Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- . Mahnoush Reisi
- . Seyed Homamodin Javadzade
- . Hossein Shahnazi
- . Gholamreza Sharifirad
- . Abdolrahman Charkazi 1
- . Mitra Moodi 2
1 Public Health Department, Golestan University of Medical Sciences Golestan
2 Department of Public Health, School of Health, and Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: The goal of this study was to determine the association between constructs of
the Health Belief Model (HBM) (i.e., perceived susceptibility to health-related problems due to
smoking, perceived barriers to non-smoking, perceived benefits of non-smoking, perceived
self-efficacy to non-smoking, and cues to action of non-smoking) and cigarette smoking
among male pre-college students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 382
pre-college students was conducted in Isfahan, in 2010. The method of sampling was systematic
randomized and students were selected from eight schools. The instrument was developed by
the researchers based on the Health Belief Model. Statistical analyses were carried out using
SPSS.V.18, Chi-square, and independent t-tests. Results: The mean age of the students was
17.72 ± 0.62 years. Overall 7.2% of the subjects reported having smoked in the past 30 days
and 32.7% % of the samples reported ever having smoked in their life time. Results of the t-test
showed that there were significant differences in knowledge, perceived susceptibility (P =0.03),
benefits (t (246) = −2.51, P =0.01), self-efficacy (P < 0.001), and cues to action (P = 0.007),
between smokers and non-smokers Conclusion: These results suggested that the constructs of
HBM can be incorporated when examining the predictors of cigarette smoking and developing
smoking prevention programs among pre-college students. Furthermore, with a better
understanding of the factors affecting this complex behavior (cigarette smoking), it can be a
useful step to reduce the rate of death, costs, and also improve the community health outcomes.
Keywords
from smoking in developed countries 1950-2000. Indirect estimates
from national vital statistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press;
1994.
2. McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United
States. JAMA 1993;270:2207-12.
3. Ockene IS, Miller NH. Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease,
and stroke. Circulation 1997;96:3243-7.
4. Wald NJ, Hackshaw AK. Cigarette smoking: An epidemiological
overview. Br Med Bull 1996;52:3-11.
5. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and
disability by cause 1990-2020: Global burden of Disease Study.
Lancet 1997;349:1498-504.
6. US Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing
tobacco use among young people. A report of the Surgeon
General, 1994. Atlanta, Georgia: Public Health Service, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and
Health; 1994. (US Government Printing Office Publication No S/N
017-001-00491-0.). Reprinted with corrections, 1994.
7. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group. Tobacco
use among youth: A cross country comparison. Tob Control
2002;11:252-70.8. Currie C, Zanotti C, Morgan A, Currie D, De looze M, Roberts C,et al.
Health and health behavior among young people. Copenhagen:
WHO Regional Office for Europe; 1999. (Health Policy for Children
and Adolescents Series, No. 1).
9. Ramezankhani A, Heidarnia A, Ghofrani Pour F. Effect of education
based on Health Belief Model on khowlage and preventive behavior
of cigarette consumption. [PhD thesis], Tehran; Tarbiat modares
university; 2000.
10. Wechsler H, Rigotti NA, Gledhill-Hoyt J, Lee H. Increased levels of
cigarette use among college students a cause for national concern.
JAMA 1998;280:1673-8.
11. Ramezankhani A, Sarbandi F, Zarghi A, Heidari GH, Masjedi MR,
Heidari GH. Smoking patterns in adolescent students in Tehran.
Tanaffos 2010;9:33-42.
12. Kessler DA. Nicotine addiction in young people. N Engl J Med
1995;333:186.
13. Perry CL, Eriksen MP, Giovino G. Tobacco use: A pediatric epidemic.
Tob Control 1994;3:97-8.
14. Poulsen LH, Osler M, Roberts C, Due P, Damsgaard MT, Holstein BE.
Exposure to teachers smoking and adolescent smoking behaviour:
Analysis of cross sectional data from Denmark. Tob Control
2002;11:246-51.
