Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Health Care Centre, Ayurveda Section, Kaivalyadham Yoga Institute, Lonavla, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Occupational stress is known as harmful physical and emotional responses that
occur when the requirements of the job do not match the resources, needs, or capabilities of an
employee, leading to poor mental and physical health.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of 1‑week residential yoga
training program on occupational stress and its subscales among principals.
METHODS: Thirty‑three principals with ages 40–59 years completed the assessment. They received
yoga training at Kaivalyadham Yoga Institute. All the participants were recruited by Kendriya Vidyalaya
Sangathan as part of their on‑duty yoga training. At the baseline and after 1 week of yoga training
participants were assessed for occupational stress. The yoga intervention was given in the morning
and evening for 105 min. Apart from yoga training, all the participants were engaged in lectures based
on stress management, yoga for total health, meditation, yoga in school education, and scientific
basis of yoga, daily for 3 h.
RESULTS: The principals showed a significant decrease in role overload (P < 0.001), role
ambiguity (P < 0.01), role conflict (P < 0.05), under participation (P < 0.001), powerlessness (P < 0.001),
intrinsic impoverishment (P < 0.01), law status (P < 0.001), and overall occupational stress (P < 0.001)
after 7 days of yoga training intervention. However, there was no significant change in unreasonable
group and political pressure (P > 0.05), responsibility for persons (P > 0.05), poor peer
relations (P > 0.05), strenuous working conditions (P > 0.05), and unprofitability (P > 0.05) after
yoga training intervention.
CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that 1 week of residential yoga training program can
improve occupational stress in principals.
Keywords
1. Almale BD, Vankudre AJ, Bansode‑Gokhe SS, Pawar VK. An
epidemiologic study of occupational stress factors in Mumbai
police personnel. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2014;18:109‑12.
2. Ghilan K, Al‑Taiar A, Yousfi NA, Zubaidi RA, Awadh I,
Al‑Obeyed Z. Low back pain among female nurses in Yemen.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013;26:605‑14.
3. Joshi TK, Menon KK, Kishore J. Musculoskeletal disorders
in industrial workers of Delhi. Int J Occup Environ Health
2001;7:217‑21.
4. Jayakumar D. Occupational stress and hypertension among
railway loco pilots and section controllers. Indian J Occup Environ
Med 2017;21:23‑8.
5. Kamble SV, Phalke DB. Study of occupational stress as a risk
factor for various morbidities among policemen. J Indian Med
Assoc 2011;109:238‑40.
6. Costa G. Cardiopathy and stress‑inducing factors. Med Lav
2004;95:133‑9.
7. Miyata M, Tanaka Y, Tsuji S. Occupational stress as the cause of
psychosomatic and mental disorders. J UOEH 1997;19:297‑305.
8. Chen WQ, Wong TW, Yu TS. Direct and interactive effects of
occupational stress and coping on ulcer‑like symptoms among
Chinese male off‑shore oil workers. Am J Ind Med 2009;52:500‑8.
9. Antoniou AS, Polychroni F, Vlachakis AN. Gender and age
differences in occupational stress and professional burnout
between primary and high‐school teachers in Greece. J Manage
Psychol 2006;21:682‑90.
10. Moy FM, Hoe VC, Hairi NN, Chu AH, Bulgiba A, Koh D.
Determinants and effects of voice disorders among secondary
school teachers in peninsular Malaysia using a validated Malay
version of VHI‑10. PLoS One 2015;10:e0141963.
11. Kruse SD. Creating communities of reform: Continuous
improvement planning teams. J Educ Adm 2001;39:359‑83.
12. Shultz KS, Wang M, Olson DA. Role overload and underload
in relation to occupational stress and health. Stress Health
2010;26:99‑111.
13. WangY, Ramos A, Wu H, Liu L, YangX, Wang J, et al. Relationship
between occupational stress and burnout among Chinese teachers:
A cross‑sectional survey in Liaoning, China. Int Arch Occup
Environ Health 2015;88:589‑97.
14. Loerbroks A, Meng H, Chen ML, Herr R, Angerer P, Li J. Primary
school teachers in China: Associations of organizational justice
and effort‑reward imbalance with burnout and intentions to leave
the profession in a cross‑sectional sample. Int Arch Occup Environ
Health 2014;87:695‑703.
