Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- . Maryam Torabian 1
- . Reza Fadayevatan 1
- . Nasibeh Zanjari 2
- . Mahshid Foroughan 3
- . Gholamreza Ghaedamini Harouni 4
1 Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Social Welfare Management Reseach Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Investigating the status of intergenerational relationships of elderly parents with
their adult childen is very important in examining issues related to the status of the elderly such
as well being and quality of life and other aspects of elderly life. Giveeen the significance of the
topic, the current study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of
“Intergenerational Relationship Quality Scale for Aging Parents and Their Children” (IRQS‑AP).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 463 community‑dwelling elders (aged 60 years or older)
in Tehran participated in this study through multistage cluster sampling method. To investigate
reliability, the construct and convergent validity of the IRQS‑AP, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA),
and interclass correlation coefficient were done.
RESULTS: The content validity index was 0.84 for the entire tool. In the CFA, we found the instrument
had a four-factor structure and adequate internal consistency. The scale had a significant and positive
correlation with the two measures of loneliness and depression. Furthermore, Cronbach’s alpha was
estimated at 0.77, and the high value of the interclass correlation was 0.82.
CONCLUSION: The IRQS‑AP is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to examine the status
of intergenerational relationship quality in Iranian elder population.
Keywords
- Chen Y, Peng Y, Xu H, O’Brien WH. Age differences in
stress and coping: Problem‑focused strategies mediate the
relationship between age and positive affect. Int J Aging Hum
Dev 2018;86:347‑63.
2. Papi S, Cheraghi M. Multiple factors associated with life
satisfaction in older adults. Prz Menopauzalny 2021;20:65‑71.
3. Pillemer K, Munsch CL, Fuller‑Rowell T, Riffin C,
SuitorJJ. Ambivalence toward adult children: Differences between
mothers and fathers. J Marriage Fam 2012;74:1101‑13.
4. Giles H, Gasiorek J. Intergenerational communication practices.
InHandbook of the psychology of aging 2011 Jan 1 (pp. 233‑247).
5. Academic Press.Strom RD, Strom PS. Assessment of
intergenerational communication and relationships. Educ
Gerontol 2015;41:41‑52.
6. Song Q. Aging and separation from children: The health
implications of adult migration for elderly parents in rural China.
Demogr Res 2017;37:1761‑92.
7. Ghimire S, Singh DR, Nath D, Jeffers EM, Kaphle M. Adult
children’s migration and well‑being of left behind Nepalese
elderly parents. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2018;8:154‑61.
8. Aggarwal, M., Rawat, M. S., Singh, S., Srivastava, S., &
Gauba, P. (2017). Generation Gap: An Emerging Issue of
Society. International Journal of Engineering Technology Science
and ResearchوIJETSR, 4 (9).
9. Bengtson V, Giarrusso R, Mabry JB, Silverstein M. Solidarity,
conflict, and ambivalence: Complementary or competing
perspectives on intergenerational relationships? J Marriage Fam
2002;63:568‑76.
10. Papi S, Cheraghi M. Relationship between life satisfaction and
sleep quality and its dimensions among older adults in city of
Qom, Iran. Soc Work Public Health 2021;36:526‑35.
11. Albert I, Ferring D. Intergenerational solidarity in adulthood:
The role of family norms in intergenerational support and
ambivalence. 2018;27:5‑25.
12. Papi S, Karimi Z, Ghaed Amini Harooni G, Nazarpour A,
Shahry P. Determining the prevalence of sleep disorder and its
predictors among elderly residents of nursing homes of Ahvaz
city in 2017. Salmand Iran J Ageing 2019;13:576‑87.
13. Salter F. Evolutionary analyses of ethnic solidarity: An overview.
People Place 2008;16:41‑51.
14. Lin X, Bryant C, Boldero J, Dow B. Older Chinese immigrants’
relationships with their children: A literature review from a
solidarity‑conflict perspective. Gerontologist 2015;55:990‑1005. - 15. Lüscher, K., & Pillemer, K. (1998). Intergenerational ambivalence:
A new approach to the study of parent‑child relations in later
life. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 413‑425.
16. Silverstein M, Giarrusso R. Aging and family life: A decade
review. J Marriage Fam 2010;72:1039‑58.
17. Steidel AG, Contreras JM. A new familism scale for use with
Latino populations. Hisp J Behav Sci 2003;25:312‑30.
18. Aupperle RL, Sullivan S, Melrose AJ, Paulus MP, Stein MB.
A reverse translational approach to quantify approach‑avoidance
conflict in humans. Behav Brain Res 2011;225:455‑63.
19. Mangen, D. J., & Peterson, W. A. (1982). Research instruments in
social gerontology: Social roles and social participation (Vol. 2).
U of Minnesota Press.
20. Walker AJ, Thompson L. Intimacy and intergenerational aid and
contact among mothers and daughters. Journal of Marriage and
the Family. 1983 Nov 1:841‑9.
21. Cicirelli VG. A measure of caregiving daughters’ attachment to
elderly mothers. J Fam Psychol 1995;9:89.
22. Bai X. Development and validation of a multidimensional
intergenerational relationship quality scale for aging Chinese
parents. Gerontologist 2018;58:e338‑48.
23. Lowenstein A. Solidarity‑conflict and ambivalence: Testing two
conceptual frameworks and their impact on quality of life for older
family members. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2007;62:S100‑7.
24. Steinbach A. Intergenerational solidarity and ambivalence:
Types of relationships in German families. J Comp Fam Stud
2008;39:115‑27.
25. Sharifi AA, Refahi J. Psychometric properties of geriatric
depression scale in an Iranian sample. Iran J Ageing 2013;8:54‑9.
26. Lee CY, Dik BJ, Barbara LA. Intergenerational solidarity and
individual adjustment during emerging adulthood. J Fam Issues
2016;37:1412‑32.
27. Papi S, Karimi Z, Saadat Talab F, Hosseini F, Afrouzeh H,
Yousefi M, et al. Relationship between health literacy and
multi‑infections based on gender differences in the elderly. Health
Educ Health Promot 2021;9:105‑10.
)