Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Economics and Business, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang, Banten, Indonesia

2 Faculty of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Islamabad, Pakistan

3 Faculty of Management Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan

4 Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai China, and School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

5 School of Technology Management and Logistics, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia

6 Faculty of Management Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi, Pakistan

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The advent of the pandemic COVID‑19 has resulted in a global crisis that resulted 
in the closure of universities and educational institutions worldwide. This study aims to explore the 
determinants of students’ intention towards e‑library services usage amid the challenging time of the 
COVID‑19 pandemic. This paper reviews the technology‑oriented individual attitude based on four 
dimensions of the technology readiness 2.0 index factors, which affect medical students’ perspectives.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors provided a self‑administered questionnaire to medical 
students to investigate their e‑library adoption attitude during the COVID‑19 crisis. The authors 
distributed 542 questionnaires, received 361 complete responses and analyzed the data through path 
modeling/partial least squares structural equations modeling technique (PLS‑SEM) with the smart 
PLS software version 3.3.3. The structural equation‑modelling tool permits the estimation of results.
RESULTS: The main finding revealed that medical students have a positive and explicit approach 
to use the services available at the e‑library. Technology use and online services helped students 
continue their educational needs in the advent of the current pandemic COVID‑19. Attitude and 
subjective norms have significant influence and are strong predictors of intention. However, due to 
inadequate support for the government side, the perceived behavioural control has an insignificant 
impact on intention. This paper indicated one of the pioneers investigating the determinants of e‑library 
adoption among medical students based on technology‑oriented personality traits, employing the four 
dimensions of the technology readiness 2.0 index during the challenges of the COVID‑19 outbreak.
CONCLUSION: The study’s findings provide useful insight that offers valuable insights to implement 
specific strategies from the government officials to address medical students’ uncertainties and 
increase the technology adoption amid the COVID‑19 pandemic in medical education for developing 
nations.

Keywords

  1. Acheampong E, Agyemang FG. Enhancing academic library 
    services provision in the distance learning environment with 
    mobile technologies. J Acad Librariansh 2021;47:102279.
    2. Pinho C, Franco M, Mendes L. Exploring the conditions of success 
    in e‑libraries in the higher education context through the lens of 
    the social learning theory. Inf Manage 2020;57:103208.
    3. Subramaniam M, Hoffman KM, Davis K, Pitt C. Designing a 
    connected learning toolkit for public library staff serving youth 
    through the design-based implementation research method. 
    Library & Information Science Research. 2021;43(1):101074.
    4. Alrubaye H, Mkaouer MW, Khokhlov I, Reznik L, Ouni A, 
    McGoff J. Learning to recommend third‑party library migration 
    opportunities at the API level. Applied Soft Computing. 
    2020;90:106140.
    5. Lau KSN, Lo P, Chiu DKW, Ho KKW, Jiang T, Zhou Q, Allard B. 
    Library and learning experiences turned mobile: A comparative 
    study between LIS and non-LIS students. The Journal of Academic 
    Librarianship, 2020;46:102103. doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2019.102103.
    6. Sherriff G, Benson D, Atwood GS. Practices, policies, and 
    problems in the management of learning data: A survey of 
    libraries’ use of digital learning objects and the data they create. 
    J Acad Librariansh 2019;45:102‑9.
    7. Hossain MA, Ferdousi R, Alhamid MF. Knowledge‑driven 
    machine learning‑based framework for early‑stage disease 
    risk prediction in edge environment. J Parallel Distrib Comput 
    2020;146:25‑34.
    8. Dessì D, Osborne F, Reforgiato Recupero D, Buscaldi D, Motta E. 
    Generating knowledge graphs by employing Natural Language 
    Processing and Machine Learning techniques within the scholarly 
    domain. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2021;116:253-264.
    9. Mills K, Roper F, Cesare S. Accelerating student learning in 
    communication and research skills: The adoption of adaptive 
    learning technologies for scenario‑based modules. In: Atkinson J, 
    editor. Technology, Change and the Academic Library, Chandos 
    Publishing, Oxford, UK; 2021. p. 75‑84.
    10. Zakharov A, Bondarenko O. Social status and social learning. 
    Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. 2021;90:101647.
