Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- . Mohadeseh Khoshgoftar
- . Fereshteh Zamani‑Alavijeh 1
- . Nazila Kasaian 2
- . Kiana Shahzamani 2
- . Soodabeh Rostami 2
- . Zari Nakhodian 2
- . Asiyeh Pirzadeh 1
1 Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to show the effect of public health educational
campaign regarding antibiotic use and microbial resistance on knowledge, attitude, and practice of
people in Isfahan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted in October 2019 on
the public population in Isfahan (a city in the center of Iran). Simple random sampling was done in ten
urban areas.). A total of 708 people participated in the study. For assessing the knowledge, attitude,
and practice a related researchers‑made questionnaire was used in the present study. Finally, data
were entered into SPSS (20) and analytical statistics including paired t‑test were used. The statistical
significance level was considered <0.05.
RESULTS: The majority of participants in this study were female 434 (61.9%) and the rest of them
were male. The mean ± standard deviation of age was 31.68 (11.11), range of 11–67. More than
50 present of participants had a Bachelor’s degree (37.7%) and diploma (27.7%). Most individuals
were self‑employed 277 (43.1%). About the type of marriage, 54.89% were single and others
were married. Results showed that the mean of knowledge and attitude was increased after the
intervention (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Increase knowledge between people, adherence to treatment and minimizes
healthcare costs, however, “antibiotics are misused so often because of the belief that these are
benign drugs. In the absence of urgent corrective and protective actions, the world is heading towards
a postantibiotic era, in which many common infections will no longer have a cure and once again,
kill unabated.
Keywords
J Antimicrob Chemother 2016;71:572‑5.
2. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and
threats. P T 2015;40:277‑83.
3. Gualerzi CO, Brandi L, Fabbretti A, Pon CL. Antibiotics: Targets,
Mechanisms and Resistance. Wiley pub: John Wiley and Sons;
2013.
4. Goossens H, Ferech M, Coenen S, Stephens P, European
surveillance of antimicrobial consumption project group.
Comparison of outpatient systemic antibacterial use in 2004 in
the United States and 27 European countries. Clin Infect Dis
2007;44:1091‑5.
5. Malhotra‑Kumar S, Lammens C, Coenen S, Van Herck K,
Goossens H. Effect of azithromycin and clarithromycin therapy on
pharyngeal carriage of macrolide‑resistant streptococci in healthy
volunteers: A randomised, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled
study. Lancet 2007;369:482‑90.
6. Angebault C, Andremont A. Antimicrobial agent exposure and
the emergence and spread of resistant microorganisms: Issues
associated with study design. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
2013;32:581‑95.
7. Zhang W, Shen X, Bergman U, Wang Y, Chen Y, Huang M,
et al. Drug utilisation 90% (DU90%) profiles of antibiotics in five
Chinese children’s hospitals (2002‑2006). Int J Antimicrob Agents
2008;32:250‑5.
8. World Health Organization. WHO Global Strategy for
Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2001.
9. World Health Organization. WHO Report on Surveillance of
Antibiotic Consumption: 2016‑2018 Early Implementation.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
10. Abbasian H, Hajimolaali M, Yektadoost A, Zartab S. Antibiotic
utilization in Iran 2000‑2016: Pattern analysis and benchmarking
with organization for economic co‑operation and development
countries. J Res Pharm Pract 2019;8:162‑7.
11. Shehadeh MB, Suaifan GA, Hammad EA. Active educational
intervention as a tool to improve safe and appropriate use of
antibiotics. Saudi Pharm J 2016;24:611‑5.
12. Beringer PM, Wong‑Beringer A, Rho JP. Economic aspects of
antibacterial adverse effects. Pharmacoeconomics 1998;13:35‑49.
13. Alanis AJ. Resistance to antibiotics: Are we in the post‑antibiotic
era? Arch Med Res 2005;36:697‑705.
14. Akbari Somar N, Mohebi B, Sadeghi R, Tol A, Yaseri M. The effect
of educational intervention based on social cognitive theory on
self‑care and self‑management in rational use of antibiotics. J Nurs
Educ 2019;7:30‑40.
15. Masoudi Alavi N, Izadi F, Ebadi A, Hajbagheri A. Self treatment
experience in diabetes mellitus type 2. Iranian J Endocrinol Metab
2009;10:581‑8.
16. Sharifirad G, PirzadehA, Azadbakht L. Knowledge and practice in
association with self‑medication of nutrient supplements, herbal
and chemical pills among women based on health belief model
2011 Jun;16(6):852‑3.
17. Pirzadeh A, Mostafavi F. Self‑medication among students in
Isfahan university of medical sciences based on health belief
model. J Educ Health Promot 2014;3:112.
18. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2007:
A Safer Future: Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century:
World Health Organization; 2007.
19. Grigoryan L, Burgerhof JG, Degener JE, Deschepper R,
Lundborg CS, Monnet DL, et al. Attitudes, beliefs and knowledge
concerning antibiotic use and self-medication: A comparative
European study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16:1234‑43.
20. Awad AI, Aboud EA. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards antibiotic use among the public in Kuwait. PLoS One
2015;10:e0117910.
21. Higuita‑Gutiérrez LF, Molina‑Garcia V, Acevedo Guiral J,
Gómez Cadena L, Roncancio Villamil GE, Jiménez Quiceno JN.
Knowledge regarding antibiotic use among students of three
medical schools in Medellin, Colombia: A cross‑sectional study.
BMC Med Educ 2020;20:22.
22. Butler CC, Simpson SA, Dunstan F, Rollnick S, Cohen D,
Gillespie D, et al. Effectiveness of multifaceted educational
programme to reduce antibiotic dispensing in primary
care: Practice based randomised controlled trial. BMJ
2012;344:d8173.
23. SadsadR, SintchenkoV, McDonnellGD, GilbertGL. Effectiveness of
hospital‑wide methicillin‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
infection control policies differs by ward specialty. PLoS One
2013;8:e83099.
24. Ershadpour R, Zare Marzouni H, Kalani N. Review survey of the
reasons of the prevalence of self‑medication among the people of
Iran. Navid No (quarterly official journal of Mashhad University
of Medical Sciences). 2015;18:16‑23.
25. Rashidian E, Garmaroudi G, Rashidian A, Yaseri M. Effect of
educational intervention based on the health belief model on
reduction of arbitrary use of antibiotics in women referred to
health units under coverage of South Tehran Health Center. J Sch
Public Health Inst Public Health Res 2017;15:9‑22.
26. Huttner B, Goossens H, Verheij T, Harbarth S; CHAMP
consortium. Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns
aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in
high‑income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:17‑31.
27. Saam M, Huttner B, Harbarth S. Evaluation of Antibiotic
Awareness Campaigns. WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient
Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017.
28. David CM, O’Neal KS, MillerMJ, Johnson JL, LloydAE. A literacysensitive approach to improving antibiotic understanding in a
community-based setting. Int J Pharm Pract 2017;25:394‑8.
29. Salm F, Ernsting C, Kuhlmey A, Kanzler M, Gastmeier P, Gellert P.
Antibiotic use, knowledge and health literacy among the general
population in Berlin, Germany and its surrounding rural areas.
PLoS One 2018;13:e0193336.
30. Broniatowski DA, Klein EY, Reyna VF. Germs are germs, and why
not take a risk? Patients’ expectations for prescribing antibiotics
in an inner‑city emergency department. Med Decis Making
2015;35:60‑7.
31. Kitikannakorn N, Sitthiworranan C. Self‑medication among
undergraduate students in Thailand. Int J Disabil Hum Dev
2009;8:411‑6.
)