Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Brain and Spinal Injury Repair Research Centre (BASIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
Abstract
The cultural compatibility of sexually related instruments is problematic because the contexts
from which the concepts and meanings were extracted may be significantly different from
related contexts in a different society. This paper describes the instruments that have been used
to assess sexual behaviors, primarily in Western contexts. Then, based on the instruments’
working definition of ‘sexual behavior’ and their theoretical frameworks, we will (1) discuss
the applicability or cultural compatibility of existing instruments targeting women’s sexual
behaviors within an Iranian context, and (2) suggest criteria for sexually related tools applicable
in Iranian settings. Iranian women’s sexual scripts may compromise the existing instruments’
compatibility. Suggested criteria are as follows: understanding, language of sexuality, ethics
and morality. Therefore, developing a culturally comprehensive measure that can adequately
examine Iranian women’s sexual behaviors is needed.
Keywords
1. Webster M. Availabel from: htttp://www.nws.merriam‑webster.
com [Last accessed on 2012].
2. Haeberle EJ. Critical Dictionary. 2012. Available from: http://www2.
hu‑berlin.de/sexology [Last accessed on 2012].
3. Gagnon JH, Simon W. Sexual conduct; the social sources of human
sexuality. Chicago: Hutchinson of London; 1973.
4. Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R,
et al. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional
self‑report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function.
J Sex Marital Ther 2000;26:191‑208.
5. WHO. The developement of the WHO quality of life assessement
instrument. Geneva: WHO; 1993.
6. Laumann EO, Paik A, Glasser DB, Kang JH, Wang T, Levinson B, et al. A cross‑national study of subjective sexual well‑being among
older women and men: Findings from the Global Study of Sexual
Attitudes and Behaviors. Arch Sex Behav 2006;35:145‑61.
7. Snell WE, Papini DR. The Sexuality Scale: An instrument to measure
sexual‑esteem, sexual‑depression, and sexual‑preoccupation. J Sex
Res 1989;29:256‑63.
8. Haning RV. Intimacy, orgasm likelihood of both partners, conflict,
and partner response predict sexual satisfaction in heterosexual
male and female respondents. Masters thesis. Huntington: Marshall
University; 2005.
9. Andersen BL, Cyranowski JM. Women’s sexual self‑schema. J Pers
Soc Psychol 1994;67:1079‑100.
10. Hughes T, Snell WE. Communal and exchange approaches to sexual
relations. Ann Sex Res 1990;3:149‑63.
11. Clayton AH, Segraves RT, Leiblum S, Basson R, Pyke R, Cotton D,
et al. Reliability and validity of the Sexual Interest and Desire
Inventory‑Female (SIDI‑F), a scale designed to measure severity
of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Sex Marital Ther
2006;32:115‑35.
12. Quirk FH, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Laan E, Smith MD, Boolell M.
Development of a sexual function questionnaire for clinical trials
of female sexual dysfunction. J Womens Health Gend Based Med
2002;11:277‑89.
13. Abraham L, Symonds T, May K, Althof SE, Hallam‑Jones R,
Rosen RC. Psychometric validation of gender nonspecific sexual
confidence and sexual relationship scales in men and women. J Sex
Med 2009;6:2244‑54.
14. Stulhofer A, Busko V, Brouillard P. Development and bicultural
validation of the new sexual satisfaction scale. J Sex Res
2010;47:257‑68.
15. McCoy NL, Davidson JM. A longitudinal study of the effects of
menopause on sexuality. Maturitas 1985;7:203‑10.
16. Hudson WW, Harrison DF, Crosscup PC. The Index of Sexual
Satisfaction: A short‑form scale to measure sexual discord in dyadic
relationships. J Sex Res 1981;17:157‑74.
17. Rosen RC, Bachmann GA, Reese JB, Gentner L, Leiblum S,
Wajszczuk C, et al. Female sexual well‑being scale (FSWB scale):
Development and psychometric validation in sexually functional
women. J Sex Med 2009;6:1297‑305.
