Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Development, validation, and feasibility of a school‑based short duration integrated classroom yoga module: A pilot study design

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

. Atul Sinha
. Sony Kumari
. Mollika Ganguly
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The practice of yoga is proven to have physical, cognitive and emotional benefits
for school children. Despite this many schools do not include yoga in their daily schedule. The
reasons cited are lack of time and resources. To overcome these problems the present study aimed
to develop and validate a short duration Integrated classroom yoga module. The design guidelines
were that it should be possible to practice in the classroom environment and that it could be led by
the class teacher. In this way the module would overcome the problem of both time and resource.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study had two main  phases. In the first phase, selected ICYM
practices based on the literature review were validated by 21 subject matter experts using Lawhse’s
content validity ratio (CVR) formula. In the second phase, a pilot study using a paired sample prepost
measurement design was carried out on 49 high school children. The study was conducted in June
2019. The intervention period was 1 month, and the test variables were physical fitness, cognitive
performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being, and personality characteristic. Paired sample t‑test was
the analysis tool and the software used was the Statistical Package for the Social Science version 26.
RESULTS: In the Lawshe’s CVR analysis, 17 out of the 24 practices tested were rated by experts
as essential as was the overall module (CVR score ≥0.429). In the pilot study, there were significant
differences in the postmean scores compared to premean scores, for all the 4 EUROFIT physical
fitness testing battery tests (P < 0.02), all the three scores of the Stroop  color‑word naming
task (P < 0.001) and the Rosenberg self‑esteem scale (P < 0.008).
CONCLUSION: ICYM was validated and found feasible by the present  study. It was found to have a
statistically significant impact on physical fitness, cognitive performance, and self‑esteem variables.
However, a randomized control trial with a longer intervention period is needed to strengthen the
present study.