    11. Allison D, DeFrain E, Hitt BD, Tyler DC. Academic library as 
    learning space and as collection: A learning commons’ effects 
    on collections and related resources and services. The Journal of 
    Academic Librarianship. 2019;45(3):305‑314.
    12. Li X, Zhu R, Ye H, Jiang C, Benslimane A. MetaInjury: 
    Meta‑learning framework for reusing the risk knowledge of 
    different construction accidents. Safety Science. 2021;140:105315.
    13. Shuja KH, Aqeel M, Jaffar A, Ahmed A. COVID‑19 pandemic and 
    impending global mental health implications. Psychiatr Danub 
    2020;32:32‑5.
    14. Shuja KH, Shahidullah, Aqeel M, Khan EA, Abbas J. Letter to 
    highlight the effects of isolation on elderly during COVID‑19 
    outbreak. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020;35:1477‑8.
    15. Aqeel M, Abbas J, Shuja KH, et al. The Influence of Illness 
    Perception, Anxiety and Depression Disorders on Students Mental 
    Health during COVID‑19 Outbreak in Pakistan: A Web‑Based 
    Cross‑Sectional Survey. International Journal of Human Rights 
    in Healthcare. 2021;14.1‑20
    16. Su Z, McDonnell D, Wen J, Kozak M, Abbas J, Šegalo S, et al.
    Mental health consequences of COVID‑19 media coverage: The 
    need for effective crisis communication practices. Global Health 2021;17:4.
    17. Izuagbe R, Ibrahim NA, Ogiamien LO, et al. Effect of perceived 
    ease of use on librarians' e-skills: Basis for library technology 
    acceptance intention. Library & Information Science Research. 
    2019;41(3):100969
    18. Jang M, Aavakare M, Nikou S, Kim S. The impact of literacy on 
    intention to use digital technology for learning: A comparative 
    study of Korea and Finland. Telecommunications Policy. 
    2021;45(10):102154.
    19. Lebni JY, Toghroli R, Abbas J, NeJhaddadgar N, Salahshoor MR, 
    Mansourian M, et al. A study of internet addiction and its effects 
    on mental health: A study based on Iranian University Students. 
    J Educ Health Promot 2020;9:205.
    20. Fattahi E, Solhi M, Abbas J, Kasmaei P, Rastaghi S, Pouresmaeil M,
    et al. Prioritization of needs among students of University of 
    Medical Sciences: A needs assessment. J Educ Health Promot 
    2020;9:57.
    21. Abbas J, Aman J, Nurunnabi M, Bano S. The Impact of Social 
    Media on Learning Behavior for Sustainable Education: Evidence 
    of Students from Selected Universities in Pakistan. Sustainability. 
    2019; 11:1683.
    22. NeJhaddadgar N, Ziapour A, Zakkipour G, Abbas J, Abolfathi M, 
    Shabani M. Effectiveness of telephone‑based screening and triage 
    during COVID‑19 outbreak in the promoted primary healthcare 
    system: a case study in Ardabil province, Iran. Z Gesundh Wiss. 
    2020;29:1‑6.
    23. Lebni JY, Toghroli R, Abbas J, et al. Nurses' Work-Related 
    Quality of Life and Its Influencing Demographic Factors at 
    a Public Hospital in Western Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study. 
    International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 
    2020;41:272684X20972838.
    24. Anjum MN, Xiuchun B, Abbas J, Shuguang Z, McMillan D. 
    Analyzing predictors of customer satisfaction and assessment 
    of retail banking problems in Pakistan. Cogent Business & 
    Management. 2017;4(1):1338842.
    25. Su Z, McDonnell D, Cheshmehzangi A, Abbas J, Li X, Cai Y. 
    The promise and perils of Unit 731 data to advance COVID‑19 
    research. BMJ Global Health. 2021;6 (5):e004772.
    26. Furner M, Islam MZ, Li C‑T. Knowledge discovery and 
    visualisation framework using machine learning for music 
    information retrieval from broadcast radio data. Expert Systems 
    with Applications. 2021;182:115236.
    27. CidralWA, Oliveira T, Di Felice M, Aparicio M. E‑learning success 
    determinants: Brazilian empirical study. Computers & Education. 
    2018;122:273‑290.
    28. Meskhi B, Ponomareva S, Ugnich E. E‑learning in higher inclusive 
    education: needs, opportunities and limitations. International 
    Journal of Educational Management. 2019;33 (3):424‑437.
