Authors
Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the problematic use of mobile phone is an evolving problem. Although
some studies have noted a greater prevalence in the Middle East, intercultural differences have not
been sufficiently studied to date. The present study, therefore, aims at reviewing Iranian published
studies on the problematic use of mobile phone in Iran. This study was conducted as a review study.
For this purpose, we searched all published studies in this field that were conducted in Iran and
reviewed all of the articles by studying the prevalence of the problematic use of cell phone in Iran,
the adopted measuring instruments, the employed terms, predictors of the problematic use of cell
phone, and the consequences of the problematic use of cell phone. After applying the inclusion and
exclusion criteria, 47 articles were selected for evaluation. Among the problematic consequences,
sleep disturbance was the most studied factor. Additionally, gender, feeling of loneliness, attachment
stiles and age were mostly referred to as predictors. In addition, the reported prevalence varied from
0.9% to 64.5%, depending on the studied population and the measuring instruments. The diversity of
reported prevalence rate of problematic use of mobile phone in Iran can be related to the ambiguity
of the concept of “problematic use” and the diversity of the employed measuring tools. Thus, care
should be taken in generalizing and interpreting the results.
Keywords
1. Billieux J. Problematic use of the mobile phone: Aliterature review
and a pathways model. Curr Psychiatry Rev 2012;8:299‑307.
2. Bianchi A, Phillips JG. Psychological predictors of problem mobile
phone use. Cyberpsychol Behav 2005;8:39‑51.
3. Jenaro C, Flores N, Gómez‑Vela M, González‑Gil F, Caballo C.
Problematic internet and cell‑phone use: Psychological, behavioral,
and health correlates. Addict Res Theory 2007;15:309‑20.
4. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM‑4); 1994.
5. van Deursen AJ, Bolle CL, Hegner SM, Kommers PA. Modeling
habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of
smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress,
self‑regulation, age, and gender. Comput Human Behav
2015;45:411‑20.
6. Yuchang J, Cuicui S, Junxiu A, Junyi L. Attachment styles and
smartphone addiction in Chinese college students: The mediating
roles of dysfunctional attitudes and self‑esteem. Int J Ment Health
Addict 2017;15:1122‑34.
7. De‑Sola Gutiérrez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Rubio G. Cell‑phone
addiction: A review. Front Psychiatry 2016;7:175.
8. Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A, Temiz N. Evaluation of mobile
phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students.
Pak J Med Sci 2013;29:913‑8.
9. Tao S, Wu X, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Tong S, Tao F. Effects of sleep
quality on the association between problematic mobile phone use
and mental health symptoms in Chinese college students. Int J
Environ Res Public Health 2017;14(2):185.
10. Thomée S, Härenstam A, HagbergM. Mobile phone use and stress,
sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young
adults‑a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2011;11:66.
11. Samaha M, Hawi NS. Relationships among smartphone addiction,
stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput
Human Behav 2016;57:321‑5.
12. Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD, Gjertsen SR, Krossbakken E,
Kvam S, Pallesen S. The relationships between behavioral
addictions and the five‑factor model of personality. J Behav Addict
2013;2:90‑9.
13. Smetaniuk P. A preliminary investigation into the prevalence
and prediction of problematic cell phone use. J Behav Addict
2014;3:41‑53.
14. de‑Sola J, Talledo H, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Rubio G. Prevalence
of problematic cell phone use in an adult population in Spain as
assessed by the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). PLoS
One 2017;12:e0181184.
15. KimY, Jeong JE, Cho H, JungDJ, KwakM, RhoMJ, et al. Personality
factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition:
Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and
self‑control. PLoS One 2016;11:e0159788.
16. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall BJ. Fear of missing out,
need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic
smartphone use. Comput Human Behav 2016;63:509‑16.
17. Kim JH, Seo M, David P. Alleviating depression only to become
problematic mobile phone users: Can face‑to‑face communication
be the antidote? Comput Human Behav 2015;51:440‑7.