15. Gluschkoff K, Elovainio M, Kinnunen U, Mullola S, Hintsanen M,
Keltikangas‑Järvinen L, et al. Work stress, poor recovery and
burnout in teachers. Occup Med (Lond) 2016;66:564‑70.
16. Wu H, Liu L, Wang Y, Gao F, Zhao X, Wang L. Factors associated
with burnout among Chinese hospital doctors: A cross‑sectional
study. BMC Public Health 2013;13:786.
17. Malamardi SN, Kamath R, Tiwari R, Nair BV, Chandrasekaran V,
Phadnis S. Occupational stress and health‑related quality of life
among public sector bank employees: A cross‑sectional study
in Mysore, Karnataka, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med
2015;19:134‑7.
18. LiX, Kan D, Liu L, Shi M, WangY, Yang X, et al. The mediating role
of psychological capital on the association between occupational
stress and job burnout among bank employees in China. Int J
Environ Res Public Health 2015;12:2984‑3001.
19. Papakitsos EC, Argyriou A. Relating leadership and counseling:
An example from the Greek educational system. J Res Initiatives
2017;2:1-7.
20. de Bruin EI, Formsma AR, Frijstein G, Bögels SM. Mindful2Work:
Effects of combined physical exercise, yoga, and mindfulness
meditations for stress relieve in employees. A Proof of concept
study. Mindfulness (N Y) 2017;8:204‑17.
21. Michie S. Causes and management of stress at work. Occup
Environ Med 2002;59:67‑72.
22. Rainforth MV, Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Gaylord‑King C,
Salerno JW, Anderson JW. Stress reduction programs in
patients with elevated blood pressure: A systematic review and
meta‑analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2007;9:520‑8.
23. Bai Z, Chang J, Chen C, Li P, Yang K, Chi I. Investigating the effect
of transcendental meditation on blood pressure: A systematic
review and meta‑analysis. J Hum Hypertens 2015;29:653‑62.
24. Duraimani S, Schneider RH, Randall OS, Nidich SI, Xu S,
Ketete M, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification on telomerase
gene expression in hypertensive patients: A pilot trial of stress
reduction and health education programs in African Americans.
PLoS One 2015;10:e0142689.
25. Gura ST. Yoga for stress reduction and injury prevention at work.
Work 2002;19:3‑7.
26. Shohani M, Badfar G, Nasirkandy MP, Kaikhavani S, Rahmati S,
Modmeli Y, et al. The effect of yoga on stress, anxiety, and
depression in women. Int J Prev Med 2018;9:21.
27. Grensman A, Acharya BD, Wändell P, Nilsson GH, Falkenberg T,
Sundin Ö, et al. Effect of traditional yoga, mindfulness‑based
cognitive therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy, on health
related quality of life: A randomized controlled trial on patients
on sick leave because of burnout. BMC Complement Altern Med
2018;18:80.
28. Franklin RA, Butler MP, Bentley JA. The physical postures of
yoga practices may protect against depressive symptoms, even as life stressors increase: A moderation analysis. Psychol Health
Med 2018;23:870‑9.
29. Bhavanani AB, Ramanathan M, Balaji R, Pushpa D. Comparative
immediate effect of different yoga asanas on heart rate and blood
pressure in healthy young volunteers. Int J Yoga 2014;7:89‑95.
30. Louie L. The effectiveness of yoga for depression: A critical
literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2014;35:265‑76.
31. Tripathi MN, Kumari S, Ganpat TS. Psychophysiological effects of
yoga on stress in college students. J Educ Health Promot 2018;7:43.
32. Malathi A, Damodaran A. Stress due to exams in medical
students – role of yoga. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;43:218‑24.
33. Godse AS, Shejwal BR, Godse AA. Effects of suryanamaskar on
relaxation among college students with high stress in Pune, India.
Int J Yoga 2015;8:15‑21.
34. Ganpat TS, Dash S, Ramarao NH. Yoga therapy for promoting
emotional sensitivity in university students. J Educ Health Promot
2014;3:45.
35. Chong CS, Tsunaka M, Tsang HW, Chan EP, Cheung WM. Effects
of yoga on stress management in healthy adults: A systematic
review. Altern Ther Health Med 2011;17:32‑8.
36. Chiesa A, Serretti A. Mindfulness‑based stress reduction for stress
management in healthy people: A review and meta‑analysis.