    29. Atkinson J. Technology and change management in academic 
    libraries: An overview and literature review. In: Atkinson J, 
    editor. Technology, Change and the Academic Library. Oxford, 
    UK.: Chandos Publishing; 2021. p. 11‑32.
    30. Trappey A, Trappey CV, Hsieh A. An intelligent patent 
    recommender adopting machine learning approach for natural 
    language processing: A case study for smart machinery 
    technology mining. Technol Forecast Soc Change 2021;164:120511.
    31. Anjaria K. Negation, and entropy: Effectual knowledge 
    management equipment for learning organizations. Expert Syst 
    Appl 2020;157:113497.
    32. Islam MS, Kunifuji S, Hayama T, Miura M.Towards exploring a 
    global scenario of e‑learning in library and information science 
    schools. The International Information & Library Review. 2011; 
    43:15‑22.
    33. Al‑Emran M, Mezhuyev V, Kamaludin A. Towards a conceptual 
    model for examining the impact of knowledge management 
    factors on mobile learning acceptance. Technol Soc 2020;61:101247.
    34. Rafique GM, Mahmood K, Warraich NF, Rehman SU. Readiness 
    for Online Learning during COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of 
    Pakistani LIS students. The Journal of Academic Librarianship. 
    2021;47(3):102346.
    35. Gray AC, Steel A, Adams J. Complementary medicine 
    students’ perceptions, perspectives, and experiences of learning 
    technologies. A survey conducted in the US and Australia. Eur J 
    Integr Med 2021;42:101304.
    36. Xu F, Du JT. Examining differences and similarities between 
    graduate and undergraduate students’ user satisfaction with 
    digital libraries. J Acad Librariansh 2019;45:102072.
    37. Atkinson J, Reflections on technology, change, and academic 
    libraries. In: Atkinson J, editor. Technology, Change and the 
    Academic Librar. Oxford, UK.: Chandos Publishing; 2021. 
    p. 185‑93.
    38. Maqsood A, Abbas J, Rehman G, Mubeen R. The paradigm shift 
    for educational system continuance in the advent of COVID-19 
    pandemic: Mental health challenges and reflections. Current 
    Research in Behavioral Sciences. 2021;2:100011.
    39. Sun J, Yuan BZ. Development, and characteristic of digital library 
    as a library branch. IERI Procedia 2012;2:12‑7.
    40. Raju J. Knowledge, and skills for the digital era academic library. 
    J Acad Librariansh 2014;40:163‑70.
    41. Abbas J, Wang D, Su Z, Ziapour A. The role of social media in 
    the advent of COVID‑19 pandemic: Crisis management, mental 
    health challenges and implications. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 
    2021;14:1917‑32.
    42. Li S, Jiao F, Zhang Y, Xu X. Problems and Changes in Digital 
    Libraries in the Age of Big Data From the Perspective of User 
    Services. The Journal of Academic Librarianship. 2019;45(1):22-30.
    43. Zakaria MS. Data visualization as a research support service in 
    academic libraries: An investigation of world‑class universities. 
    J Acad Librariansh 2021;47:102397.
    44. Ocran TK, Underwood EP, Arthur PA. Strategies for successful 
    implementation of mobile phone library services. J Acad 
    Librariansh 2020;46:102174.
    45. Pinho C, Franco M, Mendes L. Exploring the conditions of 
    success in e-libraries in the higher education context through the 
    lens of the social learning theory. Information & Management. 
    2020;57(4):103208.
    46. Azadi NA, Ziapour A, Lebni JY, Irandoost SF, Abbas J, 
    Chaboksavar F. The effect of education based on health belief 
    model on promoting preventive behaviors of hypertensive disease 
    in staff of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Arch Public 
    Health 2021;79:69.
    47. Moradi F, Tourani S, Ziapour A, Abbas J, Hematti M, Moghadam, 
    EJ, Soroush A. Emotional Intelligence and Quality of Life in 
    Elderly Diabetic Patients. Int Q Community Health Educ, 
    2021;42(1), 15-20. doi:10.1177/0272684X20965811.
    48. Tarhini A, Masa’deh Re, Al-Busaidi KA, Mohammed AB, 
    Maqableh M. Factors influencing students’ adoption of e-learning: 
    a structural equation modeling approach. Journal of International 
    Education in Business. 2017;10(2):164-182.
