Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Midwifery, EvidenceBased Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2 PhD Candidate in Reproductive Health, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Spiritual health in the field of health has a great importance in mental disorders and
posttraumatic stress disorders, in treatment process. The present study was done aiming “determine
the effect of spiritual care education on the spiritual health of preeclamptic women with postpartum
stress disorder.”
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was done in 2017 on 260 women with
preeclampsia in Mashhad. Data collection was done with questionnaires Perinatal Posttraumatic
Stress Questionnaire (PPQ), the posttraumatic disorder checklist, Duke University Religion Index,
and the Spiritual Well‑Being Scale (SWBS). In the intervention group, first, women were educated
on spiritual care each day based on Richards and Bergin’s pattern, in three sessions, which lasted
45–60 min. The control group also received routine cares. All units completed the questionnaire
SWBS at the 8th postpartum period. P < 0.05 was meaningful.
RESULTS: After the intervention, this score of spiritual health in the intervention and control groups
had a significant difference with independent test (P = 0.004). Spiritual health significantly increased
in the interventional group.
CONCLUSIONS: Providing spiritual care to pregnant mothers with preeclampsia, increase their
spiritual health.
Keywords
pregnancy. Tehran Univ Med J 2006;64:5‑14.
2. Adewuya A, OlogunY, Ibigbami O. Post‐traumatic stress disorder
after childbirth in Nigerian women: Prevalence and risk factors.
BJOG 2006;113:284‑8.
3. Lotfi Kashani F, Mahmodian T. Psychological symptoms in
patients PTSD with and without comorbidity with substance
abuse. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology. 2008;2:7.
4. Mohaghegh‑Motlagh SJ, Momtazi S, Musavi‑Nasab SN, Arab A,
Saburi E. Post‑traumatic stress disorder in male chemical injured
war veterans compared to non‑chemical war veterans. Med J
Mashhad Univ Med Sci 2014;56:361‑8.
5. Beck CT, Driscoll JW. Postpartum Mood and Anxiety Disorders:
A Clinician’s Guide. USA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2006.
6. Soltani N, Abedian Z, Mokhber N, Esmaily H. The association
of family support after childbirth with posttraumatic stress
disorder in women with preeclampsia. Iran Red Crescent Med J
2015;17:e17865.
7. Abedian, Z., Soltani, N., Mokhber, N., Esmaeily, H. The Prevalence
of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after Childbirth Pre‑Eclampsia
and Related Factors. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology
and Infertility, 2013; 16(78): 16‑24. doi: 10.22038/ijogi.2013.2162.
8. Kalhornia‑Golkar M, Banijamali S, Bahrami H, Hatami H,
Ahadi H. Effectiveness of mixed therapy of stress management
training and spiritual therapy on level of blood pressure, anxiety
and quality of life of high blood pressure patients. J Clin Psychol
2014;3:1‑11.
9. Karimollah M, Abedi H, Yousefi R. Spiritual care in nursing. Res
J Biol Sci 2009;3:491‑9.
10. Fallahikhoshknab M, Mazaheri M. Spiritual Care and Spiritual
Therapy. 1st ed. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and
Rehabilitation Scineces; 2008. p. 69‑91.
11. Bodaghi, E., Alipour, F., Bodaghi, M., Nori, R., Peiman, N.,
Saeidpour, S. The Role of Spirituality and Social Support
in Pregnant Women’s Anxiety, Depression and Stress
Symptoms. Community Health Journal, 2017; 10(2): 72‑82.
12. Zafarian Moghaddam E, Behnam Vashani H R, Reihani T,
Namazi Zadegan S. The Effect of Spiritual education on
depression, anxiety and stress of caregivers of children with
leukemia. jms. 2016; 4(1):1‑7.
13. Mihaljević S, Aukst‑Margetić B, Vuksan‑Ćusa B, Koić E,
Milošević M. Hopelessness, suicidality and religious coping in
Croatian war veterans with PTSD. Psychiatr Danub 2012;24:292‑7.
14. Salari, P., Alavian, F., Habibi Rad, A., Tara, F. The Relationship
between Stress, Anxiety and Pain with Salivary Cortisol Levels in
First Stage of Labor in Primiparous Women. The Iranian Journal
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility, 2013; 16(55): 14‑21. doi:
10.22038/ijogi.2013.1174.
15. Fatemi M, Nazari R, Safavi M, Naeini M, Svadpvr M. Relationship
between spirituality and nurses on patient satisfaction with
nursing care. J Med Ethics 2011;5:140‑59.
16. Feeley N, Zelkowitz P, Cormier C, Charbonneau L, Lacroix A,
Papageorgiou A. Posttraumatic stress among mothers of very low
birthweight infants at 6 months after discharge from the neonatal
intensive care unit. Appl Nurs Res 2011;24:114‑7.