18. Kwon YS, Paek KS. The influence of smartphone addiction on
depression and communication competence among college
students. Indian J Sci Technol 2016;9(41):1‑8.
19. Bian M, Leung L. Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone
addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social
capital. Soc Sci Comput Rev 2015;33:61‑79.
20. Billieux J, Van der Linden M, Rochat L. The role of impulsivity in
actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Appl Cognitive
Psychol 2008,22(9):1195‑210.
21. Leung L. Linking psychological attributes to addiction and
improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong
Kong. J Children Media 2008;2:93‑113.
22. Pedrero Pérez EJ, Rodríguez Monje MT, Ruiz Sánchez De León JM.
Mobile phone abuse or addiction. A review of the literature.
Adicciones 2012;24:139‑52.
23. Digital O. The Number of Smartphone Users in Iran. ON Digital
Editorial; 2019. Available from: http://ondigital.ir. [Last accessed
on 2019 May 12].
24. Agency ISP. National Survey. ISPA; 2019. Available from: http://
ispa.ir. [Last accessed on 2019 Jun 03].
25. Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC, Dean RS. Development
of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross‑sectional
studies (AXIS). BMJ Open 2016;6:e011458.
26. McNamara J, Townsend ML, Herbert JS. A systemic review
of maternal wellbeing and its relationship with maternal
fetal attachment and early postpartum bonding. PLoS One
2019;14:e0220032.
27. Sayyah M, Olapour A, Hoseini Ahangari A, Maashi F, Heidari A.
Examine the relationship between mobile phone usage and
psychological health and academic success among medical
students. Educ Develop J 2016;7:57‑63.
28. Eyvazlou M, Zarei E, Rahimi A, Abazari M. Association between
overuse of mobile phones on quality of sleep and general health
among occupational health and safety students. Chronobiol Int
2016;33:293‑300.
29. Akbari R, Zarei E, Dormohammadi A, Gholami A. Influence of
unsafe and overuse of mobile phone on the sleep quality. Sci J
Kurdistan Univ Med Sci 2016;21:81‑90.
30. Babadi‑Akashe Z, Zamani BE, Abedini Y, Akbari H, Hedayati N.
The relationship between mental health and addiction to mobile
phones among University students of Shahrekord, Iran. Addict
Health 2014;6:93‑9.
31. Hosseinpour E, Asgari A, Ayati M. The relationship between
addiction to the Internet and mobile phone with students’
academic burnout. Inform Communication Technol Educ Sci
2016;6:59‑73.
32. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Jannatifard F, Mohammadi Kalhori S,
Sepahbodi G, BabaReisi M, et al. Assessment of semi‑structured
clinical interview for mobile phone addiction disorder. Iran J
Psychiatry 2016;11:115‑9.
33. Fazl Ali M, Farshidi F. Study of the use of mobile phones and their
relationship with the sleep quality and academic performance
of high school students. Inform Communication Technol Educ
2016;6:5‑21.
34. Divband F. Relationships between sensation seeking, leisure
boredom, and self‑esteem, with addiction to cellphone. Psychol
Res 2012;15:30‑47.
35. Zamani BE, Babady Akasheh Z, Abedini Y. Predicting the
relationship between students’ addiction behaviors to cellar
phones and their demographic and psychological characteristics
of Shahrkord Universities. Appl Soc 2016;27:81‑92.
36. Afkhami HS. Addictive mobile phone usage. Soc Soc Issues Iran
2013;4:67‑90.
37. Kowsari ME, Amoori A. The patterns of the Iranian youth usage
of cell phones (functions and dysfunctions in daily life). Soc Stud
2012;19:259‑87.
38. Faghih‑Aram B, Ebrahimi Z, Zargham M. Psychosocial harms
caused by the use of mobile and Internet among students. Inform
Communication Technol Educ 2016;6:111‑28.
