Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Surgery, Emam Khomini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences

2 Department of Psychology, Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences

3 Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences

4 Department of Psychology , Mostafa Khomini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR, Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Difficulty with reading fluency has been increasingly acknowledged as a significant
aspect of reading disabilities which is called dyslexia. To investigate this important issue, this
research aims to examine the impact of an intervention program on reading fluency of dyslexic
students.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research is an experimental one. The population of the study
included all the second‑ and third‑grade male and female students in the city of Ilam, Iran, among whom
68 students were recognized to be dyslexic using a screening inventory reading test (IRT) developed
by Shafiei et al., in 2009, they were selected using purposeful sampling method. The students were
equally divided and assigned into a control and an experimental group. The experimental group
received the Barton intervention program for 10 weeks. The reading fluency test was administered
for the measurement of reading fluency in pre‑ and post‑tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive
statistics (mean and standard deviation) and paired t‑test.
RESULTS: The analysis of the finding through t‑test found a statistically significant difference between
the control and experimental groups after the intervention program at P < 0.01.
CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that the students who received the intervention program of
the experimental group were improved in terms of their reading fluency.

Keywords

1. Nourbakhsh S. The efficacy of multisensory method and cognitive
skills training on perceptual performance and reading ability in
learning and non‑learning based tests of male dyslexic students
in Tehran Iran. Asian J Soc Sci Hum 2014;3:1‑22.
2. Sedaghati L, Foroughi R, Shafiei B, Maracy MR. Prevalence of
dyslexia in first to fifth grade elementary students Isfahan, Iran.
Audiology 2010;19:94-101.
3. Sumner E, Connelly V, Barnett AL. Children with dyslexia are
slow writers because they pause more often and not because
they are slow at handwriting execution. Reading Writing
2013;26:991‑1008.
4. PalfiovaM, Dankulincova VeselskaZ, BobakovaD, Holubcikova J,Cermak I, Madarasova Geckova A, et al. Is risk‑taking behaviour
more prevalent among adolescents with learning disabilities? Eur
J Public Health 2017;27:501‑6.
5. Sánchez‑Morán M, Hernández JA, Duñabeitia JA, Estévez A,
Bárcena L, González‑Lahera A, et al. Genetic association study
of dyslexia and ADHD candidate genes in a Spanish cohort:
Implications of comorbid samples. PLoS One 2018;13:e0206431.
6. Landerl K, Ramus F, Moll K, Lyytinen H, Leppänen PH,
Lohvansuu K, et al. Predictors of developmental dyslexia in
European orthographies with varying complexity. J Child Psychol
Psychiatry 2013;54:686‑94.
7. Snowling MJ, Lervåg A, Nash HM, Hulme C. Longitudinal
relationships between speech perception, phonological skills
and reading in children at high‑risk of dyslexia. Dev Sci
2019;22:e12723.
8. Van den Broeck W, Geudens A. Old and new ways to
study characteristics of reading disability: The case of the
nonword‑reading deficit. Cogn Psychol 2012;65:414‑56.
9. Ramus F, Marshall CR, Rosen S, van der Lely HK. Phonological
deficits in specific language impairment and developmental
dyslexia: Towards a multidimensional model. Brain
2013;136:630‑45.
10. Snowling MJ, Hulme C. Annual research review: The nature and
classification of reading disorders – A commentary on proposals
for DSM‑5. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012;53:593‑607.
11. McGrathLM, PenningtonBF, ShanahanMA, Santerre‑LemmonLE,
Barnard HD, Willcutt EG, et al. A multiple deficit model of
reading disability and attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder:
Searching for shared cognitive deficits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
2011;52:547‑57.
12. Snowling MJ, Melby‑Lervåg M. Oral language deficits in
familial dyslexia: A meta‑analysis and review. Psychol Bull
2016;142:498‑545.
13. Norton ES, Wolf M. Rapid automatized naming (RAN) and
reading fluency: Implications for understanding and treatment
of reading disabilities. Annu Rev Psychol 2012;63:427‑52.
14. Stevens EA, Walker MA, Vaughn S. The effects of reading fluency
interventions on the reading fluency and reading comprehension
performance of elementary students with learning disabilities:
A synthesis of the research from 2001 to 2014. J Learn Disabil
2017;50:576‑90.
15. Nowicki EA, Brown JD. “A kid way”: Strategies for including
classmates with learning or intellectual disabilities. Intellect Dev
Disabil 2013;51:253‑62.
16. da Costa BG, da Silva KS, George AM, de Assis MA. Sedentary
behavior during school‑time: Sociodemographic, weight status,
physical education class, and school performance correlates in
Brazilian schoolchildren. J Sci Med Sport 2017;20:70‑4.
17. Mascheretti S, De Luca A, Trezzi V, Peruzzo D, Nordio A,
Marino C, et al. Neurogenetics of developmental dyslexia: From
genes to behavior through brain neuroimaging and cognitive and
sensorial mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2017;7:e987.
18. Lopes J. Biologising reading problems: The specific case of
dyslexia. Contemp Soc Sci 2012;7:215‑29.
19. Joshi RM, Tao S, Aaron PG, Quiroz B. Cognitive component of
componential model of reading applied to different orthographies.
J Learn Disabil 2012;45:480‑6.
20. Lemasters SJ. The Comparative Analysis of the Dyslexia Screening
Instrument and the Dyslexia Screening Tool; 2004.
21. Barton S. The Barton Reading and Spelling System©. San Jose,
CA: Bright Solutions for Dyslexia; 2000.
22. Slavin RE, Lake C, Davis S, Madden NA. Effective programs
for struggling readers: A best‑evidence synthesis. Educ Res Rev
2011;6:1‑26.
23. van der Niet AG, Smith J, Scherder EJ, Oosterlaan J, Hartman E,
Visscher C. Associations between daily physical activity and
executive functioning in primary school‑aged children. J Sci Med
Sport 2015;18:673‑7.
24. Mihandoost Z, Elias H, Nor S, Mahmud R. The effectiveness of the
intervention program on reading fluency and reading motivation
of students with dyslexia. Asian Soc Sci 2011;7:187.
25. Klingner JK, Vaughn S, Boardman A. Teaching Reading
Comprehension to Students with Learning Difficulties. 2nd ed.
Guilford Publications; 2015.