J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:593‑600.
37. Bazzano AN, Anderson CE, Hylton C, Gustat J. Effect of
mindfulness and yoga on quality of life for elementary school
students and teachers: Results of a randomized controlled
school‑based study. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2018;11:81‑9.
38. Gouda S, Luong MT, Schmidt S, Bauer J. Students and
teachers benefit from mindfulness‑based stress reduction in a
school‑embedded pilot study. Front Psychol 2016;7:590.
39. Flook L, Goldberg SB, Pinger L, Bonus K, Davidson RJ.
Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on
stress, burnout and teaching efficacy. Mind Brain Educ 2013;7.
doi:10.1111/mbe.12026.
40. Srivastava AK, Singh AP. Manual of the Occupational Stress
index. Varanasi: Manovaigyanic Parikshan Sansthan; 1984.
41. Goldstein MR, Lewis GF, Newman R, Brown JM, Bobashev G,
Kilpatrick L, et al. Improvements in well‑being and vagal tone
following a yogic breathing‑based life skills workshop in young
adults: Two open‑trial pilot studies. Int J Yoga 2016;9:20‑6.
42. Vempati RP, Telles S. Yoga‑based guided relaxation reduces
sympathetic activity judged from baseline levels. Psychol Rep
2002;90:487‑94.
43. Fraser J, Brock B. Catholic school principal job satisfaction: Keys
to retention and recruitment. J Cathol Educ 2006;9:425‑40.
44. Roberson FR, Matthews KM. How principals can cope with stress.
NASSP Bull 1988;72:79‑85.
45. Fallon B. The third world escape from stress and burnout. NASSP
Bull 1981;65:28‑30.
46. Allison D. Coping with stress in the principalship. J Educ Adm
1997;35:39‑55.
47. Salvagioni DA, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL,
Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational
consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective
studies. PLoS One 2017;12:e0185781.
48. Salleh MR. Life event, stress and illness. Malays J Med Sci
2008;15:9‑18.
49. Sauter SL, Murphy LR, Hurrell JJ Jr. Prevention of work‑related
psychological disorders. A national strategy proposed by the
national institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH).
Am Psychol 1990;45:1146‑58.
50. Atkinson W. Stress: Risk management’s most serious challenge?
Risk Manage 2001;51:20‑4.
51. Murphy LR, Sauter SL. The USA Perspective: current issues
and trends in the management of work stress. Aust Psychol
2003;38:151‑7.
52. KhalsaDS. Stress, meditation, and Alzheimer’s disease prevention:
Where the evidence stands. J Alzheimers Dis 2015;48:1‑2.
53. Navare S. Counseling at work place: A proactive human resource
initiative. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2008;12:1‑2.
54. Santos‑Ruiz A, Robles‑Ortega H, Pérez‑García M,
Peralta‑Ramírez MI. Effects of the cognitive‑behavioral therapy
for stress management on executive function components. Span
J Psychol 2017;20:E11.
55. Norris R, Carroll D, Cochrane R. The effects of physical activity
and exercise training on psychological stress and well‑being in
an adolescent population. J Psychosom Res 1992;36:55‑65.
56. Telles S, Gupta RK, Verma S, Kala N, Balkrishna A. Changes in
vigilance, self rated sleep and state anxiety in military personnel
in India following yoga. BMC Res Notes 2018;11:518.
57. Dwivedi U, Kumari S, Akhilesh KB, Nagendra HR. Well‑being
at workplace through mindfulness: Influence of Yoga practice on
positive affect and aggression. Ayu 2015;36:375‑9.
58. Hartfiel N, Burton C, Rycroft‑Malone J, Clarke G, Havenhand J,
Khalsa SB, et al. Yoga for reducing perceived stress and back pain
at work. Occup Med (Lond) 2012;62:606‑12.
59. Arora S, Bhattacharjee J. Modulation of immune responses in
stress by yoga. Int J Yoga 2008;1:45‑55.
60. Chu IH, Wu WL, Lin IM, Chang YK, Lin YJ, Yang PC. Effects
of yoga on heart rate variability and depressive symptoms in
women: A randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement
Med 2017;23:310‑6.
61. Telles S, Sarang P. Effects of two yoga based relaxation
techniques on Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Int J Stress Manag
2006;13:460‑75.