39. Karimianpour G, Karami A, Ahmadi T. The role of mobile
dependency in the prediction of academic self‑concept and school
engagement of students. Educ Res 2016;11:51‑66.
40. Barati M, Moloudi G, Karimi F, Afshari M, Mohammadi Y,
Etesamifard T. Association between cellphone overuse and
depression among medical college students in Hamadan, West
of Iran. Avicenna J Neuro Psycho Physiol 2016;3:101‑5.
41. Mansourian M, Solhi M, Adab Z, Latifi M. Relationship between dependence to mobile phone with loneliness and social support
in University students. Razi J Med Sci 2014;21:1‑8.
42. Mazaheri MA, Karbasi M. Validity and reliability of the
Persian version of mobile phone addiction scale. J Res Med Sci
2014;19:139‑44.
43. Mazaheri MA, Najarkolaei FR. Cell phone and internet addiction
among students in Isfahan University of medical sciences‑Iran.
J Health Policy Sustainable Health 2014;1(3):101‑5.
44. Pourrazavi S, Allahverdipour H, Jafarabadi MA, Matlabi H.
A socio‑cognitive inquiry of excessive mobile phone use. Asian
J Psychiatr 2014;10:84‑9.
45. Pour‑razavi SA, Topchian A. Determination of the predictive role
of self‑regulation and self‑ control on overuse of cell phones by
students. J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2015;22:152‑60.
46. Golmohammadian M, Yaseminejad P, Naderi N. The relationship
between cell phone over use and quality of life in students.
J Kermansha Univ Med Sci 2013;17:387‑93.
47. Yaseminejad P, Golmohammadian M, Yoosefi N. The study of
the relationship between cell‑phone overuse and general heath
in students. Knowled Res Appl Psychol 2012;13:60‑72.
48. Parashkouh N. N., Mirhadian L., EmamiSigaroudi A., Leili, E.
K., Hasandoost F. Rafiei H. Internet and mobile phone addiction
among high school students: A cross sectional study from Iran.
IOSR J Nurs Health Sci 2016;5:3:31‑4.
49. Khazaei TB, Sharifzadeh G, Jahed Saravani M, Khazaei T,
Hedayati H. The relationship between emotional intelligence
and mobile dependency of students in Birjand Azad University.
Modern Care 2013;10:279‑87.
50. Khazaei T, Saadatjoo A, Dormohamadi S, Soleimani M,
Toosinia M, Mullah Hassan Zadeh F. Prevalence of mobile
dependency and adolescence aggression. J Birjand Univ Med Sci
2012;19:430‑8.
51. Khazaei TA, SaadatJoo A, Shabani M, Senobari M, Baziyan M.
Prevalence of mobile phone dependency and its relationship with
students’ Self Esteem. Knowled Health. 2013;8:156‑62.
52. Sahbaie F, Shokri S, Dayemi M, Poorzadi M. Pattern of mobile
usage and its relation to the psychological state of Tehran
University students. Med Council Iran 2016;34:233‑40.
53. Yahyazadeh S, Fallahi Khoshknab M, Norouzi K. The prevalence
of smart phone addiction among students in medical sciences
universities in Tehran. Adv Nurs Midwifery 2016;26:1‑10.
54. Alavi SS, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Ojaghi R, Rezapour H.
The psychometric properties of cellular phone dependency
questionnaire in students of Isfahan: A pilot study. J Educ Health
Promot 2014;3:71.
55. Mohammadbeigi A, Absari R, Valizadeh F, Saadati M,
Sharifimoghadam S, Ahmadi A, et al. Sleep quality in medical
students; The impact of over‑use of mobile cell‑phone and social
networks. J Res Health Sci 2016;16:46‑50.
56. Allahyari A, Heidari S, Jian F. Attachment styles, addiction
to mobile phones and how to use it in students. Psychol Mod
Methods 2015;6:87‑103.