18. Derogatis LR. The Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning (DISF/
DISF‑SR): An introductory report. JSex Marital Ther 1997;23:291‑304.
19. Lawrance K, Byers E. Sexual satisfaction in long term heterosexual
relationship: Interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction.
Pers Relatsh 1995;2:267‑85.
20. McGahuey CA, Gelenberg AJ, Laukes CA, Moreno FA, Delgado PL,
McKnight KM, et al. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX):
Reliability and validity. J Sex Marital Ther 2006;26:25‑40.
21. Nobre PJ, Gouveia JP, Gomes FA. Sexual dysfunctional beliefs
questionnaire: An instrument to assess sexual dysfunctional beliefs
as vulnerability factors to sexual problems. Sex Relation Ther
2003;18:171‑204.
22. Mazer NA, Leiblum SR, Rosen RC. The brief index of sexual
functioning for women (BISF‑W): A new scoring algorithm and
comparison of normative and surgically menopausal populations.
Menopause 2000;7:350‑63.
23. Meston CM, Buss DM. Why humans have sex. Arch Sex Behav
2007;36:477‑507.
24. Simpson JA, Gangestad SW. Individual differences in sociosexuality:
Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. J Pers Soc
Psychol 1991;60:870‑83.
25. Carpenter D, Janssen E, Graham C, Vorst H, Wicherts J. Women’s
scores on the sexual inhibition/sexual excitation scales (SIS/SES):
Gender similarities and differences. J Sex Res 2008;45:36‑48.
26. Spector IP, Carey MP, Steinberg L. The sexual desire inventory:
Development, factor structure, and evidence of reliability. J Sex
Marital Ther 1996;22:175‑90.
27. Marelich WD, Lundquist J, Painter K, Mechanic MB. Sexual
deception as a social‑exchange process: Development of a
behavior‑based sexual deception scale. J Sex Res 2008;45:27‑35.
28. Humphreys TP, Brousseau MM. The sexual consent scale‑revised:
Development, reliability, and preliminary validity. J Sex Res
2010;47:420‑8.
29. Snell WE, Fisher TD, Miller RS. Development of the sexual
awareness questionnaire: Components, reliability, and validity. Ann
Sex Res 1991;4:65‑92.
30. Hendrick S, Hendrick C. Multidimensionality of sexual attitudes.
J Sex Res 1987;23:502‑26.
31. McCall K, Meston C. Cues resulting in desire for sexual activity in
women. J Sex Med 2006;3:838‑52.
32. Cooper ML, Shapiro CM, Powers AM. Motivations for sex and risky
sexual behavior among adolescents and young adults: A functional
perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol 1998;75:1528‑58.
33. van Lankveld JJ, Geijen WE, Sykora H. The sexual
self‑consciousness scale: Psychometric properties. Arch Sex
Behav 2008;37:925‑33.
34. Meston C, Trapnell, P. Development and validation of a five‑factor
sexual satisfaction and distress scale for women: The Sexual
Satisfaction Scale for Women (SSS‑W). J Sex Med 2005;2:66‑81.
35. Nobre PJ, Pinto‑Gouveia J. Sexual modes questionnaire: Measure
to assess the interaction among cognitions, emotions, and sexual
response. J Sex Res 2003;40:368‑82.
36. Milhausen RR, Graham CA, Sanders SA, Yarber WL, Maitland SB.
Validation of the sexual excitation/sexual inhibition inventory for
women and men. Arch Sex Behav 2010;39:1091‑104.
37. Kalichman SC, Rompa D. Sexual sensation seeking and Sexual
Compulsivity Scales: Reliability, validity, and predicting HIV risk
behavior. J Pers Assess 1995;65:586‑601.
38. Derogatis LR, Rosen R, Leiblum S, Burnett A, Heiman J. The Female
Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): Initial validation of a standardized
scale for assessment of sexually related personal distress in women.
J Sex Marital Ther 2002;28:317‑30.
39. Descutner CJ, Thelen MH. Development and validation of a
fear‑of‑intimacy scale. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;3:218‑25.