    49. Iqbal HM, Sohail S, Shahzad S. Learning and study strategies 
    used by university students in Pakistan. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 
    2010;2:4717‑21.
    50. Haider SJ. Perspectives on … coping with change: Issues facing 
    university libraries in Pakistan. J Acad Librariansh 2004;30:229‑36.
    51. Cruz KFS, Mendes GHS, Lizarelli FL, Cauchick-Miguel PA. 
    Antecedents and consequences of library service innovation: An 
    investigation into Brazilian academic libraries. The Journal of 
    Academic Librarianship. 2020;46(6):102235.
    52. Office IE. Acknowledgment to Reviewers of IJERPH in 2020. Int 
    J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:1259.
    53. Abbas J, Mubeen R, Iorember PT, Raza S, Mamirkulova G. 
    Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational 
    potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel 
    and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences.
  2. 2021;2:100033.
    54. Bangani S. The fake news wave: Academic libraries’ battle 
    against misinformation during COVID‑19. J Acad Librariansh 
    2021;47: 102390.
    55. Sakamoto T. E-Learning in Japanese Universities. Industry and 
    Higher Education. 2016;17(6):397-404.
    56. Yoosefi LebniJ, Abbas J, Moradi F, SalahshoorMR, Chaboksavar F, 
    Irandoost SF, et al. How the COVID‑19 pandemic effected 
    economic, social, political, and cultural factors: A lesson from 
    Iran. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2021;67:298‑300.
    57. Seufert S, Guggemos J, Sailer M. Technology‑related knowledge, 
    skills, and attitudes of pre‑ and in‑service teachers: The 
    current situation and emerging trends. Comput Human Behav 
    2021;115:106552.
    58. Scuotto V, Beatrice O, Valentina C, Nicotra M, Di Gioia L, Farina 
    Briamonte M. Uncovering the micro-foundations of knowledge 
    sharing in open innovation partnerships: An intention-based 
    perspective of technology transfer. Technological Forecasting 
    and Social Change. 2020;152:119906.
    59. Huang CE. Discovering the creative processes of students: 
    Multi‑way interactions among knowledge acquisition, sharing 
    and learning environment. J Hosp Leis Sport Tour Educ 
    2020;26:100237.
    60. Bouton E, Tal SB, Asterhan CS. Students, social network 
    technology and learning in higher education: Visions of 
    collaborative knowledge construction vs. the reality of knowledge 
    sharing. Intern High Educ 2021;49:100787.
    61. Kwayu S, Abubakar M, Lal B. The influence of informal social 
    media practices on knowledge sharing and work processes within 
    organizations. Int J Inf Manage 2021;58:102280.
    62. Abbasi S, Ayoob T, Malik A, Memon SI. Perceptions of students 
    regarding E‑learning during Covid‑19 at a private medical college. 
    Pak J Med Sci 2020;36:S57‑61.
    63. Huynh R. The role of E‑learning in medical education. Acad Med 
    2017;92:430.
    64. Hendal BA. Kuwait University faculty’s use of electronic resources 
    during the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital Library Perspectives. 
    2020;36(4):429-439.
    65. Abbas, J., Mahmood, S., Ali, H., Ali Raza, M., Ali, G., 
    Aman, J., Bano, S., & Nurunnabi, M.[ The effects of corporate 
    social responsibility practices and environmental factors 
    through a moderating role of social media marketing on 
    sustainable performance of Firms’ operating in Multan, Pakistan. 
    Sustainability 2019; 11(12), 3434.
    66. Rafique H, Alroobaea R, Munawar BA, Krichen M, 
    Rubaiee S, Bashir AK. Do digital students show an inclination 
    toward continuous use of academic library applications? A case 
    study. The Journal of Academic Librarianship. 2021;47(2):102298.
    67. Rafique H, Almagrabi AO, Shamim A, Anwar F, Bashir AK. 
    Investigating the Acceptance of Mobile Library Applications with 
    an Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Computers 
    & Education. 2020;145:103732.
    68. Rafiq M, Batool SH, Ali AF, Ullah M. University libraries response 
    to COVID-19 pandemic: A developing country perspective. The 
    Journal of Academic Librarianship. 2021;47(1):102280.
