 1.24–13.07).CONCLUSIONS: Given the high prevalence of primary osteoporosis and low bone mass in postmenopausalwomen, health education is necessary for preventing modifiable risk factors and reducing the complicationsof this disease.

The prevalence of obsessive–compulsive disorder in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A cross‑sectional study

. Omran Davarinejad; . Fatemeh RostamiParsa; . Farnaz Radmehr; . Vahid Farnia; . Mostafa Alikhani

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases,and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the main causes of this disease. ... Read More

Investigation of the relationship of perceived social support and spiritual well-being with postpartum depression

. Valiollah Akbari; . Parvin Rahmatinejad; . Mohammad Mahdi Shater; . Mostafa Vahedian; . Zohre Khalajinia

Volume 10, Issue 7 , July 2020, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression is a significant common health problem that has negativeeffects on mental and physical health of mothers and their infants. The main purpose of this ... Read More

Marital satisfaction and emotional divorce among Iranian married individuals: A survey of hospital visitors of nine provinces

. Mohammad Eslami; . Mahdieh Yazdanpanah; . Parnian Andalib; . Azardokth Rahimi; . Mansoureh Safizadeh; . Adeleh Dadvar; . Nouzar Nakhaee

Volume 10, Issue 4 , April 2020, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Evidence is accumulating that the pattern and nature of marital relationships arevery different in different cultures. This nationwide study aimed to determine marital satisfactionand ... Read More

Sexual problems in Tehran: Prevalence and associated factors

. Safoora Mohammadian; . Behrouz Dolatshahi

Volume 9, Issue 11 , November 2019, , Pages 1-11

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Sexual dysfunctions are considered as the most prevalent problems in the generalpopulation and their prevalence is so dispersed depending on different cultures and living ... Read More

Prevalence of mental illness and their association with sociodemographic factors in the rural geriatric population in Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India: A community‑based study

. Khadervali Nagoor; . Surendra Babu Darivemula; . N. Bayapa Reddy; . Shakeer Kahn Patan; . C. Sravana Deepthi; . Chandra Sekhar Chittooru

Volume 8, Issue 12 , December 2018, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Mental health problems such as cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and sleepdisorders arising out of senility, neurosis, and living conditions are common in the geriatric ... Read More BACKGROUND: Mental health problems such as cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and sleepdisorders arising out of senility, neurosis, and living conditions are common in the geriatric population.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of mental illness and to describetheir sociodemographic factors in the rural geriatric population and see their association with other factors.METHODOLOGY: A community‑based cross‑sectional study was done on individuals aged morethan 60 years. The study instruments were predesigned semi‑structured questionnaire, Folstein’sMini–Mental Status Examination Scale for assessing dementia in cognitive functioning and YesavagesGeriatric Depression Scale to estimate the prevalence of depression and to assess the activitiesof the daily living by Barthel index and the anxiety were assessed based on the perception of theparticipants while conducting the interview.RESULTS: A total of 415 individuals participated, out of them 199 (47.9%) were males and216 (52.1%) were females. Prevalence of mental illness was 217 (52.2%) with one or the other typeof mental illness. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 47.7% and depression according toGeriatric Depression Scale >5 was 27.7%. The remaining 62 (14.9%) had dementia and 30 (7.2%)had anxiety disorder as the mental illness. The socio‑demographic factors such as age more than70 years, female gender, illiterates, living in joint family, middle and lower socio‑economic class,financially totally dependent and had poor and unfair relationship with the family members werestrongly associated with the mental illness and it was statistically significant with P < 0.05.CONCLUSION: Measures should be taken to support the elders, establish community elderlysocieties, advisory offices, and services to help the elderly. The sequence of social interventionsrequired for the management of the elderly psychological problems.

