1. Scully SM. Parental presence during pediatric anesthesia
induction. AORN J 2012;96:26‑33.
2. Perrott C, Lee CA, Griffiths S, Sury MR. Perioperative experiences
of anesthesia reported by children and parents. Paediatr Anaesth
2018;28:149‑56.
3. Kassai B, Rabilloud M, Dantony E, Grousson S, Revol O, Malik S,
et al. Introduction of a paediatric anaesthesia comic information
leaflet reduced preoperative anxiety in children. Br J Anaesth
2016;117:95‑102.
4. Pomicino L, Maccacari E, Buchini SJ. Levels of anxiety in parents
in the 24 hr before and after their child’s surgery: A descriptive
study. J Clin Nurs 2018;27:278‑87.
5. Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, Rodger CC. Wong’s Essentials of
Pediatric Nursing. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016.
6. Moura LA, Dias IM, Pereira LV. Prevalence and factors associated
with preoperative anxiety in children aged 5‑12 years. Rev Lat
Am Enfermagem 2016;24:e2708.
7. Lee J, Lee J, Lim H, Son JS, Lee JR, Kim DC, et al. Cartoon
distraction alleviates anxiety in children during induction of
anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2012;115:1168‑73.
8. Gómez LM, Ocampo F, Orozco JA, Caicedo J. Efficacy of anesthetic
premedication in pediatric patients using oral midazolam and
acetaminophen. Observational study. Rev Colomb Anestesiol
2013;41:4‑9.
9. Hussein HA. Effect of active and passive distraction on decreasing
pain associated with painful medical procedures among school
aged children. World J Nurs Sci 2015;1:13‑23.
10. Milanifar B. The Psychology of Exceptional Children and
Adolescents. Tehran: Ghoomes; 2017.
11. Whalen DJ, Sylvester CM, Luby JL. Depression and anxiety in
preschoolers: A review of the past 7 years. Child Adolesc Psychiatr
Clin N Am 2017;26:503‑22.
12. Bassak NS, Poloi SF, Davoudi I. Efficacy of family anxiety
management training with mothers of anxious preschool children.
Zahedan J Res Med Sci 2014 ;16(5): 45-49.
13. Cummings CM, Caporino NE, Kendall PC. Comorbidity of
anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after.
Psychol Bull 2014;140:816‑45.
14. Chow CH, Van Lieshout RJ, Schmidt LA, Dobson KG, Buckley N.
Systematic review: Audiovisual interventions for reducing
preoperative anxiety in children undergoing elective surgery.
J Pediatr Psychol 2016;41:182‑203.
15. Agbayani CG, Fortier MA, Kain ZN. Non‑pharmacological
methods of reducing perioperative anxiety in children. BJA Educ
2020;20:424‑30.
16. Kim H, Jung SM, Yu H, Park SJ. Video distraction and parental
presence for the management of preoperative anxiety and
postoperative behavioral disturbance in children: A randomized
controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2015;121:778‑84.
17. Fortier MA, Bunzli E, Walthall J, Olshansky E, Saadat H,
SantistevanR, et al. Web‑based tailored intervention for preparation
of parents and children for outpatient surgery (WebTIPS):
Formative evaluation and randomized controlled trial. Anesth
Analg 2015;120:915‑22.
18. Prot S, Anderson CA, Gentile DA, Brown SC, Swing EL. The
positive and negative effects of video game play. Media and the
well‑being of children and adolescents. Jordan AB, Romer D,
editors. Media and the well-being of children and adolescents.
Oxford University Press; 2014 Apr 4.
19. Jenkins BN, Fortier MA, Kaplan SH, Mayes LC, Kain ZN.
Development of a short version of the modified Yale Preoperative
Anxiety Scale. Anesth Analg 2014;119:643‑50.
20. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Physical Status
Classification System. last amended on December 13, 2020.
file:///C:/User/ Download/asa-physical-status-classificatinsystem.pdf.
21. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Cicchetti DV, Bagnall AL, Finley JD,
Hofstadter MB. The Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale: How does
it compare with a “gold standard”? Anesth Analg 1997;85:783‑8.
22. Sousa VD, Rojjanasrirat W. Translation, adaptation and validation
of instruments or scales for use in cross‑cultural health care
research: A clear and user‑friendly guideline. J Eval Clin Pract
2011;17:268‑74.
23. Taber KS. The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and
reporting research instruments in science education. Res Sci Educ
2018;48:1273‑96.
24. Available from: http://www.cafebazaar.ir. accessed 20161110.
25. Available from: http://www.ircg.ir. accessed 20161010.
26. Ferguson CJ. An Effect Size Primer: A Guide for Clinicians and
Researchers. Professional Psychology:Research and Practice
2009;40:532-538.
27. Lee JH, Jung HK, Lee GG, Kim HY, Park SG, Woo SC. Effect
of behavioral intervention using smartphone application for
preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients. Korean J Anesthesiol
2013;65:508.
28. Vaezzadeh N, DoukiZE, Hadipour A, Osia S, Shahmohammadi S,
Sadeghi R. The effect of performing preoperative preparation
program on school age children’s anxiety. Iran J Pediatr
2011;21:461.
29. Gao XL, Liu Y, Tian S, Zhang DQ, Wu QP. Effect of interesting
games on relief of preoperative anxiety in preschool children. Int
J Nurs Sci 2014;1:89‑92.
30. Available from: http://penta.ufrgs.br/edu/telelab/3/piaget’s.
htm. [Last accessed on 2020 Dec 15].
31. Manyande A, Cyna AM, Yip P, Chooi C, Middleton P.
Non‑pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction
of anaesthesia in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2015;14(7):CD006447.
32. Inan G, Inal S. The impact of 3 different distraction techniques
on the pain and anxiety levels of children during venipuncture.
Clin J Pain 2019;35:140‑7.