Keywords

Children’s cognitive function
children’s physical fitness
children’s psychosocial well‑being
classroom yoga
school‑based yoga
  1. Niranjanananda S. Yoga Education for Children. Vol. 2., 2nd ed.
    Munger, India: Yoga Publication Trust; 2012.
    2. Satyananda S. YogaEducation for Children; 1990. Vol. 1., 1st ed.
    Munger, India: Yoga Publications Trust; 2013.
    3. Serwacki ML, Cook‑Cottone C. Yoga in the schools: A systematic
    review of the literature. Int J Yoga Therap 2012;22:101‑10.
    4. Telles S, Singh N, Bhardwaj AK, Kumar A, Balkrishna A. Effect
    of yoga or physical exercise on physical, cognitive and emotional
    measures in children: A randomized controlled trial. Child
    Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2013;7:37.
    5. Karimi N, Saadat‑Gharin S, Tol A, Sadeghi R, Yaseri M,
    Mohebbi B. A problem‑based learning health literacy intervention
    program on improving health‑promoting behaviors among girl
    students. J Educ Health Promot 2019;8:251.
    6. Bayati T, Dehghan A, Bonyadi F, Bazrafkan L. Investigating
    the effect of education on health literacy and its relation to
    health‑promoting behaviors in health center. J Educ Health
    Promot 2018;7:127.
    7. Tol A, Tavassoli E, Shariferad GR, Shojaeezadeh D.
    Health‑promoting lifestyle and quality of life among
    undergraduate students at school of health, Isfahan University
    of Medical Sciences. J Educ Health Promot 2013;2:11.
    8. Hyde A. The yoga in schools movement: Using standards for
    educating the whole child and making space for teacher self‑care.
    Counterpoints 2012;425:109‑26.
    9. Ayre C, Scally AJ. Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity
    ratio: Revisiting the original methods of calculation. Meas Eval
    Couns Dev 2014;47:79‑86.
    10. Vivekananda S. The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda.
    Vol. 1., 17th ed. Kolkata, India: Advaita Ashrama; 2012. p. 195‑305.
    11. Muktibodhananda S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. 3rd ed. Munger, India:
    Yoga Publications Trust; 2012.
    12. Niranjanananda S. Gheranda Samhita. 1st ed. Munger, India: Yoga
    Publications Trust; 2012.
    13. Vasu SC. Siva Samhita. Varanasi, India: Indian Mind; 2012.
    14. Tejomayananda S. Svetasvatara Upanishad. 1st ed. Mumbai, India:
    Central Chinmaya Mission Trust; 2013.
    15. Madhavananda S. Brhadaranyaka Upanishad. 1st ed. Kolkata,
    India: Advaita Ashrama; 1934.
    16. Iyengar BK. Light on Yoga. 1st ed. Noida, India: HarperCollins
    Publishers; 2012.
    17. Satyananda S. Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. 3rd ed. Munger,
    India: Yoga Publications Trust; 2009.
    18. Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Integrated Approach of Yoga
    Therapy for Positive Health. 1st ed. Bangalore, India: Swami
    Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; 2011.
    19. Purohit SP, Pradhan B, Nagendra HR. Effect of yoga on EUROFIT
    physical fitness parameters on adolescents dwelling in an orphan
    home: A randomized control study. Vulnerable Child Youth Stud
    2016;11:33‑46.
    20. Raghuraj P, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Telles S. Pranayama
    increases grip strength without lateralized effects. Indian J Physiol
    Pharmacol 1997;41:129‑33.
    21. Telles S, Narendran S, Raghuraj P, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR.
    Comparison of changes in autonomic and respiratory parameters
    of girls after yoga and games at a community home. Percept Mot
    Skills 1997;84:251‑7.
    22. Shivakumar DP, Suthakar DS, Urs DS. Effect of Selected Yogic
    Exercises on Cardiovascular Endurance and Lung Capacity of
    Secondary School Children. Int J Eng Sci Comput 2016;6:7286‑9.
    23. Kumar S. Effects of suryanamaskar on cardio vascular and
    respiratory parameters in school students. Recent Research in
    Science and Technology. 2011;28;3.
    24. Dash M, Telles S. Yoga training and motor speed based on a finger
    tapping task. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;43:458‑62.
    25. Shavanani AB, Udupa KA. Acute effect of Mukh bhastrika
    (a yogic bellows type breathing) on reaction time. Indian J Physiol
    Pharmacol 2003;47:297‑300.
    26. Chaya MS, Nagendra H, Selvam S, Kurpad A, Srinivasan K.
    Effect of yoga on cognitive abilities in schoolchildren from a
    socioeconomically disadvantaged background: A randomized
    controlled study. J Altern Complement Med 2012;18:1161‑7.
    27. Verma A, Shete SU, SinGhth AK. The effect of yoga practices
    on cognitive development in rural residential school children in
    India. Memory 2014;6:6‑24.
    28. So KT, Orme‑Johnson DW. Three randomized experiments on the
    longitudinal effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique
    on cognition. Intelligence 2001;29:419‑40.
    29. Bhardwaj AK, Agrawal G. Yoga practice enhances the level of
    self‑esteem in pre‑adolescent school children. Int J Phys Soc Sci
    2013;3:189‑99.
    30. Randal C, Pratt D, Bucci S. Mindfulness and self‑esteem:
    A systematic review. Mindfulness 2015;6:1366‑78.
    31. Das M, Deepeshwar S, Subramanya P, Manjunath NK. Influence
    of yoga‑based personality development program on psychomotor
    performance and self‑efficacy in school children. Front Pediatr
    2016;4:62.
    32. Bergen‑Cico D, Razza R, Timmins A. Fostering self‑regulation