17. Goodarzi A. Validity and reliability of post crash impact
scale (ESSL). J Psychol 2003;7:153‑78.
18. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane TM. The
PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility.
San Antonio, Texas: Paper Presented at the 9th Annual Meeting
of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. 1993.
19. Hafizi S, Memari AH, Pakrah M, Mohebi F, Saghazadeh A,
Koenig HG. The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL):
Validation and reliability of the Farsi version. Psychol Rep
2013;112:151‑9.
20. Baljani E, Kazemi M, Amanpour E, Tizfahm T. A survey
on relationship between religion, spiritual wellbeing, hope
and quality of life in patients with cancer. Evid Based Care
2011;1:51‑62.
21. Koenig HG, Büssing A. The Duke University Religion
Index (DUREL): A five‑item measure for use in epidemological
studies. Religions 2010;1:78‑85.
22. Richards PS, Bergin AE. A Spiritual Strategy for Counseling
and Psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association; 2005. p. 422.
23. Siedlecki V. Trauma and Spirituality: Healing the Wounded Soul.
2013.
24. Richards PS, Hardman RK, Berrett ME. Spiritual Approaches
in the Treatment of Women with Eating Disorders. American
Psychological Association; 2007.
25. Bamdad M, Fallahi Khoshknab M, Dalvandi A ,
Khodayi Ardakani M R. Impact of Spiritual Care on Spiritual Health
of hospitalized Amphetamin Dependents. IJPN. 2013; 1(3):10‑18.
26. Fouladvandi M, Azizzade Foroozi M, Fouladvandi G, Sadeghi H,
Malekian L. Relationship of spiritual health with attitude to
spirituality and spiritual care in hemodialysis patients the city
of Bam. Complement Med J Fac Nurs Midwifery 2015;5:1133‑45.
27. Rahimi N, Nouhi E, Nakhaee N. Spiritual well‑being and attitude
toward spirituality and spiritual care in nursing and midwifery
students. Iran J Nurs 2013;26:55‑65.
28. Koenig HG. Spirituality, wellness, and quality of life. Sex Reprod
Menopause 2004;2:76‑82.
29. Thuné‑Boyle IC, Stygall JA, Keshtgar MR, Newman SP. Do
religious/spiritual coping strategies affect illness adjustment in
patients with cancer? A systematic review of the literature. Soc
Sci Med 2006;63:151‑64.
30. Beery TA, Baas LS, Fowler C, Allen G. Spirituality in persons with
heart failure. J Holist Nurs 2002;20:5‑25.
31. Song Y, Lindquist R, Windenburg D, Cairns B, Thakur A. Review
of outcomes of cardiac support groups after cardiac events. West
J Nurs Res 2011;33:224‑46.
32. Hayase M, Shimada M, Seki H. Sleep quality and stress in women
with pregnancy‑induced hypertension and gestational diabetes
mellitus. Women Birth 2014;27:190‑5.
33. Aziz‑Zadeh FM, Mohammad Alizadeh S, Sultan Ahmedi Z,
Ghazanfari Z. Stressor factors of the mothers after delivery.
J Obstet Gynecol Infertil 2009;12:39‑45.
34. van Steijn ME, Scheepstra KWF, Zaat TR, van der Post JAM,
Olff M, van Pampus MG. Posttraumatic stress disorder in partners
following severe postpartum haemorrhage: A prospective cohort
study. Women Birth. 2020 Jul; 33(4):360‑366. doi: 10.1016/j.
wombi.2019.06.016. Epub 2019 Jul 13. PMID: 31307939; 2009.
p. 117‑26.
35. Doğan H, Değer M. Nursing care of elderly people at home and
ethical implications: An experience from Istanbul. Nurs Ethics
2004;11:553‑67.
36. Aghamohammadi‑Kalkhoran M, Karimollahi M. Religiousness
and preoperative anxiety: A correlational study. Ann Gen
Psychiatry 2007;6:1‑5.
37. Ebrahimzadeh Zgemi S, Golmakani N, Asili M, Naseri A,
Mohebbi Dehnavi Z, Kamali Z et al. A Comparative Study on the
Effect of Artemisia and Clotrimazole Vaginal Cream on Vaginal
Candida Infection on Non‑Pregnant Women in Fertile Age in
Mashhad in 2016‑2017: A Triple Blind Clinical Trial. J. Med. Plants.
2019; 18(72):170‑182.
38. Valiani M, Allameh Z, Bahadoran P, Mohebbi‑Dehnavi Z,
Amani E. Comparison of the Effect of Vaginal Misoprostol
and Intravenous Oxytocin on Fetal‑Neonatal Complications
in Primigravid as Who Referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital,
Isfahan, Iran in 2017. Iranian Journal of Neonatology IJN, 2020;
11(4): 81‑86. doi: 10.22038/ijn.2020.43142.1717.
)