57. Askarizadeh G, Poormirzaei M, Hajmohammadi R. Identity
processing styles and cell phone addiction: The mediating role
of religious coping. Res Religion Health 2016;3:18‑29.
58. Atadokht A. The relationship of cell phone overuse with
psychopathology of sleep habits and sleep disorders in university
students. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Faculty 2016;14:136‑44.
59. Atadokht A, Hamidifar V, Mohammadi I. Problematic use
and type of mobile phone users in high school students and
its relationship with academic performance and achievement
motivation. School Psychol 2014;3:253‑66.
60. Babaei E, Azizi S, Golchobi R. Investigating the attachment and
excitement styles as the projections of mobile dependence among
teens. Stud Educ Psychol 2014;20:53‑76.
61. Ghasempour A, Mahmoodi‑Aghdam M. The Role of Depression
and Attachment Styles in Predicting Students’ Addiction to Cell
Phones. Addict Health 2015;7:192‑7.
62. Jena‑abadi H. On the relationship between loneliness and social
support and cell phone addiction among students. School
Psycholo 2016;5:146‑53.
63. Mohammadi Kalhori S, Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Jannatifard F,
Sepahbodi G, Baba Reisi M, et al. Validation and psychometric
properties of mobile phone problematic use scale (MPPUS) in
University students of Tehran. Iran J Psychiatry 2015;10:25‑31.
64. Keyvankar M, Pakdaman M, Shahabizadeh F. Perceived
childhood attachment patterns and personality characteristics
in cell phone dependency. Develop Psychol 2013;9:423‑32.
65. Mohammadi M, Alavi SS, Farokhzad P, Jannatifard F,
Mohammadi Kalhori S, Sepahbodi G, et al. The validity
and reliability of the Persian version test of mobile phone
dependency (TMD). Iran J Psychiatry 2015;10:265‑72.
66. Monsheie G, Ghasemi Motlagh M, Govahi F, Mortazavi Kyasari F.
The relationship between loneliness and parenting practices with
student addiction to the mobile phone. Educ Res 2015;11:101‑12.
67. NarimaniM, RanjbarM. The role of loneliness and family cohesion
in the tendency of teenagers to problematic use of mobile phones.
Communication Res 2016;23:45‑62.
68. Pourakbaran E. Assessment of using of emerging communication
tools (cell phone, internet and satellite) among young adults and
its association with anxiety, depression and stress. Fundamentals
Mental Health 2015;17:254‑9.
69. Rashidi A, Jafari T, Hojatkhah M, Moahammadi F, Mahboobi M,
Zahedi A, et al. The relationship between personality traits,
loneliness, and identity styles and dependence on mobile phone
in students. Sadra Med Sci 2015;4:43‑50.
70. Savari k. The relationship between mental health and family
relationships with cell phone addiction. Soc Psychol Res
2013;3:1‑14.
71. Savari K. Construction and validation of the mobile phone
addiction questionnaire. Educ Measurement 2014;4:126‑42.
72. Shayeghian Z, Rasoolzadeh Tabtabae K, Rahimi K, Parian S.
The psychometric evaluation of mobile phone problem usage
scale (MPPUS). Pajouhandeh J 2012;17:246‑51.
73. Yaseminejad P, Golmohammadian M. Study the relationship of
Big five factors of personality and problematic use of Cell‑phone
in students of University of Dezful. Soc Psychol Res 2011;1:79‑105.
74. Toda M, Monden K, Kubo K, Morimoto K. Cellular phone
dependence tendency of female university students. Nihon
Eiseigaku Zasshi 2004;59:383‑6.
75. Igarashi T, Motoyoshi T, Takai J, Yoshida T. No mobile, no life:
Self‑perception and text‑message dependency among Japanese
high school students. Comput Human Behav 2008;24:2311‑24.