    69. Karim RA, Shakil AF. A research study about the importance of 
    e‑library for globalized learning among students at university 
    level in Karachi, Pakistan. RADS J Soc Sci Bus Manage 
    2017;4:104‑14.
    70. Omotayo FO, Haliru A. Perception of task‑technology fit of digital 
    library among undergraduates in selected universities in Nigeria. 
    J Acad Librariansh 2020;46:102097.
    71. Ullah R, Richardson JTE, Malik RA, Farooq S. Perceptions of the 
    learning environment, learning preferences, and approaches 
    to studying among medical students in Pakistan. Studies in 
    Educational Evaluation. 2016;50:62-70.
    72. NeJhaddadgar N, Ziapour A, Abbas J, Mardi A, Zare M. 
    Correlation between general health and sexual function in older 
    women in an Iranian setting. J Educ Health Promot 2020;9:300.
    73. Yoosefi Lebni J, Abbas J, Khorami F, Khosravi B, Jalali A, 
    Ziapour A. Challenges facing women survivors of self‑immolation 
    in the Kurdish Regions of Iran: A qualitative study. Front 
    Psychiatry 2020;11:778.
    74. Su Z, Wen J, Abbas J, McDonnell D, Cheshmehzangi A, Li X,
    et al. A race for a better understanding of COVID‑19 vaccine 
    non‑adopters. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020;9:100159.
    75. Shuja KH, Shahidullah, Aqeel M, Khan EA, Abbas J. Letter to 
    highlight the effects of isolation on elderly during COVID‑19 
    outbreak. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020;35:1477‑8.
    76. Cox A, Brewster L. Library support for student mental health and 
    well‑being in the UK: Before and during the COVID‑19 pandemic. 
    J Acad Librariansh 2020;46:102256.
    77. Aman J, Abbas J, Mahmood S, Nurunnabi M, Bano S. The 
    Influence of Islamic Religiosity on the Perceived Socio-Cultural 
    Impact of Sustainable Tourism Development in Pakistan: 
    A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Sustainability. 
    2019;11(11):3039.
    78. Mamirkulova G, Mi J, Abbas J, Mahmood S, Mubeen R, Ziapour A. 
    New Silk Road infrastructure opportunities in developing tourism 
    environment for residents better quality of life. Global Ecology 
    and Conservation. 2020; 24:e01194.
    79. Tor SF. Probing the effect of library staff’ discussions at duty 
    posts on graduate students’ research activities: Evidence from a 
    Nigerian university library. J Acad Librariansh 2021;47:102278.
    80. Abbas J, Aqeel M, Abbas J, Shaher B, A J, Sundas J, et al. The 
    moderating role of social support for marital adjustment, 
    depression, anxiety, and stress: Evidence from Pakistani working 
    and nonworking women. J Affect Disord 2019;244:231‑8.
    81. Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators. Mapping subnational 
    HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete 
    vital registration systems. BMC Med 2021;19:4.
    82. Toqeer S, Aqeel M, Shuja KH, Bibi A, Abbas J. Attachment Styles, 
    Facebook Addiction, Dissociation and Alexithymia in University 
    Students; A Mediational Model. Nature-Nurture Journal of 
    Psychology. 2021;1(1):28-37.
    83. Mubeen R, Han D, Abbas J, Hussain I. The Effects of Market 
    Competition, Capital Structure, and CEO Duality on Firm 
    Performance: A Mediation Analysis by Incorporating the GMM 
    Model Technique. Sustainability. 2020;12(8):3480.
    84. Hussain T, Abbas J, Wei Z, Ahmad S, Xuehao B, Gaoli Z. Impact of 
    Urban Village Disamenity on Neighboring Residential Properties: 
    Empirical Evidence from Nanjing through Hedonic Pricing 
    Model Appraisal. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 
    2021;147(1):04020055.
    85. ParasuramanA, ColbyCL. An Updated and Streamlined Technology 
    Readiness Index. Journal of Service Research. 2014;18 (1):59‑74.
    86. Hair Jr JF, Hult GTM, Ringle C, Sarstedt M. A primer on partial 
    least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): Sage 
    publications; 2016. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural 
    Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Newbury Park, California, USA. 
    Sage Publications; 2016.
