Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

2 Professor, Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

3 MD, Doctor of Clinical Labrotory, Kerman, Iran

4 MSc, Midwifery Faculty, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases during
pregnancy. The risk of a lifestyle role in the prevention of metabolic syndrome in women with a history
of gestational diabetes has now been identified. The present study was performed to investigate the
relationship between lifestyle and metabolic syndrome in women with a history of gestational diabetes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a retrospective case–control study that was
performed on 90 women (45 women with a history of gestational diabetes and 45 women without a
history of gestational diabetes) in Kerman health centers 5 years after delivery in 2020. Data were
collected using a demographic questionnaire and a standardized Walker lifestyle Health promoting
Lifestyle profile II questionnaire. The reference laboratory was also used to perform the experiments.
SPSS21 software and Spearman’s and Chi‑square tests were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS: The mean age was 35.67 in the case group and 34.27 in the control group (P = 0.230).
Lifestyle did not show any difference between the two groups (P = 0.058). However, metabolic
evaluation was different in the two groups (P = 0.030). Furthermore, the results of Spearman’s test
to examine the relationship between lifestyle and other variables studied showed that in the case
group (P = 0.075) and in the control group (P = 0.819) there was no relationship between lifestyle
and metabolic assessments 5 years after delivery.
CONCLUSIONS: In case group women, it is possible to prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes
and disturb the metabolic assessment by teaching a healthy lifestyle and timely follow‑up after
delivery. A history of gestational diabetes can be one of the causes of type 2 diabetes and metabolic
syndrome. Getting training to change your lifestyle during pregnancy and postpartum can reduce the
incidence of gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Screening pregnant women during childbirth
is a good opportunity to diagnose diabetes early and predict it in the coming years.

