Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Management, Faculty of Health, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: One of the psychiatric disorders related to childhood is attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder that can negatively affect the family interactions of these children. Parents of these children,
especially the mother as the main caregiver, need comprehensive training to make a positive difference
in their attitudes and behaviors with these children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the
effect of emotion regulation training on family relationships in hyperactive children.
METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial study with a control group performed on eighty
mothers of hyperactive children who were selected randomly. The intervention group members
attended emotion regulation skills training sessions for one session of 90 min each week for 8 weeks.
During the training course in the intervention group, the control group did not receive any training.
Data collection tools included demographic information questionnaires, Mother–Child Relationship
Evaluation, and Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory‑II. Data analysis was performed by
descriptive statistics and the analysis of covariance.
RESULTS: The mean scores of the mother–child relationship in the intervention group
showed a significant improvement in the subscales of acceptance, overprotection, facilitation,
and rejection (P < 0.0001). The results of this research also showed improvements in all the
five communication styles of integrating, avoiding, compromising, obliging (P < 0.0001), and
dominating (P < 0.012) between spouses.
CONCLUSION: It seems that the emotion regulation training approach in mothers with hyperactive
children improved both the mother–child relationship and the interactive spousal styles and can be
considered by the managers of treatment and rehabilitation field as an adjunctive therapy for the
families of these children.
Keywords
from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Department
of Health and Human Services; 2015. p. 1‑11.
2. Pahlavanzadeh S, Mousavi S, MaghsoudiJ. Exploring the needs of
family caregivers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder: A qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res
2018;8:1962‑8.
3. Benjamin C, Virginia VV, Pedro R. Summary of Kaplan
psychology and seduction behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry.
ARJMAND 2015;11:115‑128
4. Tan A, Delgaty L, Steward K, Bunner M. Performance‑based
measures and behavioral ratings of executive function in
diagnosing attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children.
Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2018;21:607‑15.
5. Garcia‑Martínez I, Sánchez‑Mora C, Pagerols M, Richarte V,
Corrales M, Fadeuilhe C, et al. Preliminary evidence for
association of genetic variants in pri‑miR‑34b/c and abnormal
miR‑34c expression with attention deficit and hyperactivity
disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2016;10:329‑34.
6. Konicarova J, Bob P, Raboch J. Balance deficits and ADHD
symptoms in medication‑naïve school‑aged boys. Neuropsychiatr
Dis Treat 2014;6:567‑94.
7. BarkleyRA. Attention‑Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a handbook
for. diagnosis and treatment, 3rd edn (New York, Guilford Press).
Oct 12, 2014. p. 82‑5.
8. Bussing R, Zima BT, Mason DM, Meyer JM, White KG. ADHD
knowledge, perceptions, and information sources: Perspectives
from a community sample of adolescents and their parents.
J Adolesc Health 2012;51:593‑600.
9. Hoang T. Parenting Stress In Families of Children With Attention
Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: How Demographics and
Social Support Influence Parenting Stress: A Study from Vietnam.
Albany, New Zealand: Massey University; 2015. p. 68‑74.
10. Gau SS, Chang JP. Maternal parenting styles and mother‑child
relationship among adolescents with and without persistent
attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Res Dev Disabil
2013;34:1581‑94.
11. Popov LM. Parent‑child relationship: Peculiarities and outcome.
Rev Eur Stud 2015;7:253.
12. Barkiey RA. Defiant Children. Training. A Cliniciants Manual for
Assessment and Parent. 3rd ed., Third Edition2015. p. 495‑504.
13. Doyal GT, Friedm RJ. Management of Children and Adolescents
With Attention Deficit‑hyperactivity Disorder Product
details. Paperback: 198 pages; Publisher: Pro Ed; Subsequent
edition (March 1, 1992); Language: English; ISBN‑10: 0890795320;
ISBN‑13: 978‑
14. Aldao A, Jazaieri H, Goldin PR, Gross JJ. Adaptive and
maladaptive emotion regulation strategies: Interactive effects
during CBT for social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord
2014;28:382‑9.
15. Gross JJ. Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York: Guilford
Publications; 2014. p. 32‑53.
16. Kim HY, Page T. Emotional bonds with parents, emotion
regulation, and school‑related behavior problems among
elementary school truants. J Child Fam Stud 2013;22:869‑78.
17. Otto B, Misra S, Prasad A, McRae K. Functional overlap of
top‑down emotion regulation and generation: An fMRI study
identifying common neural substrates between cognitive
reappraisal and cognitively generated emotions. Cogn Affect
Behav Neurosci 2014;20:68‑76.
18. Brans K, Koval P, Verduyn P, Lim YL, Kuppens P. The
regulation of negative and positive affect in daily life. Emotion
2013;13:926‑39.
19. Northover C, Thapar A, Langley K, van Goozen S. Emotion
regulation in adolescent males with attention‑deficit hyperactivity
disorder: Testing the effects of comorbid conduct disorder. Brain
Sci 2015;11:4‑7.