Substance use among outdoor treatment‑seeking patients with mental illness: A case–control study from a tertiary care hospital of northern India

. Mona Srivastava; . Shobhit Jain; . Ashok Patel

Volume 8, Issue 6 , June 2018, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Substance abuse and mental disorder often coexist and may cause severalconsequences in sociooccupational functioning and health care and management. Indian data aresparse ... Read More BACKGROUND: Substance abuse and mental disorder often coexist and may cause severalconsequences in sociooccupational functioning and health care and management. Indian data aresparse in this area.OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine the sociodemographic profile, pattern, andprevalence of alcohol and substance use among person suffering with mental illness and to comparewith those without mental illness.METHODS: A total of 80 treatment‑seeking patients with mental illness and 80 nontreatment seekinghealthy accompanying persons were assessed for current substance use. Mental illness was screenedusing Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‑IV Axis I Disorders and the diagnosis was made as perDSM IV, semi‑structured sociodemographic pro forma was also applied. The data collected wereanalyzed using the Chi‑square and Student’s t‑test.RESULTS: Substance use was found 2.5 times higher among cases (56.2%) than controls (22.5%).Substance‑using participants comprised mainly males belonging to rural residence. The substanceusing cases were more unmarried, less educated, poorer economically, and more nuclear familystructures that substance‑using controls. When compared with non‑substance using cases, caseswith substance use had more males than females and lower education. Although both groups werealmost similar in term of marital status, family structure, residence, and socioeconomic status.Among both groups, most common substance use was tobacco, followed by alcohol and cannabis.Although all the substances were more prevalent among cases than controls. The prevalence ofany substance use was highest among cases with psychotic disorder (77.3%), followed by unipolardepression (62.5%), bipolar affective disorder (41.7%), and anxiety disorders (21.4%). Tobacco andcannabis use was most prevalent among cases suffering with psychotic disorders, whereas alcoholuse was most prevalent among cases suffering with unipolar depression.CONCLUSIONS: Mentally ill individuals are vulnerable to develop substance use, thus they are doublyjeopardized. The susceptibility of these individuals stem from lesser insight, need for stimulation, todecrease the anhedonia induced by psychoactive medicines and poor awareness hence this groupof individuals has several health and social consequences; therefore, they require due attention.A better care, support, and education are needed for substance using patients with mental illnessto improve their prognosis and also help in their appropriate rehabilitation.

Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and its correlates among people 35 years and older: Result from pilot phase of the Azar cohort study

. Zohreh Ghorbani; . Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran; . Samad Ghaffari; . Parvin Sarbakhsh; . Farzad Najafipour; . Nayyereh Aminisani

Volume 8, Issue 4 , April 2018, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is remarkable alteration in hypertension prevalenceand awareness, and their correlates among various geographic locations and ethnic groups. Theaim of ... Read More BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is remarkable alteration in hypertension prevalenceand awareness, and their correlates among various geographic locations and ethnic groups. Theaim of this study was to report hypertension prevalence, awareness, and its correlates as well ashypertension treatment, and control among Azari people aged 35 years and older.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The pilot phase of the Azar Cohort Study; a state level of a nationwidePERSIAN cohort study was conducted in Khameneh city between October 2014 and January 2015.All people 35 years of age and above were invited to take part in this study. A comprehensive range ofdifferent biomarkers, lifestyle, socioeconomic factors, and health‑related factors was collected. Bloodpressure was measured by a trained nurse/midwife. Descriptive statistical methods were used to presentgeneral characteristics of the study population as frequency tables. Separate multiple logistic regressionmodels were built to assess the predictors of hypertension prevalence.RESULTS: A total of 1038 people were included in this study. The overall prevalence of hypertensionwas 22.9%. Awareness of hypertension was 60.5% and in those with known hypertension, 84% wereusing the antihypertensive medications, of those 68.5% had controlled hypertension. After adjustment;age (odds ratios [OR] adj = 1.12 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.15), gender (ORadj = 1.65 95% CI:1.08–2.51), obesity ORadj = 2.51 (1.40–4.88), waist‑to‑hip ratio (WHR) (ORadj = 1.70 (1.05–2.75), andcomorbidities (ORadj = 2.51 (1.72–3.66) were independent predictors of hypertension.CONCLUSION: Age, sex, body mass index, WHR, and comorbidities were known as predictorsof hypertension in this study, health promotion strategies including lifestyle modification to reduceoverweight/obesity and secondary prevention programs for early detection of hypertension in high‑riskgroups according to age, gender, and disease profile are recommended.

