Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- . Fariba Shahraki‑Sanavi 1
- . Alireza Ansari‑Moghaddam 2
- . Mahdi Mohammadi 2
- . Nour‑Mohammad Bakhshani 3
- . Hamid Salehiniya 4
1 Department of Public Health and Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
3 Department of Psychiatric and Clinical Psychology, Children and Adolescents Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
4 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
AIM: This study aimed to investigate the effect of school‑based interventions on mental health among
adolescents in the southeast of Iran.
METHODS: This interventional quasi‑experimental study included a total of 420 adolescent girls
studying 10th grade in the public schools of Zahedan, Iran. Data were collected using general health
questionnaire‑28 questionnaire. After pretest, multidimensional interventions (individual education,
group education, individual consultations, modern education, and parents’ educational packages)
were given to the intervention group from October 2015 to June 2016. After a 3‑month interval, the
posttest was conducted in October 2016. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis.
RESULTS: There was a significant statistical difference between the changes in the mental
health scores after the intervention among the two study groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, after the
intervention, moderate‑to‑severe mental health problems decreased considerably among the students
in the intervention group compared to controls. The greatest impact was on individual psychological
counseling.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study showed that by applying group training and individual
counseling in the schools improves mental health. Therefore, identifying student problems and
parent–teacher cooperation as well as consulting with specialist counselors can be effective in
providing practical and effective solutions in this regard. Therefore, findings suggest that prioritizing
mental health and taking action on the field are of utmost importance.
Keywords
- US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion Healthy People 2010: National
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. US Public
Health Service. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office;
1990.
2. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People
2020: An Opportunity to Address Societal Determinants of
Health in the US. Secretary’s Advisory Committee on National
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2010.
US Department of Health and Human Services; 2020.
3. Merikangas KR, Merikangas KR, Nakamura EF, Kessler RC.
Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents.
Dialogues in clinical neuroscience 2009;11(1):7‑20.
4. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Mental and
Emotional Well‑being of Children: A Portrait of States and the
Nation. Rockville, MD, USA: U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services; 2007.
5. Fazel M, Hoagwood K, Stephan S, Ford T. Mental health
interventions in schools 1: Mental health interventions in schools
in high‑income countries. Lancet Psychiatry 2014;1:377‑87.
6. Taras HL, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on
School Health. School‑based mental health services. Pediatrics
2004;113:1839‑45.
7. Kutash K, Duchnowski AJ, Lynn N. School‑based Mental Health:
An Empirical Guide for Decision‑Makers. Tampa: University of
South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute,
Department of Child and Family Studies, Research and Training
Center for Mental Health: Tampa, Florida; 2006.
8. Nazari I, Hosseinpour M. The effects of social skill on anxiety
and self‑esteem among second grade girl’s high school in
BAGHMALEK. J Soc Psychol (New Findings In Psychol)
2008;2:95‑116.
9. Maghsoudi J, Sabour NH, Yazdani M, Mehrabi T. The effect of
acquiring life skills through humor on social adjustment rate of
the female students. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2010;15:195‑201.
10. Power AK. Transforming the nation’s health: Next steps in mental
health promotion. Am J Public Health 2010;100:2343‑6.
11. Bayer AM, GilmanRH, Tsui AO, Hindin MJ. What is adolescence?
Adolescents narrate their lives in Lima, Peru. J Adolesc
2010;33:509‑20.
12. Mundy LK, Simmons JG, Allen NB, Viner RM, Bayer JK, Olds T,
et al. Study protocol: The Childhood to Adolescence Transition
Study (CATS). BMC Pediatr 2013;13:160.
13. Belfer ML. Child and adolescent mental disorders: The magnitude
of the problem across the globe. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2008;49:226‑36.
14. Raheel H. Coping strategies for stress used by adolescent girls in
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci 2014;30:958‑62.
15. World Health Organization, World Psychiatric Association,
International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and
Allied Professions. Atlas: Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Resources: Global Concerns, Implications for the Future. World
Health Organization; 2005.
16. Sadeghian E, Moghaderi Kousha M, Gorji S. The study of mental
health status in high school female students in Hamadan City.
Sci J Hamadan Uni Med Sci Health Serv 2010;17:39‑45.
17. Zareipour MA, Eftekhar Ardebili H, Kamal A, Movahed E.
Study of mental health and its relationship with family welfare
in pre‑university students in Salmas City in 2010. J Res Dev Nurs
Midwifery 2012;9:84‑93.
18. Paternite CE. School‑based mental health programs and services:
Overview and introduction to the special issue. J Abnorm Child
Psychol 2005;33:657‑63.
