Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Understanding adaptation is strongly influenced by the culture and beliefs of every
society. By increasing knowledge about the different dimensions which require the adaptation in
different aspects requiring the nurse adaptation in oncology, a clear definition of the problem can be
stated. Because of the lack of a standard and appropriate tool for the culture of the Iranian society,
this aimed at developing and validating the nurse adaptation tool in the oncology departments.
METHODS: This research is a methodological study and an exploratory mixed method being
conducted in three main steps of conceptualization, production of items, and field test. Inductive
conceptualization was performed through qualitative methodology and conventional content analysis
approach; in the second step, developed instrument was evaluated in terms of face validity, content
validity, and construct validity. In the third step, sampling of oncology nurses was done and exploratory
factor analysis was performed for evaluating the construct validity, adequacy of sampling, and
dimensioning. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated for checking the reliability of the instrument.
RESULTS: The oncology nurse adaptation questionnaire was formed with twenty items in four main
dimensions, including “emotional factors,” “supportive factors,” “work‑related factors in the ward,”
and “factors related to job conditions.” The reliability of the tool was confirmed by evaluating the
internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha, which was above 0.7 for each dimension and 0.82 for
the whole instrument.
CONCLUSION: This instrument can be used as a practical tool for determining the adaptation of
oncology nurses for providing evidence to improve the work conditions of nurses by improving the
working conditions in the workplace and providing facilities with individual intervention, and the
outcome will be care of patients with high quality.

Keywords

1. Banning M, Gumley VA. Clinical nurses’ expressions of the
emotions related to caring and coping with cancer patients
in Pakistan: A qualitative study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)
2012;21:800‑8.
2. Uitterhoeve R, De Leeuw J, Bensing J, Heaven C, Borm G,
DeMulder P, et al. Cue-responding behaviours of oncology nurses
in video-simulated interviews. J Adv Nurs 2008;61:71‑80.
3. Ameri MS, Ashke Torab T, Kavosi A, Vaezi A. Moral distress:
Evaluating nurses’ experiences. Med Ethics History Med
2013;6:64‑73.
4. Maluwa VM. Moral Distress in Nursing Practice in Lilongwe.
Malawi: University of Malawi; 2008.
5. Gomes Sda F, Santos MM, Carolino ET. Psycho‑social risks at
work: Stress and coping strategies in oncology nurses. Rev Lat
Am Enfermagem 2013;21:1282‑9.
6. Książek I, Stefaniak TJ, Stadnyk M, Książek J. Burnout syndrome
in surgical oncology and general surgery nurses: A cross‑sectional
study. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2011;15:347‑50.
7. Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout. Annu Rev
Psychol 2001;52:397‑422.
8. Ghiyasvandian SH, Noori Kermanshahi S, Haghani H. Nursing
student’s attitude and motivation towards work in cancer settings.
Nurs Res 2013;8:27‑36.
9. Hudson P. A critical review of supportive interventions for family
caregivers of patients with palliative‑stage cancer. J Psychosoc
Oncol 2005;22:77‑92.
10. Martire LM, Lustig AP, Schulz R, Miller GE, Helgeson VS. Is
it beneficial to involve a family member? A meta‑analysis of
psychosocial interventions for chronic illness. Health Psychol
2004;23:599‑611.
11. Potter P, Deshields T, Berger JA, Clarke M, Olsen S, Chen L.
Evaluation of a compassion fatigue resiliency program for
oncology nurses. Oncol Nurs Forum 2013;40:180‑7.
12. Epstein EG, Delgado S. Understanding and addressing moral
distress. Online J Issues Nurs 2010;15(3):1‑5.
13. Harrowing JN, Mill J. Moral distress among Ugandan nurses
providing HIV care: A critical ethnography. Int J Nurs Stud
2010;47(6):723‑731.
14. Davis S, Lind BK, Sorensen C. A comparison of burnout among
oncology nurses working in adult and pediatric inpatient and
outpatient settings. Oncol Nurs Forum 2013;40:E303‑11.
15. Gillman L, Adams J, Kovac R, Kilcullen A, House A, Doyle C.
Strategies to promote coping and resilience in oncology and
palliative care nurses caring for adult patients with malignancy:
A comprehensive systematic review. JBI Database System Rev
Implement Rep 2015;13:131‑204.
16. Cohen JS, Erickson JM. Ethical dilemmas and moral distress in
oncology nursing practice. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2006;10:775‑80.
17. Memarian R. Nursing Concepts and Theories. Tehran: Tarbiat
Modares University; 2012.
18. Elo S, Kyngäs H. The qualitative content analysis process. J Adv
Nurs 2008;62:107‑15.
19. Polit DF. Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for
Nursing Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia. Wiliams and wilkins; 2017.
20. SandelowskiM. Telling stories: Narrative approaches in qualitative
research. Image J Nurs Scholarship 1991;23:161‑6.
21. Graneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in
nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve
trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today 2004;24:105‑12.
22. Hinkin TR. A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for
use in Survey Questionnaires; 1998.
23. Sterubert SC. Qualitative Research in Nursing: Advancing the
Humanistic Imperative. 5th ed. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins; 2011.
24. HajiZadeh E, Asghari M. Statistical Methods and Analysis in
Health and Biosciences. Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi publication;
2011.