40. Wei M, Russell DW, Mallinckrodt B, Vogel DL. The Experiences in
Close Relationship Scale (ECR)‑short form: Reliability, validity, and
factor structure. J Pers Assess 2007;88:187‑204.
41. Duncan LE, Lewis C, Smith CE, Jenkins P, Nichols M, Pearson TA.
Sex, drugs, and hypertension: A methodological approach for
studying a sensitive subject. Int J Impot Res 2001;13:31‑40.
42. Clayton AH, Goldfischer ER, Goldstein I, Derogatis L,
Lewis‑D’Agostino DJ, Pyke R. Validation of the decreased sexual
desire screener(DSDS): A brief diagnostic instrument for generalized
acquired female hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). J Sex
Med 2009;6:730‑8.
43. Clayton AH, McGarvey EL, Clavet GJ. The Changes in Sexual
Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ): Development, reliability, and
validity. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997;33:731‑45.
44. Cash TF. Body image: Past, present, and future. Body Image
2004;1:1‑5.
45. Rogers RG, Coates KW, Kammerer‑Doak D, Khalsa S, Qualls C.
A short form of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence
Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ‑12). Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor
Dysfunct 2003;14:164‑8.
46. Waterhouse J, Metcalf MC. Development of the Sexual Adjustment
Questionnaire. Oncol Nurs Forum 1986;13:53‑9.
47. Thirlaway K, Fallowfield L, Cuzick J. The Sexual Activity
Questionnaire: A measure of women’s sexual functioning. Qual
Life Res 1996;5:81‑90.
48. Berglund G, Nystedt M, Bolund C, Sjödén PO, Rutquist LE. Effect
of endocrine treatment on sexuality in premenopausal breast
cancer patients: A prospective randomized study. J Clin Oncol
2001;19:2788‑96.
49. Nobre PJ, Pinto‑Gouveia, J. Questionnaire of cognitive schema
activation in sexual context: A measure to assess cognitive
schemas activated in unsuccessful sexual situations. J Sex Res
2009;46:425‑37.
50. Ferguson DM. Clinical trial development in female sexual
dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 2002;28:77‑83.51. Rust J, Golombok S. The Golombok‑Rust Inventory of Sexual
Satisfaction (GRISS). Br J Clin Psychol 1985;24:63‑4.
52. Kalichman SC, Johnson JR, Adair V, Rompa D, Multhauf K, Kelly JA.
Sexual sensation seeking scale: Scale development and predicting
AIDS‑risk behavior among homosexually active men. J Pers Assess
1994;62:385‑97.
53. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The DSFI: A multidimensional measure
of sexual functioning. J Sex Marital Ther 1979;5:244‑81.
54. Merghati‑khoei E. Language of Love in culture of silence:
Sexual understanding of Iranian women and Socio‑Cultural
determinants.((PhD Qualiative)), New South Wales, Sydney.
2005. Merghati‑Khoei E, Richters J. Concepts of sexuality and
health among Iranian women in Australia. Aust Fam Physician
2008;37:190‑2.
55. Merghati‑Khoei E, Richters J. Concepts of sexuality and health
among Iranian women in Australia. Aust Fam Physician 2008;37:
190‑2.
56. Sadigi F. Women and linguistic space in Morocco. Women Lang
2003;26:35‑45.
57. Haeri S. Law of desire: Temporary marriage in Iran. London: I. B.
Tauris; 1989.
58. Mutahhari M. sexual ethics in Islam and in the western world.
Translated by khurshid Ali M. Foreign department of Bethat
Foundation. The Islamic Repulic of Iran. 1982.
59. Simon W, Gagnon JH. Sexual scripts. Aggleton, Parker R, editors.
Culture, society and sexuality: A reader. London: UCL Press; 1999.
pp. 29‑38.
60. DeLamater JD, Hyde JS. Essentialism vs. social constructionism in
the study of human sexuality. J Sex Res 1998;35:10‑8.