    87. F. Hair Jr J, Sarstedt M, Hopkins L, G. Kuppelwieser V. Partial 
    least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‑SEM). European 
    Business Review. 2014;26 (2):106‑121.;
    88. Zahid H, Haji Din B. Determinants of intention to adopt 
    E‑government services in Pakistan: An imperative for sustainable 
    development. Resources 2019;8:128.
    89. Zaman U, Zahid H, Habibullah MS, Din BH, Wright LT. 
    Adoption of Big Data Analytics (BDA) Technologies in Disaster 
    Management: A Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) 
    Approach. Cogent Business & Management. 2021;8(1):1880253.
    90. Hair JF, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM, Gudergan SP. Advanced Issues 
    in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: SAGE 
    Publications; 2017, USA, SAGE Publication 91. Abbas, J., Raza, S., Nurunnabi, M., Minai, M. S., & Bano, S. 
    The impact of entrepreneurial business networks on firms’ 
    performance through a mediating role of dynamic capabilities. 
    Sustainability 2019;11:3006.
    92. Aman J, Abbas J, Nurunnabi M, Bano S. The Relationship of 
    Religiosity and Marital Satisfaction: The Role of Religious 
    Commitment and Practices on Marital Satisfaction Among 
    Pakistani Respondents. Behavioral Sciences. 2019;9(3):30.
    93. Moradi F, Toghroli R, Abbas J, Ziapour A, Lebni JY, Aghili A,
    et al. Hospital managers’ skills required and onward challenges: 
    A qualitative study. J Educ Health Promot 2020;9:228.
    94. Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sinkovics RR. The use of partial least 
    squares path modeling in international marketing. In: New 
    Challenges to International Marketing. England. Emerald 
    Group Publishing Limited; 2009.
    95. Geisser S. A predictive approach to the random effect model. 
    Biometrika 1974;61:101‑7.
    96. Sobaih AEE, Hasanein AM, Abu Elnasr AE. Responses to 
    COVID‑19 in Higher Education: Social Media Usage for 
    Sustaining Formal Academic Communication in Developing 
    Countries. Sustainability. 2020;12 (16):6520.
    97. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients 
    infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 
    2020;395 (10223):497‑506.
    98. Guarner J. Three Emerging Coronaviruses in Two Decades. Am 
    J Clin Pathol. 2020;153 (4):420‑421.
    99. Mailizar M, Almanthari A, Maulina S, Bruce S. Secondary School 
    Mathematics Teachers’ Views on E‑learning Implementation 
    Barriers during the COVID‑19 Pandemic: The Case of Indonesia. 
    Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 
    2020;16 (7):em1860.
    100. Kerres M. Against All Odds: Education in Germany 
    Coping with Covid‑19. Postdigital Science and Education. 
    2020;2 (3):690‑694.
    101. Wang CJ, Ng CY, Brook RH. Response to COVID‑19 in Taiwan: 
    Big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing. 
    JAMA. 2020;323 (14):1341‑1342.
    102. Al‑Rahmi WM, Alzahrani AI, Yahaya N, Alalwan N, Kamin YB. 
    Digital Communication: Information and Communication 
    Technology (ICT) Usage for Education Sustainability. 
    Sustainability. 2020;12 (12):5052.
    103. Ge T, Abbas J, Abbas A, Ullah R, Sadiq I, Zhang R. Women's 
    entrepreneurial contribution to family income: Innovative 
    technologies promote females' entrepreneurship amid COVID-19 
    crisis. Front Psychol. 2021; 12:828040.
    104. Zhou Y, Draghici A, Abbas J, Mubeen R, Boatca ME, Salam MA. 
    Social Media Efficacy in Crisis Management: Effectiveness of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions to Manage COVID-19 Challenges. 
    Frontiers in psychiatry. 2022; 12:626134.7.
    105. Li Z, Wang D, Abbas J, Hassan S, Mubeen R. Tourists’ health 
    risk threats amid COVID-19 era: Role of technology innovation, 
    Transformation, and recovery implications for sustainable 
    tourism. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022; 12:769175.
    106. Shoib S, Gaitan Buitrago JET, Shuja KH, Aqeel M, de Filippis R, 
    Abbas J, et al. Suicidal behavior sociocultural factors in developing 
    countries during COVID-19. L'Encéphale. 2021; 47.