Keywords

1. Moazami GM, Doagouyan D. The impact of cyberspace on
the lifestyle of 18‑40 years old women in districts 2 and 5 of
Tehran (2015‑2016). Journal of Iranian social development studies.
2018;10 (1):125‑139.
2. Judkins J, Laska I, Paice J, Kumthekar P. Quality of life of family
caregivers of patients with cancer in Korçe, Albania. J Palliat Care
2019;34:118‑25.
3. Khalkhali HR. The effect of counseling on health promotion
behaviors in diabetic mothers referred to Motahhari hospital of
Urmia at 2015. Nurs Midwifery J 2016;14:757‑66.
4. Lali M, Abedi A, Kajbaf MB. Construction and validation of
the lifestyle questionnaire (LSQ). Psychological Research.
2012;15 (1):64‑80.
5. Abedi H, Nazari H, Abdeyazdan G, Bik Mohammadi S. A survey
on the lifestyle of the heart disease patients after discharge from
hospital in Urmia Seyyed Alshohada in 2012. J Urmia Nurs
Midwifery Facult 2014;11:944‑54.
6. Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, Vaag A, Almdal T,
Hemmingsen C, et al. Intensive glycaemic control for patients
with type 2 diabetes: Systematic review with meta‑analysis
and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ
2011;343:d6898.
7. Shaw JE, SicreeRA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence
of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;87:4‑14.
8. Cunningham F. leveno KL, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ,
Spong CY. Williams Obstetrics. New York: McGraw Hill; 2010.
9. Singh AK, Singh R. Metformin in gestational diabetes: An
emerging contender. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015;19:236‑44.
10. XuY, Shen S, Sun L, Yang H, Jin B, CaoX. Metabolic syndrome risk
after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta‑analysis.
PLoS One 2014;9:e87863.
11. Retnakaran R, Qi Y, Connelly PW, Sermer M, Zinman B,
Hanley AJ. Glucose intolerance in pregnancy and postpartum
risk of metabolic syndrome in young women. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 2010;95:670‑7.
12. KaurJ. A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. Cardiol
Res Pract 2014;2014:943162.
13. FarrarD, SimmondsM, BryantM, SheldonTA, TuffnellD, GolderS,
et al. Hyperglycaemia and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes:
Systematic review and meta‑analysis. BMJ 2016;354:i4694.
14. Durnwald C. Gestational diabetes: Linking epidemiology,
excessive gestational weight gain, adverse pregnancy outcomes,
and future metabolic syndrome. Semin Perinatol 2015;39:254‑8.
15. Puhkala J, Kinnunen TI, Vasankari T, Kukkonen‑Harjula K,
Raitanen J, Luoto R. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome one
year after delivery in Finnish women at increased risk for
gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. J Pregnancy
2013;2013:139049.
16. Dehvan F, Saeed D, Dehkordi A, Gheshlagh R. Quality of life of
Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and
meta‑analysis. NPT 2019;6:167‑75.
17. Payab M, Qorbani M, Shahbal N, Motlagh ME, Hasani‑Ranjbar S,
Zahedi H, et al. Association of anthropometric indices with
metabolic phenotypes of obesity in children and adolescents: The
CASPIAN‑V study. Front Endocrinol 2019;10:786.
18. Rice Bradley BH. Dietary fat and risk for type 2 diabetes: A review of recent research. Curr Nutr Rep 2018;7:214‑26.
19. Bakris G, Blonde L, Andrew M, Boulton J, D’Alessio D, de
Groot M. American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of
medical care in diabetes 2016 cardiovascular disease and risk
management. Diabetes Care 2016;39 Suppl 1:S60‑71.
20. Behboudi‑Gandevani S, Ramezani Tehrani F, RahmatiM, AmiriM,
Azizi F. Trend of various adiposity indices in women with and
without history of gestational diabetes: A population‑based cohort
study. BMC Endocr Disord 2019;19:24.
21. Sabouri M, Shakibazadeh E, Mohebbi B, Tol A, Yaseri M, Babaee S.
Effectiveness of an educational intervention using theory of
planned behavior on health care empowerment among married
reproductive‑age women: A randomized controlled trial. J Edu
Health Promot 2020;9:293.
22. Karimi N, Saadat‑Gharin S, Tol A, Sadeghi R, Yaseri M,
Mohebbi B. A problem‑based learning health literacy intervention
program on improving health‑promoting behaviors among girl
students. J Educ Health Promot 2019;8:251.
23. Mohammadi Zeidi I, Pakpour Hajiagha A, Mohammadi Zeidi B.
Reliability and validity of Persian version of the health‑promoting
lifestyle profile. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2012;21:102‑13.
24. Domján BA, Ferencz V, Tänczer T, Szili‑Janicsek Z, Barkai L,
Hidvégi T, et al. Large increase in the prevalence of self‑reported
diabetes based on a nationally representative survey in Hungary.
Prim Care Diabetes 2017;11:107‑11.
25. Persson M, Winkvist A, Mogren I. Lifestyle and health status
in a sample of Swedish women four years after pregnancy:
A comparison of women with a history of normal pregnancy
and women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. BMC
Pregnancy Childbirth 2015;15:57.
26. Schytt E, Waldenström U, Olsson P. Self‐rated health–what does
it capture at 1 year after childbirth? Investigation of a survey
question employing thinkaloud interviews. Scand J Caring Sci
2009;23:711‑20.
27. Tänczer T, Magenheim R, Fürst Á, Domján B, Janicsek Z,
Szabó E, et al. The relationship between 25‑hydroxyvitamin D
levels, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in women 3 years
after delivery. Can J Diabetes 2017;41:621‑7.
28. Goveia P, Cañon‑Montañez W, Santos DP, Lopes GW, Ma RC,
Duncan BB, et al. Lifestyle intervention for the prevention
of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes
mellitus: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Front
Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018;9:583.
29. Shen Y, Li W, Leng J, Zhang S, Liu H, Li W, et al. High risk of
metabolic syndrome after delivery in pregnancies complicated
by gestational diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019;150:219‑26.
30. Javid FM, Simbar M, Dolatian M, Majd HA. Comparison of
lifestyles of women with gestational diabetes and healthy
pregnant women. Glob J Health Sci 2015;7:162.
31. Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, Hull RL, Tong J, Wallace TM,
Kodama K, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk
of cardiovascular disease in women with a family history of type 2
diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2078‑83.
32. Niyafar M, Salem A, Asgharzadeh AA. Risk factors for gestational
diabetes and prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance six weeks
after delivery. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sci Health Serv 2017;39:73‑80.
33. Vilmi‑Kerälä T, Palomäki O, Vainio M, Uotila J, Palomäki A. The
risk of metabolic syndrome after gestational diabetes mellitus – A
hospital‑based cohort study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015;7:43.
34. Rautio N, Jokelainen J, Korpi‑Hyövälti E, Oksa H, Saaristo T,
Peltonen M, et al. Lifestyle intervention in prevention of type 2
diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes
mellitus: One‑year results of the FIN‑D2D project. J Womens
Health (Larchmt) 2014;23:506‑12.
35. Tam WH, Yang XL, Chan JC, Ko GT, Tong PC, Ma RC, et al.
Progression to impaired glucose regulation, diabetes and
metabolic syndrome in Chinese women with a past history of
gestational diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007;23:485‑9.
36. Hoseini ES, RahmatiR, Shaghaghi F, BeigiM, Mohebbi‑DehnaviZ.
The relationship between hope and happiness with prenatal care.
J Edu Health Promot 2020;9:206
37. Golmakani N, Rahmati R, Shaghaghi F, Safinejad H, Kamali Z,
Mohebbi‑Dehnavi Z. Investigating the relationship between
social support and self‑compassion by improving the adequacy
of prenatal care. J Edu Health Promot 2020;9:340
38. Rafii F, Vasegh‑Rahimparvar SF, Keramat A, Mehrdad N.
Facilitators of postpartum diabetes screening in women with
recent gestational diabetes: A qualitative study. Nurs Midwifery
Stud 2018;7:39.
39. Capula C, Chiefari E, Vero A, Foti DP, Brunetti A, Vero R.
Prevalence and predictors of postpartum glucose intolerance in
Italian women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res
Clin Pract 2014;105:223‑30.