76. Koo HY. Development of a cell phone addiction scale for Korean
adolescents. J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39:818‑28.
77. Hooper V, Zhou Y. Addictive, dependent, compulsive? A study
of mobile phone usag. BLED proceed 2007;1:38.
78. Jafarzadeh E. Mobile Addiction and Its Relation with General
Health of Students; 2010.
79. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al.
Development and validation of a smartphone addiction
scale (SAS). PloS One 2013;8(2):e56936.
80. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall BJ. Non‑social features
of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety
and problematic smartphone use. Comput Human Behav
2017;69:75‑82.
and a pathways model. Curr Psychiatry Rev 2012;8:299‑307.
2. Bianchi A, Phillips JG. Psychological predictors of problem mobile
phone use. Cyberpsychol Behav 2005;8:39‑51.
3. Jenaro C, Flores N, Gómez‑Vela M, González‑Gil F, Caballo C.
Problematic internet and cell‑phone use: Psychological, behavioral,
and health correlates. Addict Res Theory 2007;15:309‑20.
4. Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM‑4); 1994.
5. van Deursen AJ, Bolle CL, Hegner SM, Kommers PA. Modeling
habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of
smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress,
self‑regulation, age, and gender. Comput Human Behav
2015;45:411‑20.
6. Yuchang J, Cuicui S, Junxiu A, Junyi L. Attachment styles and
smartphone addiction in Chinese college students: The mediating
roles of dysfunctional attitudes and self‑esteem. Int J Ment Health
Addict 2017;15:1122‑34.
7. De‑Sola Gutiérrez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Rubio G. Cell‑phone
addiction: A review. Front Psychiatry 2016;7:175.
8. Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A, Temiz N. Evaluation of mobile
phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students.
Pak J Med Sci 2013;29:913‑8.
9. Tao S, Wu X, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Tong S, Tao F. Effects of sleep
quality on the association between problematic mobile phone use
and mental health symptoms in Chinese college students. Int J
Environ Res Public Health 2017;14(2):185.
10. Thomée S, Härenstam A, HagbergM. Mobile phone use and stress,
sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young
adults‑a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2011;11:66.
11. Samaha M, Hawi NS. Relationships among smartphone addiction,
stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput
Human Behav 2016;57:321‑5.
12. Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD, Gjertsen SR, Krossbakken E,
Kvam S, Pallesen S. The relationships between behavioral
addictions and the five‑factor model of personality. J Behav Addict
2013;2:90‑9.
13. Smetaniuk P. A preliminary investigation into the prevalence
and prediction of problematic cell phone use. J Behav Addict
2014;3:41‑53.
14. de‑Sola J, Talledo H, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Rubio G. Prevalence
of problematic cell phone use in an adult population in Spain as
assessed by the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). PLoS
One 2017;12:e0181184.
15. KimY, Jeong JE, Cho H, JungDJ, KwakM, RhoMJ, et al. Personality
factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition:
Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and
self‑control. PLoS One 2016;11:e0159788.
16. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall BJ. Fear of missing out,
need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic
smartphone use. Comput Human Behav 2016;63:509‑16.
17. Kim JH, Seo M, David P. Alleviating depression only to become
problematic mobile phone users: Can face‑to‑face communication
be the antidote? Comput Human Behav 2015;51:440‑7.
18. Kwon YS, Paek KS. The influence of smartphone addiction on
depression and communication competence among college
students. Indian J Sci Technol 2016;9(41):1‑8.
19. Bian M, Leung L. Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone
addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social
capital. Soc Sci Comput Rev 2015;33:61‑79.
20. Billieux J, Van der Linden M, Rochat L. The role of impulsivity in
actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Appl Cognitive
Psychol 2008,22(9):1195‑210.
21. Leung L. Linking psychological attributes to addiction and
improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong
Kong. J Children Media 2008;2:93‑113.