61. Millett K. Sexual politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Publisher; 1970.
62. Plummer K. Symbolic interactionism. Vol. 2. Aldershot: Edward
Elgar Publishing; 1991.
63. Crotty M. The foundations of social research: Meaning and
perspective in the research process. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.:
Sage Publications; 1998.
64. Parker RG, Gagnon J H. Conceiving sexuality: Approaches to sex
research in a postmodern world. New York: Routledge; 1995. p. 2.
65. Skinner BF. Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan
Publisher; 1953.
com [Last accessed on 2012].
2. Haeberle EJ. Critical Dictionary. 2012. Available from: http://www2.
hu‑berlin.de/sexology [Last accessed on 2012].
3. Gagnon JH, Simon W. Sexual conduct; the social sources of human
sexuality. Chicago: Hutchinson of London; 1973.
4. Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, Leiblum S, Meston C, Shabsigh R,
et al. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional
self‑report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function.
J Sex Marital Ther 2000;26:191‑208.
5. WHO. The developement of the WHO quality of life assessement
instrument. Geneva: WHO; 1993.
6. Laumann EO, Paik A, Glasser DB, Kang JH, Wang T, Levinson B, et al. A cross‑national study of subjective sexual well‑being among
older women and men: Findings from the Global Study of Sexual
Attitudes and Behaviors. Arch Sex Behav 2006;35:145‑61.
7. Snell WE, Papini DR. The Sexuality Scale: An instrument to measure
sexual‑esteem, sexual‑depression, and sexual‑preoccupation. J Sex
Res 1989;29:256‑63.
8. Haning RV. Intimacy, orgasm likelihood of both partners, conflict,
and partner response predict sexual satisfaction in heterosexual
male and female respondents. Masters thesis. Huntington: Marshall
University; 2005.
9. Andersen BL, Cyranowski JM. Women’s sexual self‑schema. J Pers
Soc Psychol 1994;67:1079‑100.
10. Hughes T, Snell WE. Communal and exchange approaches to sexual
relations. Ann Sex Res 1990;3:149‑63.
11. Clayton AH, Segraves RT, Leiblum S, Basson R, Pyke R, Cotton D,
et al. Reliability and validity of the Sexual Interest and Desire
Inventory‑Female (SIDI‑F), a scale designed to measure severity
of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Sex Marital Ther
2006;32:115‑35.
12. Quirk FH, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Laan E, Smith MD, Boolell M.
Development of a sexual function questionnaire for clinical trials
of female sexual dysfunction. J Womens Health Gend Based Med
2002;11:277‑89.
13. Abraham L, Symonds T, May K, Althof SE, Hallam‑Jones R,
Rosen RC. Psychometric validation of gender nonspecific sexual
confidence and sexual relationship scales in men and women. J Sex
Med 2009;6:2244‑54.
14. Stulhofer A, Busko V, Brouillard P. Development and bicultural
validation of the new sexual satisfaction scale. J Sex Res
2010;47:257‑68.
15. McCoy NL, Davidson JM. A longitudinal study of the effects of
menopause on sexuality. Maturitas 1985;7:203‑10.
16. Hudson WW, Harrison DF, Crosscup PC. The Index of Sexual
Satisfaction: A short‑form scale to measure sexual discord in dyadic
relationships. J Sex Res 1981;17:157‑74.
17. Rosen RC, Bachmann GA, Reese JB, Gentner L, Leiblum S,
Wajszczuk C, et al. Female sexual well‑being scale (FSWB scale):
Development and psychometric validation in sexually functional
women. J Sex Med 2009;6:1297‑305.
18. Derogatis LR. The Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning (DISF/
DISF‑SR): An introductory report. JSex Marital Ther 1997;23:291‑304.
19. Lawrance K, Byers E. Sexual satisfaction in long term heterosexual
relationship: Interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction.
Pers Relatsh 1995;2:267‑85.
20. McGahuey CA, Gelenberg AJ, Laukes CA, Moreno FA, Delgado PL,
McKnight KM, et al. The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX):
Reliability and validity. J Sex Marital Ther 2006;26:25‑40.
