1. World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and
classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of
a WHO consultation. In: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes
Mellitus. Part 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1999.
2. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. N.D.
Avaialble from: https://diabetesatlas.org/. [Last accessed on
2019 May 16].
3. World Health Organization. Diabetes Fact Sheet; 2015 N.D.
Available from: https://www.who.int/news‑room/fact‑sheets/
detail/diabetes. [Last accessed on 2020 Apr 29].
4. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS)
Group. Intensive blood‑glucose control with sulphonylureas
or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of
complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet
1998;352:837‑53.
5. Deakin T, McShane C, Cade J, Williams R. Group based training
for self‐management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD003417.
6. Norris SL, Engelgau MM, Venkat Narayan KM. Effectiveness
of self‑management training in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care
2001;24:561.
7. Richard AA, Shea K. Delineation of self‑care and associated
concepts. J Nurs Scholarsh 2011;43:255‑64.
8. Tomky D, Tomky D, Cypress M, Dang D, Maryniuk M, Peyrot M,
et al. Aade position statement. Diabetes Educ 2008;34:445‑9.
9. Shobhana R, Begum R, Snehalatha C, Vijay V, Ramachandran A.
Patients’ adherence to diabetes treatment. J Assoc Physicians India
1999;47:1173‑5.
10. Nagelkerk J, Reick K, Meengs L. Perceived barriers and effective
strategies to diabetes self‑management. J Adv Nurs 2006;54:151‑8.
11. Mayberry LS, Osborn CY. Family support, medication adherence,
and glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes
Care 2012;35:1239‑45.
12. Fisher L, Chesla CA, Bartz RJ, Gilliss C, Skaff MA, Sabogal F, et al.
The family and type 2 diabetes: A framework for intervention.
Diabetes Educ 1998;24:599‑607.
13. Biswas BR. The Relationship Between Family Support and Health
Behaviors Among Patients with Pulmonary TB [Thesis (M.N.S.,
Nursing Science)]. [Hat Yai, Thailand]: Prince of Songkla
University; 2010.
14. Kalra S, Sridhar GR, Balhara YP, Sahay RK, Bantwal G,
Baruah MP, et al. National recommendations: Psychosocial
management of diabetes in India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab
2013;17:376‑95.
15. Henry SL, Rook KS, Stephens MA, Franks MM. Spousal
undermining of older diabetic patients’ disease management.
J Health Psychol 2013;18:1550‑61.
16. Schafer LC, McCaul KD, Glasgow RE. Supportive and
nonsupportive family behaviors: Relationships to adherence and
metabolic control in persons with type I diabetes. Diabetes Care
1986;9:179‑85.
17. Sohal T, Sohal P, King‑Shier KM, Khan NA. Barriers and
facilitators for type‑2 diabetes management in south Asians:
A systematic review. PLoS One 2015;10:e0136202.
18. Scarton L, Velazquez I, O’Neal LJ, Iyerm S, Cannady T, Choate A,
et al. Developing a culturally tailored multigenerational
intervention to prevent and manage type 2 diabetes in American
Indian families living in rural settings: Findings from a focus
group study. Res Nurs Health 2019;42:226‑33.
19. Chesla CA, Chun KM, Kwan CM. Cultural and family challenges
to managing type 2 diabetes in immigrant Chinese Americans.
Diabetes Care 2009;32:1812‑6.
20. Tang TS, Brown MB, Funnell MM, Anderson RM. Social support,
quality of life, and self‑care behaviors among African Americans
with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2008;34:266‑76.
21. Lewin AB, Geffken GR, Heidgerken AD, Duke DC, Novoa W,
Williams LB, et al. The diabetes family behavior checklist:
A psychometric evaluation. J Clin Psychol Med Settings
2005;12:315‑22.
22. Toobert DJ, Hampson SE, Glasgow RE. The summary of diabetes
self‑care activities measure: Results from 7 studies and a revised
scale. Diabetes Care 2000;23:943‑50.
23. Coventry and Warwickshire Area Prescribing Committee. Blood
Glucose Self‑Monitoring Guidelines [Internet]. George Eliot
Hospital Diabetes Team; 2017 [cited 2021 Jun 10]. Available from:
https://www.england.nhs.uk/midlands/wp‑content/uploads/
sites/46/2019/05/3‑guidelines‑on‑smbg‑use.pdf.
24. Tharek Z, Ramli AS, Whitford DL, Ismail Z, Mohd Zulkifli M,
Ahmad Sharoni SK, et al. Relationship between self‑efficacy,
self‑care behaviour and glycaemic control among patients with
type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Malaysian primary care setting.
BMC Fam Pract 2018;19:39.
25. Mogre V, Abanga ZO, Tzelepis F, Johnson NA, Paul C. Adherence
to and factors associated with self‑care behaviours in type 2
diabetes patients in Ghana. BMC Endocr Disord 2017;17:20.
26. Abate TW, Tareke M, Tirfie M. Self‑care practices and associated
factors among diabetes patients attending the outpatient
department in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes
2018;11:800.
27. Pamungkas RA, Chamroonsawasdi K, Vatanasomboon P. Family
functioning integrated with diabetes self‑management: A concept
analysis. Front Nurs 2018;5:199‑206.
28. Sturt J, Hearnshaw H, Wakelin M. Validity and reliability of
the DMSES UK: A measure of self‑efficacy for type 2 diabetes
self‑management. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2010;11:374‑81.
29. Smilkstein G. The family APGAR: A proposal for a family function
test and its use by physicians. J Fam Pract 1978;6:1231‑9.
30. (6) (PDF) Barriers to Diet and Exercise among Nepalese Type 2
Diabetic Patients. Research Gate N.D. Avaialble from: https://
www.researchgate.net/publication/321062658_Barriers_to_Diet_
and_Exercise_among_Nepalese_Type_2_Diabetic_Patients. [Last
accessed on 2019 May 17].
31. Wen LK, Parchman ML, Shepherd MD. Family support and diet
barriers among older Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes. Fam
Med 2004;36:423‑30.
32. Glasgow RE, Toobert DJ. Social environment and regimen
adherence among type II diabetic patients. Diabetes Care
1988;11:377‑86.
33. Zgibor JC, Simmons D. Barriers to blood glucose monitoring in
a multiethnic community. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1772‑7.
34. Vincze G, BarnerJC, Lopez D. Factors associated with adherence
to self‑monitoring of blood glucose among persons with diabetes.
Diabetes Educ 2004;30:112‑25.
35. Park H, Hong Y, Lee H, Ha E, Sung Y. Individuals with type 2
diabetes and depressive symptoms exhibited lower adherence
with self‑care. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57:978‑84.
36. Ong WM, Chua SS, Ng CJ. Barriers and facilitators to
self‑monitoring of blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes
using insulin: A qualitative study. Patient Prefer Adherence
2014;8:237‑46.
37. Harris MA. The Family’s Involvement in Diabetes Care and
the Problem of Miscarried Helping. European Endocrinology.
2006;2:20–1.
38. Mayberry LS, Rothman RL, Osborn CY. Family members’
obstructive behaviors appear to be more harmful among adults
with type 2 diabetes and limited health literacy. J Health Commun
2014;19 Suppl 2:132‑43.
39. Reaney M, Chmiel N, Churchill S. Foot care, “spousal” support
and type 2 diabetes: An exploratory qualitative study. Psychol
Health 2018;33:1191‑207.