19. Greenberg MT, Weissberg RP, O’Brien MU, Zins JE, Fredericks L,
Resnik H, et al. Enhancing school‑based prevention and youth
development through coordinated social, emotional, and
academic learning. Am Psychol 2003;58:466‑74.
20. Erfani Khanghahi M, Shafiei F, Tavakoli R. The effect of mental
health education on pre university high school girls concerning
their attitude beliefs, and the knowledge towards the subject.
J Health Admin 2004;7:57‑63.
21. Goossens FX, Lammers J, Onrust SA, Conrod PJ, de Castro BO,
Monshouwer K. Effectiveness of a brief school‑based intervention
on depression, anxiety, hyperactivity, and delinquency: A cluster
randomized controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry
2016;25:639‑48.
22. Rafee Far S. From Health Education to Health. 1st ed. Tehran:
Tandees; 2005.
23. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M,
Gureje O, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the
WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med
1997;27:191‑7.
24. Banks MH. Validation of the general health questionnaire in a
young community sample. Psychol Med 1983;13:349‑53.
25. Goldberg D. Screening psychiatric disorders. In: Williams P,
Willkinson G, editors. The Scape of Epidemiological Psychiatry.
London: Routledge; 1989.
26. Ebrahimi AE, Moulavi H, Mousavi SG, Bornamanesh A,
Yaghoubi M. Psychometric properties and factor structure of
general health questionnaire 28 (GHQ‑28) in Iranian psychiatric
patients. J Res Behav Sci 2007;5:5‑12.
27. Jolaee S, Mehrdad N, Bahrani N, Moradi Kalboland M.
A comparative investigation on health behaviors of students
in primary schools with and without health educator. J Hayat
2004;10:55‑62.
28. Zareipour M, Sadaghianifar A, Valizadeh R, Alinejad M,
Noorani S. The effect of health promoting schools program in
improving the health status of schools in Urmia, north west of
Iran. Int J Pediatr 2017;5:4319‑27.
29. Schulte‑Körne G. Mental health problems in a school setting in
children and adolescents. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2016;113:183‑90.
30. US Department of Health and Human Services. The Mental and
Emotional Well‑Being of Children: A Portrait of States and the
Nation. Select here to Read Report on Line and Click on Any
Chapter such as. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services;
2007.
31. Ghaemi SZ, Khakshour A, Abasi Z, Hajikhani Golchin NA.
Effectiveness of school‑based program to preventing mental
disorders in school age children. Rev Clin Med 2015;2:118‑24. - 32. Brown C, Dahlbeck D, Sparkman‑Barnes L. Collaborative
relationships: School counselors and non‑school mental health
professionals working together to improve the mental health
needs of students. Prof Sch Couns 2006;9:332‑5.
33. Ranjeh Bazoo K. Mistakes in training and education. Inform Bull
2008;3:12‑5.
34. Walker Z, Townsend J, Oakley L, Donovan C, Smith H,
Hurst Z, et al. Health promotion for adolescents in primary care:
Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002;325:524.
35. Ozer EM, Brindis CD, Millstein SG, Knopf DK, Irwin CE.
America’s Adolescents: Are they Healthy. San Francisco, CA:
University of California, National Adolescent Health Information
Center; 1998.
36. Weisz JR, McCarty CA, Valeri SM. Effects of psychotherapy for
depression in children and adolescents: A meta‑analysis. Psychol
Bull 2006;132:132‑49.
37. Sabella RA. A reaction to counseling psychology and school
counseling an underutilized partnership. Couns Psychol
2004;32:263‑9.
38. Smith B. Why Students Need Guidance Councelors with Real life
Experiences. USA: Helum Inc.; 2007.
39. Gilman R, Fuurlong ML, Huebner ES. Handbook of Positive
Psychology in Schools. New York: Oxford University; 2009.
40. Stice E, Shaw H, Bohon C, Marti CN, Rohde P. A meta‑analytic
review of depression prevention programs for children and
adolescents: Factors that predict magnitude of intervention effects.
J Consult Clin Psychol 2009;77:486‑503.
41. Lopez MA, Basco MA. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral
therapy in public mental health: Comparison to treatment as
usual for treatment‑resistant depression. Adm Policy Ment Health
2015;42:87‑98.
42. Hofmann SG, AsnaaniA, Vonk IJ, SawyerAT, FangA. The efficacy
of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta‑analyses.
Cognit Ther Res 2012;36:427‑40.
43. Gaete J, Martinez V, Fritsch R, Rojas G, Montgomery AA, ArayaR.
Indicated school‑based intervention to improve depressive
symptoms among at risk Chilean adolescents: A randomized
controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16:276.
)