Authors
1 Research Scholar, School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
2 Professor, SRM School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The mortality rate of non‑communicable diseases (NCDs) contributes more in low‑income and
middle‑income countries, also among individuals with lower socioeconomic status in high‑income
countries, making NCDs a big hurdle to minimizing global and national health disparities. Among 55
million fatalities worldwide in 2019, NCDs accounted for about 41 million (71%) deaths. The purpose
of this scoping review was to comprehend the available literature on the burden of NCDs in India.
This review included the studies that have been published between the period of 2009–2020. For
this review, 18 full‑text articles have been selected. A preliminary search was done to obtain articles
from the search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, web of science, and Scopus. Our scoping
review was focused on five major NCDs which are cardiovascular, hypertension, diabetes, cancer,
and stroke. In 2019, around 17.9 million individuals died from cardiovascular disease (CVD), which
is accounting for 32% of all deaths. As compared to Chandigarh and Jharkhand (0.12 million and
0.96 million, respectively) Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra (4.8 million and 9.2 million, respectively)
have a higher percentage of the population affected by diabetes. In India, stroke is the fifth‑significant
cause of disability and the fourth‑leading cause of fatality, which is accounting for 3.5 percent of all
disabilities. India should construct a higher‑level coordinating framework and devise an overarching
policy or strategy tailored to NCDs. To limit risk factor exposure, it is necessary to emphasize health
promotion and preventive actions.
Keywords
Kruk ME, et al. NCD Countdown 2030: Worldwide trends in
non‑communicable disease mortality and progress towards
Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4. Lancet 2018;392:1072‑88.
2. WHO non‑communicable Key facts. Available from: https://www.
who.int/news‑room/fact‑sheets/detail/noncommunicablediseases.
3. NDP India, Healthy living>Non‑communicable disease: Available
from: Non‑communicable Diseases | National Health Portal Of
India (nhp.gov.in).
4. UN Sustainable goals. Available from: Health – United Nations
Sustainable Development.
5. Reddy KS, Shah B, Varghese C, Ramadoss A. Responding to the
threat of chronic diseases in India. Lancet 2005;366:1744‑9.
6. Gupta I, Roy A. Economic studies on non‑communicable diseases
and injuries in India: A systematic review. Appl Health Econ
Health Policy 2018;16:303‑15.
7. Sarveswaran G, Kulothungan V, Mathur P. Clustering of
noncommun icable disease risk factors among adults (18–69 years)
in rural population, South‑India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome:
Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020 Sep 1;14 (5):1005‑14.
8. Geetha K, Kanniammal C, Kumar D. Prevalence of hypertension
among economically productive tribal population in Tamilnadu.
Indian J Public Health Res Dev 2020;11:553‑6.
9. INDIA: Grassroots screening to prevent and control
non‑communicable diseases:(WHO 2021). Available from: INDIA:
Grassroots screening to prevent and control non‑communicable
diseases (WHO).
10. WHO Cardiovascular disease. Available from: Cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs) (WHO).
11. Huffman MD, Prabhakaran D, Osmond C, Fall CH, Tandon N,
Lakshmy R, et al. Incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in an
Indian urban cohort: Results from the New Delhi Birth Cohort.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1765‑74.
12. Vasan SK, Antonisamy B, Gowri MS, Selliah HY, Geethanjali FS,
Jebasingh F, et al. Burden of cardiovascular disease risk
factors over 13.5 years in a rural and urban South Indian
cohort in comparison with global data. medRxiv. 2020. doi:
10.1101/2020.07.03.20145599.
13. Dosi R, Bhatt N, Shah P, Patell R. Cardiovascular disease and
menopause. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR.
2014 Feb; 8 (2):62
14. Shakibazadeh E, Sabouri M, Mohebbi B, Tol A, Yaseri M. Validity
and reliability properties of the Persian version of perceived health
competence scale among patients with cardiovascular diseases.
J Educ Health Promot 2021;10:19.
15. Mohebbi B, Sabouri M, Tol A. Application of health education
and promotion theory‑based interventions on patients with
cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. J Educ Health
Promot 2021;10:236.
16. Ramakrishnan S, Zachariah G, Gupta K, Rao JS, Mohanan PP,
Venugopal K, et al. Prevalence of hypertension among Indian
adults: Results from the great India blood pressure survey. Indian
Heart J 2019;71:309‑13.
17. Rapsomaniki E, Timmis A, George J, Pujades‑Rodriguez M,
Shah AD, Denaxas S, et al. Blood pressure and incidence of
twelve cardiovascular diseases: Lifetime risks, healthy life‑years
lost, and age‑specific associations in 1·25 million people. Lancet
2014 31;383:1899‑911.
18. Zachariah G, Harikrishnan S, Krishnan MN, Mohanan PP,
Sanjay G, Venugopal K, Thankappan KR. Prevalence of coronary
artery disease and coronary risk factors in Kerala, South India:
a population survey–design and methods. indian heart journal.
2013 May1;65 (3):243‑9.
19. Pooja P, Mittal Y. Prevalence of hypertension among rural
population of Doiwala block, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India.
Recent Res Sci Technol 2013;5.
20. Mohebbi B, Tafaghodi B, Sadeghi R, Tol A, Yekanenejad MS.
Factors predicting nutritional knowledge, illness perceptions,
and dietary adherence among hypertensive middle‑aged women:
Application of transtheoretical model. J Educ Health Promot
2021;10:212.
21. Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, et al. Global, regional,and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and
territories: An analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci Rep 2020;10:14790.
22. WHO Diabetes. Available from: https://www.who.int/
health‑topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1.