15. Hines D, Fretz AC, Nollen NL. Regular and occasional smoking
by college students: Personality attributions of smokers and
nonsmokers. Psychol Rep 1998;83:1299-306.
16. Hestick H, Perrino SC, Rhodes WA, Sydnor KD. Trial and lifetime
smoking risks among African American college students. J Am Coll
Health 2002;49:213-9.
17. Kear ME. Psychosocial determinants of cigarette smoking among
college students. J Community Health Nurs 2002;19:245-57.
18. Morrell HE, Cohen LM, Bacchi D, West J. Predictors of smoking
and smokeless tobacco use in college students: A preliminary
study using web-based survey methodology. J Am Coll Health
2005;54:108-15.
19. Salimi S, Alipour S., Abbasi M., Kheradpour L., Niknia L.,
Mirzapour P. Motives for cigarette smoking among high school
students in Urmia: A qualitative study. Journal of Urmia Nursing
and Midwifery Faculty. 2006;16:43-57. [Persian]
20. Mao R, Li X, Stanton B, Wang J, Hong Y, Zhang H, et al. Psychosocial
correlates of cigarette smoking among college students in China.
Health Educ Res 2009;1:105-18.
21. Strencher VJ, Becker MH, Kirscht JP, Eraker SA, Graham-Tomasi RP.
Psychosocial aspects of changes in cigarette-smoking behavior.
Patient Educ Couns 1985;7:249-62.
22. Li K, Kay NS. Correlates of cigarette smoking among male Chinese
college students in China- a preliminary study. Int Electron J Health
Educ 2009;12:59-71.
23. Janz NK, Champion VL, Strecher VJ. The health belief model. In:
Glanz K, Rimer BK, Lewis FM, editors. Health behavior and health
education: Theory, research, and practice. 3rd ed. San Francisco,
CA: Jossey-Bass; 2002. p. 45-66.
24. Mohtasham-amiri Z, Sirousbakht S, Nikravesh Rad R. Cigarette
smoking in male high school students of Rasht. Journal of Gilan
university of medical sciences 2007;17:100-7.[Persian]
25. Amin-Esmaeili M, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Sahimi-Izadian E, Hafezi M,
Razaghi M, Yousefi-Noorie R. The prevalence of smoking among
Iranian middle school students, a systematic review. Iranian J
Psychiatry 2007;2;157-164.
26. Kyrlesi A, Soteriades E, Warren W, Kremastinou J, Papastergiou P,
Jones NR, et al. Tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years in
Greese: The GYTS progect. BMC Public Health 2007;7:3.
27. Al-Bedah AM, Qureshi NA, Al-Guhaimani HI, Basahi JA. The Global
Youth Tobacco Survey-2007. Saudi Med J. 2010;31:1036-43.
28. Mousavi F. The Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and
Smoking by Parents and Friends. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and
Clinical Psychology 2005;11:342-5. [Persian]
29. Breslan N, Peterson E. Smoking cessation in young adults. Age at
initiation of cigarette smoking. Am J Public Health 1996;86:214-20.
30. Sharifi-rad GH, Hazavei MM, Hasan-zadeh A, Danesh_amouz A.
The effect of health education based on health belief model on
preventive actions of smoking in grade one, middle school students.
Arak Journal of Medical University of Medical Sciences (A.M.U.J.)
2007;10:79-86. [persian]
31. Rakhshani F, Esmaeili A, Charkazi A, Haftsavar M, Shahnazi H,
Jan-esmaili A. Effect of education on smoking prevention in
student of Zahedan. Journal of Health System Research J.H.S.R.
2010;6:267-75. [Persian]
32. de Vries H, Dijkstra M, Kuhlman P. Self-efficacy: The third factor
besides attitude and subjective norm as a predictor of behavioural
intentions. Health Educ Res 1988;3:273-82.
)