62. Raghuraj P, Ramakrishnan AG, Nagendra HR, Telles S. Effect of
two selected yogic breathing techniques of heart rate variability.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;42:467‑72.
63. Ferreira‑Vorkapic C, Borba‑Pinheiro CJ, Marchioro M, Santana D.
The impact of Yoga nidra and seated meditation on the mental
health of college professors. Int J Yoga 2018;11:215‑23.
64. Bhushan S, Sinha P. Yoga Nidra and management of anxiety and
hostility. J Indian Psychol 2001;19:44‑9.
65. Telles S, Gupta RK, Bhardwaj AK, Singh N, Mishra P, Pal DK,
et al. Increased mental well‑being and reduced state anxiety in
teachers after participation in a residential yoga program. Med
Sci Monit Basic Res 2018;24:105‑12.
epidemiologic study of occupational stress factors in Mumbai
police personnel. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2014;18:109‑12.
2. Ghilan K, Al‑Taiar A, Yousfi NA, Zubaidi RA, Awadh I,
Al‑Obeyed Z. Low back pain among female nurses in Yemen.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013;26:605‑14.
3. Joshi TK, Menon KK, Kishore J. Musculoskeletal disorders
in industrial workers of Delhi. Int J Occup Environ Health
2001;7:217‑21.
4. Jayakumar D. Occupational stress and hypertension among
railway loco pilots and section controllers. Indian J Occup Environ
Med 2017;21:23‑8.
5. Kamble SV, Phalke DB. Study of occupational stress as a risk
factor for various morbidities among policemen. J Indian Med
Assoc 2011;109:238‑40.
6. Costa G. Cardiopathy and stress‑inducing factors. Med Lav
2004;95:133‑9.
7. Miyata M, Tanaka Y, Tsuji S. Occupational stress as the cause of
psychosomatic and mental disorders. J UOEH 1997;19:297‑305.
8. Chen WQ, Wong TW, Yu TS. Direct and interactive effects of
occupational stress and coping on ulcer‑like symptoms among
Chinese male off‑shore oil workers. Am J Ind Med 2009;52:500‑8.
9. Antoniou AS, Polychroni F, Vlachakis AN. Gender and age
differences in occupational stress and professional burnout
between primary and high‐school teachers in Greece. J Manage
Psychol 2006;21:682‑90.
10. Moy FM, Hoe VC, Hairi NN, Chu AH, Bulgiba A, Koh D.
Determinants and effects of voice disorders among secondary
school teachers in peninsular Malaysia using a validated Malay
version of VHI‑10. PLoS One 2015;10:e0141963.
11. Kruse SD. Creating communities of reform: Continuous
improvement planning teams. J Educ Adm 2001;39:359‑83.
12. Shultz KS, Wang M, Olson DA. Role overload and underload
in relation to occupational stress and health. Stress Health
2010;26:99‑111.
13. WangY, Ramos A, Wu H, Liu L, YangX, Wang J, et al. Relationship
between occupational stress and burnout among Chinese teachers:
A cross‑sectional survey in Liaoning, China. Int Arch Occup
Environ Health 2015;88:589‑97.
14. Loerbroks A, Meng H, Chen ML, Herr R, Angerer P, Li J. Primary
school teachers in China: Associations of organizational justice
and effort‑reward imbalance with burnout and intentions to leave
the profession in a cross‑sectional sample. Int Arch Occup Environ
Health 2014;87:695‑703.
15. Gluschkoff K, Elovainio M, Kinnunen U, Mullola S, Hintsanen M,
Keltikangas‑Järvinen L, et al. Work stress, poor recovery and
burnout in teachers. Occup Med (Lond) 2016;66:564‑70.
16. Wu H, Liu L, Wang Y, Gao F, Zhao X, Wang L. Factors associated
with burnout among Chinese hospital doctors: A cross‑sectional
study. BMC Public Health 2013;13:786.
17. Malamardi SN, Kamath R, Tiwari R, Nair BV, Chandrasekaran V,
Phadnis S. Occupational stress and health‑related quality of life
among public sector bank employees: A cross‑sectional study
in Mysore, Karnataka, India. Indian J Occup Environ Med
2015;19:134‑7.
18. LiX, Kan D, Liu L, Shi M, WangY, Yang X, et al. The mediating role
of psychological capital on the association between occupational
stress and job burnout among bank employees in China. Int J
Environ Res Public Health 2015;12:2984‑3001.