22. Pedrero Pérez EJ, Rodríguez Monje MT, Ruiz Sánchez De León JM.
Mobile phone abuse or addiction. A review of the literature.
Adicciones 2012;24:139‑52.
23. Digital O. The Number of Smartphone Users in Iran. ON Digital
Editorial; 2019. Available from: http://ondigital.ir. [Last accessed
on 2019 May 12].
24. Agency ISP. National Survey. ISPA; 2019. Available from: http://
ispa.ir. [Last accessed on 2019 Jun 03].
25. Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC, Dean RS. Development
of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross‑sectional
studies (AXIS). BMJ Open 2016;6:e011458.
26. McNamara J, Townsend ML, Herbert JS. A systemic review
of maternal wellbeing and its relationship with maternal
fetal attachment and early postpartum bonding. PLoS One
2019;14:e0220032.
27. Sayyah M, Olapour A, Hoseini Ahangari A, Maashi F, Heidari A.
Examine the relationship between mobile phone usage and
psychological health and academic success among medical
students. Educ Develop J 2016;7:57‑63.
28. Eyvazlou M, Zarei E, Rahimi A, Abazari M. Association between
overuse of mobile phones on quality of sleep and general health
among occupational health and safety students. Chronobiol Int
2016;33:293‑300.
29. Akbari R, Zarei E, Dormohammadi A, Gholami A. Influence of
unsafe and overuse of mobile phone on the sleep quality. Sci J
Kurdistan Univ Med Sci 2016;21:81‑90.
30. Babadi‑Akashe Z, Zamani BE, Abedini Y, Akbari H, Hedayati N.
The relationship between mental health and addiction to mobile
phones among University students of Shahrekord, Iran. Addict
Health 2014;6:93‑9.
31. Hosseinpour E, Asgari A, Ayati M. The relationship between
addiction to the Internet and mobile phone with students’
academic burnout. Inform Communication Technol Educ Sci
2016;6:59‑73.
32. Alavi SS, Mohammadi MR, Jannatifard F, Mohammadi Kalhori S,
Sepahbodi G, BabaReisi M, et al. Assessment of semi‑structured
clinical interview for mobile phone addiction disorder. Iran J
Psychiatry 2016;11:115‑9.
33. Fazl Ali M, Farshidi F. Study of the use of mobile phones and their
relationship with the sleep quality and academic performance
of high school students. Inform Communication Technol Educ
2016;6:5‑21.
34. Divband F. Relationships between sensation seeking, leisure
boredom, and self‑esteem, with addiction to cellphone. Psychol
Res 2012;15:30‑47.
35. Zamani BE, Babady Akasheh Z, Abedini Y. Predicting the
relationship between students’ addiction behaviors to cellar
phones and their demographic and psychological characteristics
of Shahrkord Universities. Appl Soc 2016;27:81‑92.
36. Afkhami HS. Addictive mobile phone usage. Soc Soc Issues Iran
2013;4:67‑90.
37. Kowsari ME, Amoori A. The patterns of the Iranian youth usage
of cell phones (functions and dysfunctions in daily life). Soc Stud
2012;19:259‑87.
38. Faghih‑Aram B, Ebrahimi Z, Zargham M. Psychosocial harms
caused by the use of mobile and Internet among students. Inform
Communication Technol Educ 2016;6:111‑28.
39. Karimianpour G, Karami A, Ahmadi T. The role of mobile
dependency in the prediction of academic self‑concept and school
engagement of students. Educ Res 2016;11:51‑66.
40. Barati M, Moloudi G, Karimi F, Afshari M, Mohammadi Y,
Etesamifard T. Association between cellphone overuse and
depression among medical college students in Hamadan, West
of Iran. Avicenna J Neuro Psycho Physiol 2016;3:101‑5.
41. Mansourian M, Solhi M, Adab Z, Latifi M. Relationship between dependence to mobile phone with loneliness and social support
in University students. Razi J Med Sci 2014;21:1‑8.