21. Nobre PJ, Gouveia JP, Gomes FA. Sexual dysfunctional beliefs
questionnaire: An instrument to assess sexual dysfunctional beliefs
as vulnerability factors to sexual problems. Sex Relation Ther
2003;18:171‑204.
22. Mazer NA, Leiblum SR, Rosen RC. The brief index of sexual
functioning for women (BISF‑W): A new scoring algorithm and
comparison of normative and surgically menopausal populations.
Menopause 2000;7:350‑63.
23. Meston CM, Buss DM. Why humans have sex. Arch Sex Behav
2007;36:477‑507.
24. Simpson JA, Gangestad SW. Individual differences in sociosexuality:
Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. J Pers Soc
Psychol 1991;60:870‑83.
25. Carpenter D, Janssen E, Graham C, Vorst H, Wicherts J. Women’s
scores on the sexual inhibition/sexual excitation scales (SIS/SES):
Gender similarities and differences. J Sex Res 2008;45:36‑48.
26. Spector IP, Carey MP, Steinberg L. The sexual desire inventory:
Development, factor structure, and evidence of reliability. J Sex
Marital Ther 1996;22:175‑90.
27. Marelich WD, Lundquist J, Painter K, Mechanic MB. Sexual
deception as a social‑exchange process: Development of a
behavior‑based sexual deception scale. J Sex Res 2008;45:27‑35.
28. Humphreys TP, Brousseau MM. The sexual consent scale‑revised:
Development, reliability, and preliminary validity. J Sex Res
2010;47:420‑8.
29. Snell WE, Fisher TD, Miller RS. Development of the sexual
awareness questionnaire: Components, reliability, and validity. Ann
Sex Res 1991;4:65‑92.
30. Hendrick S, Hendrick C. Multidimensionality of sexual attitudes.
J Sex Res 1987;23:502‑26.
31. McCall K, Meston C. Cues resulting in desire for sexual activity in
women. J Sex Med 2006;3:838‑52.
32. Cooper ML, Shapiro CM, Powers AM. Motivations for sex and risky
sexual behavior among adolescents and young adults: A functional
perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol 1998;75:1528‑58.
33. van Lankveld JJ, Geijen WE, Sykora H. The sexual
self‑consciousness scale: Psychometric properties. Arch Sex
Behav 2008;37:925‑33.
34. Meston C, Trapnell, P. Development and validation of a five‑factor
sexual satisfaction and distress scale for women: The Sexual
Satisfaction Scale for Women (SSS‑W). J Sex Med 2005;2:66‑81.
35. Nobre PJ, Pinto‑Gouveia J. Sexual modes questionnaire: Measure
to assess the interaction among cognitions, emotions, and sexual
response. J Sex Res 2003;40:368‑82.
36. Milhausen RR, Graham CA, Sanders SA, Yarber WL, Maitland SB.
Validation of the sexual excitation/sexual inhibition inventory for
women and men. Arch Sex Behav 2010;39:1091‑104.
37. Kalichman SC, Rompa D. Sexual sensation seeking and Sexual
Compulsivity Scales: Reliability, validity, and predicting HIV risk
behavior. J Pers Assess 1995;65:586‑601.
38. Derogatis LR, Rosen R, Leiblum S, Burnett A, Heiman J. The Female
Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): Initial validation of a standardized
scale for assessment of sexually related personal distress in women.
J Sex Marital Ther 2002;28:317‑30.
39. Descutner CJ, Thelen MH. Development and validation of a
fear‑of‑intimacy scale. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;3:218‑25.
40. Wei M, Russell DW, Mallinckrodt B, Vogel DL. The Experiences in
Close Relationship Scale (ECR)‑short form: Reliability, validity, and
factor structure. J Pers Assess 2007;88:187‑204.
41. Duncan LE, Lewis C, Smith CE, Jenkins P, Nichols M, Pearson TA.
Sex, drugs, and hypertension: A methodological approach for
studying a sensitive subject. Int J Impot Res 2001;13:31‑40.
