Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- . Abdolhamid Zokaei 1
- . Arash Ziapour 2
- . Masoumeh Erfani Khanghahi 3
- . Javad Yoosefi Lebni 4
- . Seyed Fahim Irandoost 5
- . Razie Toghroli 6
- . Nafiul Mehedi 7
- . Azadeh Foroughinia 1
- . Fakhreddin Chaboksavar 4
1 School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Health Education and Health Promotion, Heath Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,
3 Department of Educational management, Faculty of management and Accounting, Yadegare-lmam Khomeini (RAH), Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, lran
4 Health Education and Health Promotion, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
5 Department of Public Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
6 Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
7 Graduate Student, Department of Social Work, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Over the past decades, the pattern of diseases in human societies had changed
from infectious diseases to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and according to the report by the
World Health Organization, the highest burden of disease is attributed to NCDs. The study was
conducted to determine the status of hypertension, type‑2 diabetes, lipid disorders, and body mass
index (BMI) among the patients aged over 30 years admitted to health centers of Karaj, Iran.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross‑sectional study, the population included 2947 men and
women aged 30 years and above admitted to six health‑care centers in Karaj. The questionnaire
includes demographic characteristics and had the questions on hypertension, diabetes and their
risk factors, like lipid disorders and BMI was administered. The data were analyzed in SPSS,
version 23, software using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and
analytical (Chi‑square and analysis of variance) tests (P < 0.01).
RESULTS: About 10% of the participants had diabetes and 15% of the participants had hypertension.
About 32% of the participants had dyslipidemia and 87% of the participants were overweight or obese
and over 35% were obese. Furthermore, with the increase in BMI, the prevalence of lipid disorder,
hypertension, and type‑2 diabetes increased in the studied population (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: According to the results, a high percentage of people had hypertension, type‑2
diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and BMI in the population. Gender segregation showed that lipid disorders,
overweight, and obesity in women were more than in men and percentage of people with hypertension
among male were significantly higher than in females. In the case of type‑2 diabetes, the results
showed no statistically significant differences between men and women. The results may be helpful
in developing educational strategies and prevention and control of these diseases.
Keywords
workplaces as a strategy for modification of risk factors for Non
Communicable Diseases (NCDs): A practical example from Sri
Lanka. Work 2016;55:281‑4.
2. Farahmand M, Akbarzadeh M, Hejazi N, Almasi‑Hashiani A.
Dietary and physical activity pattern in fars province, national
plan of chronic disease risk factor surveillance. Zahedan J Res
Med Sci 2013;15:46‑50.
3. Murray CJ, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abbafati C, Abbas KM,
Abbasi-Kangevari M, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in
204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis
for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet.
2020;396:1223-49.
4. Aksu H, Pala K, Aksu H. Prevalence and associated risk factors
of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nilufer district, Bursa, Turkey. Int
J Diabet Metabol 2006;14:98‑104.
5. Bonakdaran S, Taghavi M. Cardiovascular risk factors in type 2
diabetic patients in Mashhad city. Iran J Endocrin Metabol
2010;12:1‑6.
6. Ebadifard Azar F, Sarabi Asiabar A. Does leadership effectiveness
correlates with leadership styles in healthcare executives of
Iran University of Medical Sciences. Med J Islam Repub Iran
2015;29:166.
7. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence
of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.
Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047‑53.
8. Afkhami Ardekani M, Zare H, Alipor A ,
Poursharifi H, Arab Sheibani K. Correlation between self efficacy,
type D personality and health locus of control with control of
blood sugar in patients with diabetes type II . J Shahid Sadoughi
Univer Med Sci 2013;20:805‑13.
9. Azar FE, Solhi M, Darabi F, Rohban A, Abolfathi M, Nejhaddadgar
N. Effect of educational intervention based on PRECEDEPROCEED model combined with self-management theory on
self-care behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab
Syndr 2018;12:1075-8.
10. Kaboudi M, Dehghan F, Ziapour A. The effect of acceptance and
commitment therapy on the mental health of women patients with
type II diabetes. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2017;10:1709‑13.
11. Azizi F, Hatami H, Janghorbani M. Epidemiology and Control of
Common Diseases in Iran. Tehran: Khosravi Publisher; 2004.
12. Rezapour A, Azar FE, Aghdash SA, Tanoomand A, Shokouh SM,
Yousefzadeh N, et al. Measuring equity in household’s health care
payments (Tehran-Iran 2013): Technical points for health policy
decision makers. Med J Islamic Republic Iran 2015;29:246.