42. Mazaheri MA, Karbasi M. Validity and reliability of the
Persian version of mobile phone addiction scale. J Res Med Sci
2014;19:139‑44.
43. Mazaheri MA, Najarkolaei FR. Cell phone and internet addiction
among students in Isfahan University of medical sciences‑Iran.
J Health Policy Sustainable Health 2014;1(3):101‑5.
44. Pourrazavi S, Allahverdipour H, Jafarabadi MA, Matlabi H.
A socio‑cognitive inquiry of excessive mobile phone use. Asian
J Psychiatr 2014;10:84‑9.
45. Pour‑razavi SA, Topchian A. Determination of the predictive role
of self‑regulation and self‑ control on overuse of cell phones by
students. J Hamadan Univ Med Sci 2015;22:152‑60.
46. Golmohammadian M, Yaseminejad P, Naderi N. The relationship
between cell phone over use and quality of life in students.
J Kermansha Univ Med Sci 2013;17:387‑93.
47. Yaseminejad P, Golmohammadian M, Yoosefi N. The study of
the relationship between cell‑phone overuse and general heath
in students. Knowled Res Appl Psychol 2012;13:60‑72.
48. Parashkouh N. N., Mirhadian L., EmamiSigaroudi A., Leili, E.
K., Hasandoost F. Rafiei H. Internet and mobile phone addiction
among high school students: A cross sectional study from Iran.
IOSR J Nurs Health Sci 2016;5:3:31‑4.
49. Khazaei TB, Sharifzadeh G, Jahed Saravani M, Khazaei T,
Hedayati H. The relationship between emotional intelligence
and mobile dependency of students in Birjand Azad University.
Modern Care 2013;10:279‑87.
50. Khazaei T, Saadatjoo A, Dormohamadi S, Soleimani M,
Toosinia M, Mullah Hassan Zadeh F. Prevalence of mobile
dependency and adolescence aggression. J Birjand Univ Med Sci
2012;19:430‑8.
51. Khazaei TA, SaadatJoo A, Shabani M, Senobari M, Baziyan M.
Prevalence of mobile phone dependency and its relationship with
students’ Self Esteem. Knowled Health. 2013;8:156‑62.
52. Sahbaie F, Shokri S, Dayemi M, Poorzadi M. Pattern of mobile
usage and its relation to the psychological state of Tehran
University students. Med Council Iran 2016;34:233‑40.
53. Yahyazadeh S, Fallahi Khoshknab M, Norouzi K. The prevalence
of smart phone addiction among students in medical sciences
universities in Tehran. Adv Nurs Midwifery 2016;26:1‑10.
54. Alavi SS, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Ojaghi R, Rezapour H.
The psychometric properties of cellular phone dependency
questionnaire in students of Isfahan: A pilot study. J Educ Health
Promot 2014;3:71.
55. Mohammadbeigi A, Absari R, Valizadeh F, Saadati M,
Sharifimoghadam S, Ahmadi A, et al. Sleep quality in medical
students; The impact of over‑use of mobile cell‑phone and social
networks. J Res Health Sci 2016;16:46‑50.
56. Allahyari A, Heidari S, Jian F. Attachment styles, addiction
to mobile phones and how to use it in students. Psychol Mod
Methods 2015;6:87‑103.
57. Askarizadeh G, Poormirzaei M, Hajmohammadi R. Identity
processing styles and cell phone addiction: The mediating role
of religious coping. Res Religion Health 2016;3:18‑29.
58. Atadokht A. The relationship of cell phone overuse with
psychopathology of sleep habits and sleep disorders in university
students. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Faculty 2016;14:136‑44.
59. Atadokht A, Hamidifar V, Mohammadi I. Problematic use
and type of mobile phone users in high school students and
its relationship with academic performance and achievement
motivation. School Psychol 2014;3:253‑66.