42. Clayton AH, Goldfischer ER, Goldstein I, Derogatis L,
Lewis‑D’Agostino DJ, Pyke R. Validation of the decreased sexual
desire screener(DSDS): A brief diagnostic instrument for generalized
acquired female hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). J Sex
Med 2009;6:730‑8.
43. Clayton AH, McGarvey EL, Clavet GJ. The Changes in Sexual
Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ): Development, reliability, and
validity. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997;33:731‑45.
44. Cash TF. Body image: Past, present, and future. Body Image
2004;1:1‑5.
45. Rogers RG, Coates KW, Kammerer‑Doak D, Khalsa S, Qualls C.
A short form of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence
Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ‑12). Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor
Dysfunct 2003;14:164‑8.
46. Waterhouse J, Metcalf MC. Development of the Sexual Adjustment
Questionnaire. Oncol Nurs Forum 1986;13:53‑9.
47. Thirlaway K, Fallowfield L, Cuzick J. The Sexual Activity
Questionnaire: A measure of women’s sexual functioning. Qual
Life Res 1996;5:81‑90.
48. Berglund G, Nystedt M, Bolund C, Sjödén PO, Rutquist LE. Effect
of endocrine treatment on sexuality in premenopausal breast
cancer patients: A prospective randomized study. J Clin Oncol
2001;19:2788‑96.
49. Nobre PJ, Pinto‑Gouveia, J. Questionnaire of cognitive schema
activation in sexual context: A measure to assess cognitive
schemas activated in unsuccessful sexual situations. J Sex Res
2009;46:425‑37.
50. Ferguson DM. Clinical trial development in female sexual
dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 2002;28:77‑83.51. Rust J, Golombok S. The Golombok‑Rust Inventory of Sexual
Satisfaction (GRISS). Br J Clin Psychol 1985;24:63‑4.
52. Kalichman SC, Johnson JR, Adair V, Rompa D, Multhauf K, Kelly JA.
Sexual sensation seeking scale: Scale development and predicting
AIDS‑risk behavior among homosexually active men. J Pers Assess
1994;62:385‑97.
53. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The DSFI: A multidimensional measure
of sexual functioning. J Sex Marital Ther 1979;5:244‑81.
54. Merghati‑khoei E. Language of Love in culture of silence:
Sexual understanding of Iranian women and Socio‑Cultural
determinants.((PhD Qualiative)), New South Wales, Sydney.
2005. Merghati‑Khoei E, Richters J. Concepts of sexuality and
health among Iranian women in Australia. Aust Fam Physician
2008;37:190‑2.
55. Merghati‑Khoei E, Richters J. Concepts of sexuality and health
among Iranian women in Australia. Aust Fam Physician 2008;37:
190‑2.
56. Sadigi F. Women and linguistic space in Morocco. Women Lang
2003;26:35‑45.
57. Haeri S. Law of desire: Temporary marriage in Iran. London: I. B.
Tauris; 1989.
58. Mutahhari M. sexual ethics in Islam and in the western world.
Translated by khurshid Ali M. Foreign department of Bethat
Foundation. The Islamic Repulic of Iran. 1982.
59. Simon W, Gagnon JH. Sexual scripts. Aggleton, Parker R, editors.
Culture, society and sexuality: A reader. London: UCL Press; 1999.
pp. 29‑38.
60. DeLamater JD, Hyde JS. Essentialism vs. social constructionism in
the study of human sexuality. J Sex Res 1998;35:10‑8.
61. Millett K. Sexual politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Publisher; 1970.
62. Plummer K. Symbolic interactionism. Vol. 2. Aldershot: Edward
Elgar Publishing; 1991.
63. Crotty M. The foundations of social research: Meaning and
perspective in the research process. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.:
Sage Publications; 1998.
64. Parker RG, Gagnon J H. Conceiving sexuality: Approaches to sex
research in a postmodern world. New York: Routledge; 1995. p. 2.
65. Skinner BF. Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan
Publisher; 1953.
)