19. Papakitsos EC, Argyriou A. Relating leadership and counseling:
An example from the Greek educational system. J Res Initiatives
2017;2:1-7.
20. de Bruin EI, Formsma AR, Frijstein G, Bögels SM. Mindful2Work:
Effects of combined physical exercise, yoga, and mindfulness
meditations for stress relieve in employees. A Proof of concept
study. Mindfulness (N Y) 2017;8:204‑17.
21. Michie S. Causes and management of stress at work. Occup
Environ Med 2002;59:67‑72.
22. Rainforth MV, Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Gaylord‑King C,
Salerno JW, Anderson JW. Stress reduction programs in
patients with elevated blood pressure: A systematic review and
meta‑analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2007;9:520‑8.
23. Bai Z, Chang J, Chen C, Li P, Yang K, Chi I. Investigating the effect
of transcendental meditation on blood pressure: A systematic
review and meta‑analysis. J Hum Hypertens 2015;29:653‑62.
24. Duraimani S, Schneider RH, Randall OS, Nidich SI, Xu S,
Ketete M, et al. Effects of lifestyle modification on telomerase
gene expression in hypertensive patients: A pilot trial of stress
reduction and health education programs in African Americans.
PLoS One 2015;10:e0142689.
25. Gura ST. Yoga for stress reduction and injury prevention at work.
Work 2002;19:3‑7.
26. Shohani M, Badfar G, Nasirkandy MP, Kaikhavani S, Rahmati S,
Modmeli Y, et al. The effect of yoga on stress, anxiety, and
depression in women. Int J Prev Med 2018;9:21.
27. Grensman A, Acharya BD, Wändell P, Nilsson GH, Falkenberg T,
Sundin Ö, et al. Effect of traditional yoga, mindfulness‑based
cognitive therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy, on health
related quality of life: A randomized controlled trial on patients
on sick leave because of burnout. BMC Complement Altern Med
2018;18:80.
28. Franklin RA, Butler MP, Bentley JA. The physical postures of
yoga practices may protect against depressive symptoms, even as life stressors increase: A moderation analysis. Psychol Health
Med 2018;23:870‑9.
29. Bhavanani AB, Ramanathan M, Balaji R, Pushpa D. Comparative
immediate effect of different yoga asanas on heart rate and blood
pressure in healthy young volunteers. Int J Yoga 2014;7:89‑95.
30. Louie L. The effectiveness of yoga for depression: A critical
literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2014;35:265‑76.
31. Tripathi MN, Kumari S, Ganpat TS. Psychophysiological effects of
yoga on stress in college students. J Educ Health Promot 2018;7:43.
32. Malathi A, Damodaran A. Stress due to exams in medical
students – role of yoga. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;43:218‑24.
33. Godse AS, Shejwal BR, Godse AA. Effects of suryanamaskar on
relaxation among college students with high stress in Pune, India.
Int J Yoga 2015;8:15‑21.
34. Ganpat TS, Dash S, Ramarao NH. Yoga therapy for promoting
emotional sensitivity in university students. J Educ Health Promot
2014;3:45.
35. Chong CS, Tsunaka M, Tsang HW, Chan EP, Cheung WM. Effects
of yoga on stress management in healthy adults: A systematic
review. Altern Ther Health Med 2011;17:32‑8.
36. Chiesa A, Serretti A. Mindfulness‑based stress reduction for stress
management in healthy people: A review and meta‑analysis.
J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:593‑600.
37. Bazzano AN, Anderson CE, Hylton C, Gustat J. Effect of
mindfulness and yoga on quality of life for elementary school
students and teachers: Results of a randomized controlled
school‑based study. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2018;11:81‑9.
38. Gouda S, Luong MT, Schmidt S, Bauer J. Students and
teachers benefit from mindfulness‑based stress reduction in a
school‑embedded pilot study. Front Psychol 2016;7:590.
39. Flook L, Goldberg SB, Pinger L, Bonus K, Davidson RJ.
Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on
stress, burnout and teaching efficacy. Mind Brain Educ 2013;7.
doi:10.1111/mbe.12026.
40. Srivastava AK, Singh AP. Manual of the Occupational Stress
index. Varanasi: Manovaigyanic Parikshan Sansthan; 1984.