23. Cho N, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, Huang YD, da Rocha Fernandes JD,
Ohlrogge AW, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of
diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes
Res Clin Pract 2018;138:271‑81.
24. International Diabetes Federation (IDF). IDF diabetes atlas
eighth edition 2017. Available from: https://www.idf.
org/e‑library/epidemiology‑research/diabetes-atlas/134‑idfdiabetes‑atlas‑8th‑edition.html [Last accessed on 2021 Dec 21]
25. Chauhan S, Gupte SS, Kumar S, Patel R. Urban‑rural differential
in diabetes and hypertension among elderly in India: A study of
prevalence, factors, and treatment‑seeking. Diabetes Metab Syndr
2021;15:102201.
26. Kaveeshwar S, Cornwall J. The current state of diabetes
management. Australas Med J 2014;7:45‑8.
27. Anjana RM, Ali MK, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M,
Unnikrishnan R, et al. The need for obtaining accurate nationwide
estimates of diabetes prevalence in India‑rationale for a national
study on diabetes. Indian J Med Res 2011;133:369‑80.
28. Joshi SR. Diabetes care in India. Ann Glob Health 2015;81:830‑8.
29. KaurJ, Singh Z. Occurrence of diabetes among rural women. J Dis
2020;7:33‑8.
30. Luhar S, Kondal D, Jones R, Anjana RM, Patel SA, Kinra S,
et al. Lifetime risk of diabetes in metropolitan cities in India.
Diabetologia 2021;64:521‑9.
31. Desa UN. Revision of world urbanization prospects. UN
Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2018;16.
32. Schottenfeld D, Beebe‑Dimmer JL. Advances in cancer
epidemiology: Understanding causal mechanisms and the
evidence for implementing interventions. Annu Rev Public Health
2005;26:37‑60.
33. Rajpal S, Kumar A, Joe W. Economic burden of cancer in
India: Evidence from cross‑sectional nationally representative
household survey, 2014. PLoS One 2018;13:e0193320.
34. WHO, Cancer. Available from: Cancer (who.int). [Last accessed
on 2021 Oct 23].
35. India fight against cancer, NICPR‑ICMR. Available from: India
Against Cancer‑Cancer Detection, Cancer Prevention and
Cancer Treatment in India (cancerindia.org.in). [Last accessed
on 2021 Oct 23].
36. India fight against cancer, NICPR‑ICMR. Available from: Cancer
Statistics‑India Against Cancer(cancerindia.org.in).[Last accessed
on 2021 Oct 23].
37. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A.
Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence
and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA
Cancer J Clin 2018;68:394‑424.
38. SmithRD, Mallath MK. History of the growing burden of cancer in
India: From antiquity to the 21st century. J Glob Oncol 2019;5:1‑5.
39. Mathew A, George PS, KM JK, Vasudevan D, James FV.
Transition of cancer in populations in India. Cancer Epidemiol
2019;58:111‑20.
40. NCRP. Three‑Year Report of the Population Based Cancer
Registries 2012–2014. Available from: Three Year Report of PBCR
2012‑2014 (ncdirindia.org). [Last accessed on 2021 Oct 25].
41. Mallath MK, Taylor DG, Badwe RA, Rath GK, Shanta V,
Pramesh CS, et al. The growing burden of cancer in India:
Epidemiology and social context. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:e205‑12.
42. Singh M, Prasad CP, Singh TD, Kumar L. Cancer research
in India: Challenges & opportunities. Indian J Med Res
2018;148:362‑5.
43. Lindsay MP, Norrving B, Sacco RL, Brainin M, Hacke W,
Martins S, et al. World Stroke Organization (WSO): Global stroke
fact sheet 2019. Int J Stroke 2022;17:18‑29.
44. Feigin VL, Nichols E, Alam T, Bannick MS, Beghi E, Blake N, et al.
Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders,
1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 2019;18:459‑80.
45. Directorate General of Health Services: Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare. National Programme for Prevention and
Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke.
Government of India 2019, Available from: National Programme
for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular
diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) | Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare | GOI (mohfw.gov.in). [Last accessed on 2021 Oct 28].
46. Taylor FC, Suresh Kumar K. Stroke in India Factsheet (updated
2012). South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, IIPH Hyderabad,
Public Health Foundation of India. 2012.
47. Ke C, Gupta R, Xavier D, Prabhakaran D, Mathur P, Kalkonde YV,
et al. Divergent trends in ischaemic heart disease and stroke
mortality in India from 2000 to 2015: A nationally representative
mortality study. Lancet Glob Health 2018;6:e914‑23.
48. DhamijaRK, Mittal S, BansalBC. Trends in clinico‑epidemiological
correlates of stroke in the community. J Indian Acad Clin Med
2000;5:28‑31.
49. Gourie‑Devi M. Neuroepidemiological study in semiurban and
rural areas in South India: Pattern of neurological disorders
including motor neuron disease. Motor Neuron Disease: Global
clinical patterns and international research. 1987:11‑21.
50. Das SK, Biswas A, Roy T, Banerjee TK, Mukherjee CS, Raut DK,
et al. Arandom sample survey for prevalence of major neurological
disorders in Kolkata. Indian J Med Res 2006;124:163‑72.
51. Roy MP. Factors associated with stroke mortality in India. Curr
Med Issues 2020;18:179.
52. Government of India. National Programme for Prevention
and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and
Stroke– Operational Guidelines (Revised‑ 2013‑2017). New Delhi;
2013.
53. Nethan S, Sinha D, Mehrotra R. Non communicable disease
risk factors and their trends in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2017;18:2005‑10.
54. Sharma K. Burden of non communicable diseases in India: Setting
priority for action. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2013;2:7‑11.
)