Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Several preventive measures were used by governments around the world to
suppress the transmission of SARS‑CoV‑2, including quarantine. During quarantine more people
are at risk of developing mental health problems as social media exposure was increasing.
OBJECTIVES: The objective is to investigate the impact of social media exposure during coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic on depression, anxiety, and stress.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted between April and May 2020
during the large scale social restriction in Indonesia using online questionnaire Indonesian citizens
over 18 years of age were invited to take part by answering online questionnaire through Google
forms (http://bit.ly/duniamayaCOVID). Data gathered were demographic data, depression, anxiety,
and stress that were assessed using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale‑21, duration of social media
usage, and social media platforms used during COVID‑19 pandemic. Data was analysed using
Pearson Chi‑square and ANOVA. Statistically significant variables and additional risk factors was
analyzed using multinomial logistic regression.
RESULTS: The median age was 24 years (range 17–56 years), 121 (55,0%) samples were female.
The three most frequent social media platforms used by participants were Instagram, WhatsApp, and
YouTube. Female were more likely to suffer from mild‑moderate depression compared to male (odds
ratio [OR]: 2.344; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.105–4.972; P = 0.026) and more likely to suffer
from severe‑extremely severe anxiety (OR: 2.066; 95% CI: 1.019–4.187; P = 0.044). Social media
exposure was associated with less likelihood to suffer from severe‑extremely severe depression,
mild‑moderate, and severe‑extremely severe anxiety, mild‑moderate stress.
CONCLUSION: Social media exposure was associated with less depression, anxiety, and stress in
the COVID‑19 pandemic era. Medical professionals and government officials could use social media
to disseminate knowledge about COIVD‑19 to bring positive psychological effect.
Keywords
structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol
2020;92:418-23.
2. World Health Organisation. Available from: https://covid19.
who.int. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 31].
3. Kazemi‑KaryaniA, Safari‑FaramaniR, AminiS, Ramezani‑DorohV,
Berenjian F, Dizaj MY, et al. World one‑hundred days after
COVID‑19 outbreak: Incidence, case fatality rate, and trend. J Educ
Health Promot 2020;9:199.
4. Kemenkes. https://covid‑monitoring.kemkes.go.id. [Last
accessed on 2020 Jul 31].
5. Kato F, Tainaka KI, Sone S, Morita S, Iida H, Yoshimura J.
Combined effects of prevention and quarantine on a breakout in
SIR model. Sci Rep 2011;1:1‑5.
6. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses genome structure,
replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2020;92:418‑23.
7. Nature news Coronavirus Latest: WHO Declares Global
Emergency; 2020. Available from: https://www.nature.com/
articles/d41586‑020‑00154‑w.[Last accessed on 2020 Jul 31].
8. Cetron M, Simone P. Battling 21st‑century scourges with a
14th‑century toolbox. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:2053‑4.
9. Setiati S, Azwar MK. COVID‑19 and Indonesia. Acta Med Indones
2020;52:84‑9.
10. Holmes EA, O’connor RC, Perry H, Tracey I, Wessely S,
Arseneault L, et al. Position Paper Multidisciplinary research
priorities for the COVID‑19 pandemic: A call for action for mental
health science. Lancet 2020;7(6):547‑60.
11. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith L, Woodland L, Wessely S,
Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine
and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet
2020;395(10227):912‑20.
12. Bao Y, Sun Y, Meng S, Shi J, Lu L. 2019‑nCoV epidemic: Address
mental health care to empower society. Lancet 2020;395:e37‑8.
13. Bontcheva K, Gorrell G, Wessels B. Social media and information
overload: Survey results. ArXiv; abs/1306.0813.
14. World Health Organization. COVID 2019 PHEIC Global Research
and Innovation Forum: Towards a Research Roadmap. Available
from: https://www.who.int/news‑room/detail/12‑02‑2020‑wor
ld‑experts‑and-funders-set-priorities-for-covid-19-research. [Last
accessed on 2020 Jul 31].
15. Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S, et al. Mental health
problems and social media exposure during COVID‑19 outbreak.
PLoS One 2020;15:e0231924.
16. Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on mental
health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning
province, China: A cross‑sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public
Health 2020;17(7):2381.
17. Choi EP, Hui BP, Wan EY. Depression and anxiety in Hong
Kong during COVID‑19. Int J Environ Res Public Health
2020;17:3740.
18. Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL,
et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress during COVID‑19:
Associations with Changes in Physical Activity, Sleep, Tobacco
and Alcohol Use in Australian Adults. Int J Environ Res Public
Health 2020;17(11):4065.
19. Ozamiz‑Etxebarria N, Dosil‑Santamaria M, Picaza‑Gorrochategui
M, Idoiaga‑Mondragon N. Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in
the initial stage of the COVID‑19 outbreak in a population sample
in the Northern Spain. Cad Saude Publica 2020;36:e00054020.
20. Verma S, Mishra A. Depression, anxiety, and stress and
sociodemographic correlates among general Indian public during
COVID‑19. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2020;66(8):756‑62.
21. Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety,
depression and health anxiety during COVID‑19 pandemic in
Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry
2020;66:504‑11.
22. Lu W, Wang H, Lin Y, Li L. Psychological status of medical
workforce during the COVID‑19 pandemic: A cross‑sectional
study. Psychiatry Res 2020;288:112936.
23. El‑Zoghby SM, Soltan EM, Salama HM. Impact of the COVID‑19
pandemic on mental health and social support among adult
egyptians. J Community Health 2020;45:689‑95.
24. Mishra P, Bhadauria US, Dasar PL, Sandesh N, Kumar S, Lalani A,
et al. Knowledge, attitude and anxiety towards pandemic flu a
potential bio weapon among health professionals in Indore City.
Przegl Epidemiol 2016;70:41‑5,125‑7.
25. Chao M, Xue D, Liu T, Yang H, Hall BJ. Media use and acute
psychological outcomes during COVID‑19 outbreak in China.
J Anxiety Disord 2020;74:102248.
26. Ni MY, Yang L, Leung CM, Li N, Yao XI, Wang Y, et al. Mental
health, risk factors, and social media use during the COVID‑19
epidemic and cordon sanitaire among the community and health
professionals in Wuhan, China: Cross‑sectional survey. JMIR
Ment Health 2020;7:e19009.
27. Latha K, Meena KS, Pravitha MR, Dasgupta M, Chaturvedi SK.
Effective use of social media platforms for promotion of mental health awareness. J Educ Health Promot 2020;9:124.
28. Ghalavand H, Panahi S, Sedghi S. Opportunities and challenges
of social media for health knowledge management: A narrative
review. J Educ Health Promot 2020;9:144.
29. Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID‑19 pandemic on mental
health and quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning
Province, China: A Cross‑Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public
Health 2020;17(7):2381.
)