20. Gershy N, Gray SA. Parental emotion regulation and mentalization
in families of children with ADHD. J Atten Disord First Published
March 21, 2018.;65‑75
21. Christina M, Levi R, Doris BF, Meagan C. Predicting parent‑child
aggression risk in mothers and fathers: Role of emotion regulation
and frustration tolerance. J Child Fam Stud 2017;26:2529‑38.
22. Shenaar‑Golan V, Wald N, Yatzkar U. Patterns of emotion
regulation and emotion‑related behaviors among parents of
children with and without ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2017;258:494‑500.
23. Rutherford H, Wallace N, Laurent H, Mayes L. Emotion
Regulation in Parenthood. Developmental Review2015. 36 (1‑14).
24. Mazursky‑Horowitz H, Felton J, Macpherson L, Katherine BE,
Cassidy J, Chronis‑Tuscano A. Maternal emotion regulation
mediates the association between adult attention‑deficit/
hyperactivity disorder symptoms and parenting. Development
and Psychopathology,2014; 11, 685–714.
25. Crandall A. The Association of Maternal Emotion and Cognitive
Control Capacities to Parenting and Child Well‑Being. Dev Rev.
2015 Jun 1; 36: 105–126.
26. Tani F, Pascuzzi D, Raffagnino R. Emotion regulation and
quality of close relationship: The effect of emotion dysregulation
processes on couple intimacy. BPA‑Applied Psychology
Bulletin.2015;; 20 (3): 210‑219.
27. Khodabakhshi Koolaee KA, Khazan S, Tagvaee D. Mother‑ child
relationship and burden in families of children with mental
retardation. Middle East J Fam Med 2014;7:32‑36.
28. Rahim MA, Magner NR. Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles
of handling interpersonal conflict: First‑order factor model and
its invariance across groups. J Appl Psychol 1995;80:4‑7.
29. Jeanne L, Alhusen JL, Hayat MJ, Gross D. A longitudinal study of
maternal attachment and infant developmental outcomes. Arch
Womens Ment Health 2013;5:355‑360.
30. Barkley RA. Attention‑deficit Hyperactivity Disorder:
A Handbook For Diagnosis and Treatment, Third Edition Russell
A Barkley, The Guilford Press: New York. 2014. p. 1023‑5.
31. Karence CH. Child–Parent Relationship Therapy for Adoptive
Families. Fam Journal 2012;20:419‑26.
32. Schilling CM, Walsh AY. ADHD and criminality: A primer on the
genetic, neurobiological, evolutionary, and treatment literature
for criminologists. J Crim Justice 2011;39:3‑11.
33. Johnston C, Mash EJ, Miller N, Ninowski JE. Parenting in adults
with attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin
Psychol Rev 2012;32:215‑28.
34. Karzadeh SH, Abdi MH. Studying family functioning and the role
of maternal parenting styles in predicting children’s behavioral
problems in boys aged 5 to 10 years in Ahvaz city. J Thought
Behav Clin Psychol 2015;9:17‑26.
35. Klahr AM, Thomas KM, Hopwood CJ, Klump KL, Burt SA.
Evocative gene‑environment correlation in the mother‑child
relationship: A twin study of interpersonal processes. Dev
Psychopathol 2013;25:105‑18.
36. Snyder DK, Castellani AM, Whisman MA. Current status and future directions in couple therapy. Annu Rev Psychol
2006;57:317‑44.
37. Laurenceau JP, Barrett LF, Rovine MJ. The interpersonal process
model of intimacy in marriage: A daily‑diary and multilevel
modeling approach. J Fam Psychol 2005;19:314‑23.
38. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) USA:
National Institute of Mental Health U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Available from: https://
education.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/hosford_clinic/docs/
adhd_booklet.pdf. [Last accessed on Sep 1, 2016
39. . Jin WL, Li GZ, Du YS, Coghill D, Au S, Zhong XY. ADHD
symptoms in children aged 5 to 15 years in Zhabei District,
Shanghai. Eur J Psychiatry 2016;30:173‑82.
40. Jasem J, Delport S. Mothers’ perspectives on the play of their
children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Occup Ther
Int 2019;605:10.
41. Krasikova DV, Lester PB, Harms PD. Effects of psychological
capital on mental health and substance abuse. J Lead Org Stud
2015;22:280‑91.
42. Michaeli‑Monee F. Structural relationships between psychological
well‑being and perceived emotional intelligence, the ability to
control negative thinking and depression in mothers of children
with mental retardation and comparing it with normal children.
Res Excep Child 2009;9:103‑20.
43. Johnson S. Emotion Circuit Therapy (Therapeutic Lethal Therapy
for Emotional Injuries). Translated by Hosseini B. Vol. 57. Esfahan:
Jungle; 2003. p. 317‑44.
44. Neitzel C, Stright DA. Parenting behaviours during child problem
solving: The roles of child temperament, mother education and
personality, and the problem solving context. Int J Behav Dev
2004;28:166‑79.
45. van der Oord S, Bögels SM, Peijnenburg D. The effectiveness of
mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting
for their parents. J Child Fam Stud 2012;21:139‑47
)