    through curriculum infusion of mindful yoga: A pilot study of
    efficacy and feasibility. J Child Fam Stud 2015;24:3448‑61.
    33. Bhardwaj PR, Mookherjee R, Bhardwaj AK. Self‑adjustment
    in school going adolescents following three months of
    comprehensive yoga program. Online J Multidiscip Res
    2015;1:14‑21.
    34. Noggle JJ, Steiner NJ, Minami T, Khalsa SB. Benefits of yoga
    for psychosocial well‑being in a US high school curriculum:
    A preliminary randomized controlled trial. J Dev Behav Pediatr
    2012;33:193‑201.
    35. FelverJC, Celis‑de Hoyos CE, Tezanos K, Singh NN. A systematic
    review of mindfulness‑based interventions for youth in school
    settings. Mindfulness 2016;7:34‑45.
    36. Gusain R, Dauneria S. Shanmukhi mudra with pranayama has
    significant effect on anxiety level of children aged 12 to 13 years.
    Int J Phys Educ Sports Manage Yogic Sci 2016;6:17‑21.
    37. Ferreira‑Vorkapic C, Feitoza JM, Marchioro M, Simões J,
    Kozasa E, Telles S. Are there benefits from teaching yoga at
    schools? A systematic review of randomized control trials of
    yoga‑based interventions. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
    2015;2015:345835.
    38. Patil SS, Nagendra HR. Effect of yoga personality development
    camp on the triguna in children. Voice Res 2014;3:19‑21.
    39. Gurjar AA, Ladhake SA. Time‑frequency analysis of chanting
    Sanskrit divine sound “OM” mantra. Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur
    2008;8:170‑5.
    40. Harne BP, Tahseen AA, Hiwale AS, Dhekekar RS. Survey on Om
    meditation: Its effects on the human body and Om meditation as
    a tool for stress management. Psychol Thought 2019;12:1‑1.
    41. Pradhan B, Derle SG. Comparison of effect of Gayatri Mantra
    and Poem Chanting on Digit Letter Substitution Task. Anc Sci
    Life 2012;32:89‑92.
  2. 42. Kemper HC, Van Mechelen W. Physical fitness testing of children:
    A European perspective. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1996;8:201‑14.
    43. Jensen AR, Rohwer WD Jr. The Stroop color‑word test: A review.
    Acta Psychol (Amst) 1966;25:36‑93.
    44. Rosenberg M. Rosenberg self‑esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and
    commitment therapy. Meas Package 1965;61:18.
    45. Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. The WHO‑5
    well‑being index: A systematic review of the literature. Psychother
    Psychosom 2015;84:167‑76.
    46. Suchitra SP, Nagendra HR. A Self–Rating Ayurveda Scale to
    Measure the Manasika Prakrti of the Children. Global Journal of
    Medical Research 2014.
    47. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, NagarathnaR. Arandomized control
    trial of the effect of yoga on Gunas (personality) and Self esteem
    in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga 2009;2:13‑21.
    48. Butzer B, Day D, Potts A, Ryan C, Coulombe S, Davies B, et al.
    Effects of a classroom‑based yoga intervention on cortisol and
    behavior in second‑ and third‑grade students: A pilot study.
    J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015;20:41‑9.
    49. Chen DD, Pauwels L. Perceived benefits of incorporating yoga
    into classroom teaching: Assessment of the effects of “yoga tools
    for teachers”. Adv Phys Educ 2014;4:138.
    50. Mische Lawson LA, Cox J, Blackwell AL. Yoga as a classroom
    intervention for pre‑schoolers. J Occup Ther Sch Early Interv
    2012;5:126‑37.
    51. Isha S, Deshpande S, Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR. Yoga module for
    heart disease. J Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci 2015;20:153.
    52. Kakde N, Metri KG, Varambally S, Nagaratna R, Nagendra HR.
    Development and validation of a yoga module for Parkinson
    disease. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine.
    2017;14.
    53. Patil NJ, Nagarathna R, Tekur P, Patil DN, Nagendra HR,
    Subramanya P. Designing, validation, and feasibility of integrated
    yoga therapy module for chronic low back pain. Int J Yoga
    2015;8:103‑8.
    54. Pise V, Pradhan B, Gharote MM. Validation of yoga module
    for children with intellectual disabilities. Ind Psychiatry J
    2017;26:151‑4.
    55. Purohit SP, Pradhan B. Effect of yoga program on executive
    functions of adolescents dwelling in an orphan home:
    A randomized controlled study. J Tradit Complement Med
    2017;7:99‑105.
    56. Sethi JK, Nagendra HR, Sham Ganpat T. Yoga improves attention
    and self‑esteem in underprivileged girl student. J Educ Health
    Promot 2013;2:55.
    57. Bhat S, Varambally S, Karmani S, Govindaraj R, Gangadhar BN.
    Designing and validation of a yoga‑based intervention for
    obsessive compulsive disorder. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28:327‑33.
    58. Naveen GH, Rao MG, Vishal V, Thirthalli J, Varambally S,
    Gangadhar BN. Development and feasibility of yoga therapy
    module for out‑patients with depression in India. Indian J
    Psychiatry 2013;55:S350‑6.
    59. Hariprasad VR, Varambally S, Varambally PT, Thirthalli J,
    Basavaraddi IV, Gangadhar BN. Designing, validation and
    feasibility of a yoga‑based intervention for elderly. Indian J
    Psychiatry 2013;55:S344‑9.
Journal of Education and Health Promotion
Volume 11, Issue 4
May 2021
Pages 1-12

Home

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Reviewers

Contact Us