Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- . Tanya Khaitan
- . Anjani Kumar Shukla
- . Prashant Gupta
- . Shantala R. Naik
- . Pratik Verma 1
- . Surender Kumar 2
1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
2 Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge, Esthetic Dentistry and Oral Implantology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) usage contributes about 40% of the total tobacco used
in India. Among the 28 known carcinogens in SLT, tobacco‑specific nitrosamines are considered to
be the most potent. This has challenged the metabolic condition leading to a rise in the inflammatory
status, hepatic injury, and apoptosis of the liver and thyroid tissues. Therefore, the present study was
undertaken to evaluate the adverse effects of SLT on the liver and thyroid and establish a correlation
between them in Jharkhand population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 individuals (50 SLT users and 50 healthy individuals)
were selected for the study. A complete history was obtained, and clinical examination was done to
evaluate any oral mucosal changes. Venous blood samples were taken to analyze the liver function
test and thyroid profile.
RESULTS: Significant changes were observed in the liver enzyme levels and thyroid profile in SLT
users when compared to healthy controls. All the parameters of liver function test had a positive
correlation with the form of SLT, whereas thyroid profile had a negative correlation.
CONCLUSION: This study might be helpful in creating awareness on the hazards of using SLT among
the Indian population as a despicable substitute to smoking tobacco. It also acts as a diagnostic tool
and warning alarm in chronic tobacco users.
Keywords
Smokeless tobacco consumption impedes metabolic, cellular,
apoptotic and systemic stress pattern: A study on government
employees in Kolkata, India. Sci Rep 2015;5:18284.
2. Alwar V, Ramesh R, Niranjan G, Kala C. Biochemical assessment
of liver damage in smokeless tobacco users. Int J Curr Res Rev
2013;5:63‑9.
3. Sinha DN, Gupta PC, Ray C, Singh PK. Prevalence of smokeless
tobacco use among adults in WHO South‑East Asia. Indian J
Cancer 2012;49:342‑6.
4. Vikneshan M, Ankola AV, Hiremath A, Hebbal M, Suganya M.
Smokeless tobacco and its adverse effects on oral cavity – An
overview. Ann Dent Spec 2014;2:64‑9.
5. Mohan P, Lando HA, Panneer S. Assessment of tobacco
consumption and control in India. Indian J Clin Med 2018;9:1‑8.
6. Vidhubala E, Pisinger C, Basumallik B, Prabhakar DS. The ban on
smokeless tobacco products is systematically violated in Chennai,
India. Indian J Cancer 2016;53:325‑30.
7. Ramya M, Anuradha R. Biochemical changes in betel quid
chewers and non‑chewers of Kakkarai, Thanjavur district of Tamil
Nadu. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2015;8:122‑4.
8. Muthukrishnan A, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral health consequences
of smokeless tobacco use. Indian J Med Res 2018;148:35‑40.
9. Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC. A review of the systemic adverse
effects of areca nut or betel nut. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol
2014;35:3‑9.
10. DassBP, JaganmohanP, SravanakumarP. Changes in hematological
and biochemical parameters in smokeless tobacco (ST) chewers in
costal belt of Andhra Pradesh, India. Eur J Biol Sci 2013;5:29‑33.
11. Balhara YS, Deb KS. Impact of tobacco on thyroid function.
Thyroid Res Pract 2014;11:6‑16.
)