41. Goldstein MR, Lewis GF, Newman R, Brown JM, Bobashev G,
Kilpatrick L, et al. Improvements in well‑being and vagal tone
following a yogic breathing‑based life skills workshop in young
adults: Two open‑trial pilot studies. Int J Yoga 2016;9:20‑6.
42. Vempati RP, Telles S. Yoga‑based guided relaxation reduces
sympathetic activity judged from baseline levels. Psychol Rep
2002;90:487‑94.
43. Fraser J, Brock B. Catholic school principal job satisfaction: Keys
to retention and recruitment. J Cathol Educ 2006;9:425‑40.
44. Roberson FR, Matthews KM. How principals can cope with stress.
NASSP Bull 1988;72:79‑85.
45. Fallon B. The third world escape from stress and burnout. NASSP
Bull 1981;65:28‑30.
46. Allison D. Coping with stress in the principalship. J Educ Adm
1997;35:39‑55.
47. Salvagioni DA, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, González AD, Gabani FL,
Andrade SM. Physical, psychological and occupational
consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective
studies. PLoS One 2017;12:e0185781.
48. Salleh MR. Life event, stress and illness. Malays J Med Sci
2008;15:9‑18.
49. Sauter SL, Murphy LR, Hurrell JJ Jr. Prevention of work‑related
psychological disorders. A national strategy proposed by the
national institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH).
Am Psychol 1990;45:1146‑58.
50. Atkinson W. Stress: Risk management’s most serious challenge?
Risk Manage 2001;51:20‑4.
51. Murphy LR, Sauter SL. The USA Perspective: current issues
and trends in the management of work stress. Aust Psychol
2003;38:151‑7.
52. KhalsaDS. Stress, meditation, and Alzheimer’s disease prevention:
Where the evidence stands. J Alzheimers Dis 2015;48:1‑2.
53. Navare S. Counseling at work place: A proactive human resource
initiative. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2008;12:1‑2.
54. Santos‑Ruiz A, Robles‑Ortega H, Pérez‑García M,
Peralta‑Ramírez MI. Effects of the cognitive‑behavioral therapy
for stress management on executive function components. Span
J Psychol 2017;20:E11.
55. Norris R, Carroll D, Cochrane R. The effects of physical activity
and exercise training on psychological stress and well‑being in
an adolescent population. J Psychosom Res 1992;36:55‑65.
56. Telles S, Gupta RK, Verma S, Kala N, Balkrishna A. Changes in
vigilance, self rated sleep and state anxiety in military personnel
in India following yoga. BMC Res Notes 2018;11:518.
57. Dwivedi U, Kumari S, Akhilesh KB, Nagendra HR. Well‑being
at workplace through mindfulness: Influence of Yoga practice on
positive affect and aggression. Ayu 2015;36:375‑9.
58. Hartfiel N, Burton C, Rycroft‑Malone J, Clarke G, Havenhand J,
Khalsa SB, et al. Yoga for reducing perceived stress and back pain
at work. Occup Med (Lond) 2012;62:606‑12.
59. Arora S, Bhattacharjee J. Modulation of immune responses in
stress by yoga. Int J Yoga 2008;1:45‑55.
60. Chu IH, Wu WL, Lin IM, Chang YK, Lin YJ, Yang PC. Effects
of yoga on heart rate variability and depressive symptoms in
women: A randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement
Med 2017;23:310‑6.
61. Telles S, Sarang P. Effects of two yoga based relaxation
techniques on Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Int J Stress Manag
2006;13:460‑75.
62. Raghuraj P, Ramakrishnan AG, Nagendra HR, Telles S. Effect of
two selected yogic breathing techniques of heart rate variability.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;42:467‑72.
63. Ferreira‑Vorkapic C, Borba‑Pinheiro CJ, Marchioro M, Santana D.
The impact of Yoga nidra and seated meditation on the mental
health of college professors. Int J Yoga 2018;11:215‑23.
64. Bhushan S, Sinha P. Yoga Nidra and management of anxiety and
hostility. J Indian Psychol 2001;19:44‑9.
65. Telles S, Gupta RK, Bhardwaj AK, Singh N, Mishra P, Pal DK,
et al. Increased mental well‑being and reduced state anxiety in
teachers after participation in a residential yoga program. Med
Sci Monit Basic Res 2018;24:105‑12.
)