13. Mojahedi MJ, Hami M, Shakeri MT, Hasani MH, Ahadi M. The
prevalence and related risk factors of hypertension in young
adults in Mashhad hypertension in young adults. Med J Mashhad
Univer Med Sci 2015;58:252‑7.
14. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J. Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: A systematic review.
J Hypertens 2004;22:11‑9.
15. Azizi F, Hatami H, Jonghorbani M. Epidemiology and Control
Disease in Iran. Tehran: Eshtiagh Publication; 2010.
16. Rezapour A, Ebadifard Azar F, Azami Aghdash S, Tanoomand
A, Ahmadzadeh N, Sarabi Asiabar A. Inequity in household’s
capacity to pay and health payments in Tehran-Iran-2013. Med J
Islam Repub Iran 2015;29:245.
17. Rezaee J, Davoodpour B, Ariannejad J, Afzal Aghaei M,
Mirsadraei M. The amount of serum lipids in over weighted
patients with BMI over than 40. J Med Sci 2008;4:23‑7.
18. Aghahe‑Meibody H, Azizi F. Relationship between body weight
change and fat distribution with incidence of diabetes among
people living in the area 13 of Tehran. Pajouhesh Dar Pezeshki
2008;32:105‑13.
19. Shafiee G, Hadaegh F, Azizi F. Comparison of waist‑to‑height ratio
and body mass index for prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus
risk in women: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Iran J Endocrin
Metabol 2009;11:1‑9.
20. Semnani V, Malek M, Khaniporshokooh S. Survey of the
frequency of the types of gall stones and it’s related risk factors
in cholecystectomized patients in Semnan (2002‑2003). Koomesh
2004;6:15‑20.
21. Maddah M, Jazayery A, Mirdamadi R, Eshraghiyan MR, Jalali M.
Sex hormones, leptin and anthropometric indices in men.
J Reproduct Infert 2001;2:19‑25.
22. Azar FE, Aghdash AS, Azar PF, Mazdaki A, Rezapour A, Ebrahimi
P, et al. Cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening and treatment
methods: A systematic review of systematic reviews. BMC Health
Serv Res 2017;17:413.
23. Mansourian M, Ziapour A, Kazemian M, Damanabad Z,
Rastegarimehr B, Mirzaei A, et al. Assessment of educational
performance of nurses in neonatal intensive care unit from
parents’ perspective. J Educ Health Promot 2020;9:1-6.
24. Sadeghi M, Golshadi I, Roohafza H, Aghdak P. Evaluation the
relation between coronary risk factors, metabolic syndrome and
10 year ischemic event according to BMI in women above 19 years
in central part of Iran. J Guilan Univer Med Sci 2008;17:16‑23.
25. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C,
et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and
obesity in children and adults during 1980‑2013: A systematic
analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet
2014;384:766‑81.
26. Nabilou B, Yusefzadeh H, Rezapour A, Azar FE, Safi PS, Asiabar
AS, et al. The productivity and its barriers in public hospitals: Case
study of Iran. Med J Islamic Republic Iran 2016;30:316.
27. Fesharakinia A, Zarban A, Sharifzadeh GR. Lipid profiles and
prevalence of dyslipidemia in schoolchildren in south Khorasan
Province, eastern Iran. Arch Iran Med 2008;11:598‑601.
28. Ferdosi M, Vatankhah S, Khalesi N, Ebadi Fard Azar F, Ayoobian
A. Designing a referral system management model for direct
treatment in social security organization. J Mil Med 2012;14:129-35.
29. Vega GL. Management of atherogenic dyslipidemia of the
metabolic syndrome: Evolving rationale for combined drug
therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004;33:525‑44, vi.
30. Marrie RA, Yu BN, Leung S, Elliott L, Caetano P, Warren S,
et al. Rising prevalence of vascular comorbidities in multiple
sclerosis: Validation of administrative definitions for diabetes,
hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Mult Scler 2012;18:1310‑9.
31. Aldrich N, Benson WF. Disaster Preparedness and The Chronic
Disease Nedds of Vulnerable Older Adults. Preventing Chronic
Disease: Public Health Res, Pract, Policy 2008;5:1‑7.
32. Jamshidi L, Seif A. Comparison of cardiovascular diseases risk
factors in male and female older adults of Hamadan City 2014.
J Gerontol 2016;1:1‑10.
33. Sadeghi M, Roohafza HR, Kelishadi R. Blood pressure and
associated cardiovascular risk factors in Iran: Isfahan Healthy
Heart Programme. Med J Malaysia 2004;59:460‑7.
34. Chaman R, Yunesian M, Hajimohamadi A, Taramsari MG.
Investigating hypertension prevalence and some of its influential
factors in an ethnically variant rural sample. Knowledge Health
2008;39:42‑3.
35. Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi M, Abbasifard M,
et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries
and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global
Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020;396:1204-22.
36. Meraci M, Feizi A, Bagher NM. Investigating The Prevalence of
High Blood Pressure, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Related Risk
Factors According to a Large General Study In Isfahan‑Using
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model; 2012.
37. Rathmann W, Haastert B, Icks A, Löwel H, Meisinger C, Holle R,
et al. High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in
Southern Germany: Target populations for efficient screening.
The KORA survey 2000. Diabetologia 2003;46:182‑9.
38. Moradi F, Toghroli R, Abbas J, Ziapour A, Lebni J, Aghili A,
et al. Hospital managers' skills required and onward challenges:
A qualitative study. J Educ Health Promot 2020;9:228.
39. Costa J, Borges M, Oliveira E, Gouveia M, Carneiro AV. Incidence
and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Portugal: A systemic
review. Part II. Rev Port Cardiol 2003;22:683‑702.
40. Costa J, Oliveira E, David C, Borges M, Gouveia M, Carneiro A.
Prevalence Of hypercholesterolemia in Portugal and Europe: The
same reality? Rev Portuguesa Cardiol 2003;22:967‑74.
41. Roth GA, Fihn SD, Mokdad AH, Aekplakorn W, Hasegawa T,
Lim SS. High total serum cholesterol, medication coverage and
therapeutic control: An analysis of national health examination
survey data from eight countries. Bull World Health Organ
2011;89:92‑101.
42. Saku K, Zhang B, Shirai K, Jimi S, Yoshinaga K, Arakawa K.
Hyperinsulinemic hypoalphalipoproteinemia as a new
indicator for coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol
1999;34:1443‑51.
43. Moghaddas F, Khamnian Z. The prevalence of obesity,
hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia among elderlies
over 60 years of age of Sahlan area in Tabriz. Depict Health
2018;9:206‑13.
44. Janghorbani M, Amini M, Willett WC, Mehdi Gouya M,
Delavari A, Alikhani S, et al. First nationwide survey of prevalence
of overweight, underweight, and abdominal obesity in Iranian
adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:2797‑808.
45. Bahrami H, Sadatsafavi M, Pourshams A, Kamangar F,
Nouraei M, Semnani S, et al. Obesity and hypertension in an
Iranian cohort study; Iranian women experience higher rates of
obesity and hypertension than American women. BMC Public
Health 2006;6:158.
46. Ayatollahi SM, Ghoreshizadeh Z. Prevalence of obesity and
overweight among adults in Iran. Obes Rev 2010;11:335‑7.
47. Erem C, Arslan C, Hacihasanoglu A, Deger O, Topbas M, Ukinc K,
et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors in a Turkish
population (trabzon city, Turkey). Obes Res 2004;12:1117‑27.
48. MoghaddasF, KhamnianZ. The prevalence of obesity, hypertension,
diabetes and hyperlipidemia among elderlies over 60 years of age
of Sahlan area in Tabriz. Depict Health 2019;9:206‑13.
49. Yahai M, Samadanian F, Hosseini M, Azadbakht L. Prevalence of
overweight, obesity and central obesity among students of school
of medicine in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,
Iran. J Health Syst Res 2013;9:421‑9.
50. Al‑Rethaiaa AS, Fahmy AE, Al‑Shwaiyat NM. Obesity and eating
habits among college students in Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional
study. Nutr J 2010;9:39.
51. Musaiger AO. Overweight and obesity in Eastern Mediterranean
region: Prevalence and possible causes. J Obes 2011;2011:407237.
52. Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Dietary and non‑dietary determinants of central adiposity among Tehrani women. Public
Health Nutr 2008;11:528‑34.
53. Paeratakul S, Lovejoy JC, Ryan DH, Bray GA. The relation of
gender, race and socioeconomic status to obesity and obesity
comorbidities in a sample of US adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab
Disord 2002;26:1205‑10.
54. Odegaard AO, Koh WP, Vazquez G, Arakawa K, Lee HP, Yu MC,
et al. BMI and diabetes risk in Singaporean Chinese. Diabetes Care
2009;32:1104‑6.
55. Wilson PW, D’Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB.
Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular
risk: The Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med
2002;162:1867‑72.
56. Yeganeh M, Shakersain B, Azizi F, Yngve A, Hedayati M.
Central obesity as a reliable predictor for hypertension and
dyslipidemia: Tehran lipid glucose study. Iran J Endocrin Metabol
2010;12:251‑314.
)