60. Babaei E, Azizi S, Golchobi R. Investigating the attachment and
excitement styles as the projections of mobile dependence among
teens. Stud Educ Psychol 2014;20:53‑76.
61. Ghasempour A, Mahmoodi‑Aghdam M. The Role of Depression
and Attachment Styles in Predicting Students’ Addiction to Cell
Phones. Addict Health 2015;7:192‑7.
62. Jena‑abadi H. On the relationship between loneliness and social
support and cell phone addiction among students. School
Psycholo 2016;5:146‑53.
63. Mohammadi Kalhori S, Mohammadi MR, Alavi SS, Jannatifard F,
Sepahbodi G, Baba Reisi M, et al. Validation and psychometric
properties of mobile phone problematic use scale (MPPUS) in
University students of Tehran. Iran J Psychiatry 2015;10:25‑31.
64. Keyvankar M, Pakdaman M, Shahabizadeh F. Perceived
childhood attachment patterns and personality characteristics
in cell phone dependency. Develop Psychol 2013;9:423‑32.
65. Mohammadi M, Alavi SS, Farokhzad P, Jannatifard F,
Mohammadi Kalhori S, Sepahbodi G, et al. The validity
and reliability of the Persian version test of mobile phone
dependency (TMD). Iran J Psychiatry 2015;10:265‑72.
66. Monsheie G, Ghasemi Motlagh M, Govahi F, Mortazavi Kyasari F.
The relationship between loneliness and parenting practices with
student addiction to the mobile phone. Educ Res 2015;11:101‑12.
67. NarimaniM, RanjbarM. The role of loneliness and family cohesion
in the tendency of teenagers to problematic use of mobile phones.
Communication Res 2016;23:45‑62.
68. Pourakbaran E. Assessment of using of emerging communication
tools (cell phone, internet and satellite) among young adults and
its association with anxiety, depression and stress. Fundamentals
Mental Health 2015;17:254‑9.
69. Rashidi A, Jafari T, Hojatkhah M, Moahammadi F, Mahboobi M,
Zahedi A, et al. The relationship between personality traits,
loneliness, and identity styles and dependence on mobile phone
in students. Sadra Med Sci 2015;4:43‑50.
70. Savari k. The relationship between mental health and family
relationships with cell phone addiction. Soc Psychol Res
2013;3:1‑14.
71. Savari K. Construction and validation of the mobile phone
addiction questionnaire. Educ Measurement 2014;4:126‑42.
72. Shayeghian Z, Rasoolzadeh Tabtabae K, Rahimi K, Parian S.
The psychometric evaluation of mobile phone problem usage
scale (MPPUS). Pajouhandeh J 2012;17:246‑51.
73. Yaseminejad P, Golmohammadian M. Study the relationship of
Big five factors of personality and problematic use of Cell‑phone
in students of University of Dezful. Soc Psychol Res 2011;1:79‑105.
74. Toda M, Monden K, Kubo K, Morimoto K. Cellular phone
dependence tendency of female university students. Nihon
Eiseigaku Zasshi 2004;59:383‑6.
75. Igarashi T, Motoyoshi T, Takai J, Yoshida T. No mobile, no life:
Self‑perception and text‑message dependency among Japanese
high school students. Comput Human Behav 2008;24:2311‑24.
76. Koo HY. Development of a cell phone addiction scale for Korean
adolescents. J Korean Acad Nurs 2009;39:818‑28.
77. Hooper V, Zhou Y. Addictive, dependent, compulsive? A study
of mobile phone usag. BLED proceed 2007;1:38.
78. Jafarzadeh E. Mobile Addiction and Its Relation with General
Health of Students; 2010.
79. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al.
Development and validation of a smartphone addiction
scale (SAS). PloS One 2013;8(2):e56936.
80. Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall BJ. Non‑social features
of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety
and problematic smartphone use. Comput Human Behav
2017;69:75‑82.
)