Effect of dental erosion on oral health among employees of battery‑manufacturing units in Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India

. Mohit Bansal; . Sunint Singh; . Aditi Bector; . Mrigank Dogra

Volume 8, Issue 2 , February 2018, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to obtain data on prevalence and severity of dentalerosion among acid industry workers in Baddi (Himachal Pradesh).MATERIALS AND METHODS: A ... Read More

Malocclusion and dental caries experience among 8–9‑year‑old children in a city of South Indian region: A cross‑sectional survey

. Patil Disha; . P. Poornima; . Suryakanth M. Pai; . N. B. Nagaveni; . N. M. Roshan; . M. Manoharan

Volume 7, Issue 6 , December 2017, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although numerous studies have documented malocclusion in various age groupsin India, the literature on the prevalence of malocclusion in mixed dentition is scanty. Dental ... Read More

Prevalence of high normal FBS and prediabetes among adolescents in Birjand, East of Iran, 2012

. Tayyebeh Chahkandi; . Fatemeh Taheri; . Bita Bijari; . Toba Kazemi; . Kokab Namakin; . Mahmoud Zardast

Volume 5, Issue 4 , August 2015, , Pages 1-4

Abstract

Background and Objectives: To determine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose inadolescents in Birjand city in eastern Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectional studywas ... Read More

Investigating the prevalence and causes of events leading to falls among the elderly hospitalized in Bandar Abbas hospitals

. Fereshteh Mazharizad; . Sakineh Dadipoor; . Abdoulhhossain Madani; . Ali Safari Moradabadi

Volume 5, Issue 1 , February 2015, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

Background and Purpose of Study: Statistical indices show a growing increase in the elderlypopulation around the world and our country. On the one hand, senior citizens are more exposed ... Read More Background and Purpose of Study: Statistical indices show a growing increase in the elderlypopulation around the world and our country. On the one hand, senior citizens are more exposed totragic events than other age groups due to natural physiological changes. Falling down, accidentsand scalds are among the most prevalent deadly events in this age group. Environmental securityis vital in maintaining the elderly’s health. Therefore, the present research was conducted seekingto determine the prevalence and causes of falls among the elderly hospitalized in Bandar Abbashospitals. Methods and Materials: The present research is of a descriptive, cross‑sectionaltype. Research population is comprised of all the elderly patients in Bandar Abbas hospitals.The sample included 300 individuals who were selected according to convenience samplingmethod till the sample was saturated. The instrument used was a questionnaire and the data werealso gathered through interviews. The collected data were later analyzed by SPSS version 16.To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were used along withthe Chi‑squared test. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: From among the 300subjects, 47.3% had experienced falls since the age of 60. In 22 of cases, it had led to injury andthey were obliged to visit a doctor. The results of this research revealed that the causes of fallsamong the elderly were respectively: 43.33% of unbalance, 12.3% of poor eyesight, 11.66% ofnon‑existing handles or fences, 12% of slippery ground, 2.66% of insufficient lightning, 8.66% ofunbalance and poor eyesight and 9.33% of other reasons. As the results revealed, a correlationexisted between falls and educational level (P < 0.025). Moreover, a significant correlation wasfound between sex and falls (P < 0.011). A similar significant correlation was also observedbetween the place of residence and falling down (P < 0.045). Conclusion: According to theresearch results, planning to prevent events and traumas among the elderly and securing theirresidential environment is of an essential significance.

Volume 13 (2023)

Volume 12 (2022)

Volume 11 (2021)

Volume 10 (2020)

Volume 9 (2019)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2012)

Volume 1 (1900)

Keywords = prevalence

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