Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Department of Medical Library and Information Science, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Volunteers are valuable human resources for service‑providing organizations.
Health system requires their participation and cooperation in all sectors to achieve more success.
The present study was conducted to recognize factors influencing the use of volunteer clinical
forces (VCFs) in Tehran hospitals from 2018 to 2020.
METHODS: This is a qualitative study, based on grounded theory approach, and was done through
semi‑structured interviews. The studied population included the experts, managers of hospitals, and
high‑ranking managers in the Ministry of Health, Iranian Red Crescent Organization, and health
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Nineteen persons were selected by purposeful sampling
method and interviewed. The achieved data were analyzed by content analysis method.
RESULTS: The results showed that using VCFs in Tehran’s hospitals was affected by eight following
factors: organizational, legal, policy‑making, economic, social, security, personal, and cultural
dimensions. These findings illustrated the necessity of making changes in the structures, the rules,
and the culture of health system to fit the bases with new approaches.
CONCLUSION: VCFs amplify the quality and structure of service providing for patients in hospitals.
The focus of policymakers and high‑ranking managers in health system is on accelerating their use
permanently and legally. Developing health‑centered NGOs facilitates the access to VCF, lessens
nonclinical loads of hospitals, and improves the organization of human forces. The experiences and
knowledge of VCFs cause to develop hospitals’ resilience, develop social participation, and improve
social capitals in medical field.
Keywords
1. Hedrick N. Evaluating volunteer motivation and satisfaction.
Volunt Action Leadersh 1983;3:15-6.
2. Keshavarz Tork M, Keshavarz Tork E. The study of factors and
trends affecting the motivation of volunteer relief workers using
causal layered Analysis (CLA). Journal of Rescue and Relief
2012;4:2.
3. Hotchkiss RB, Unruh L, Fottler MD. The role, measurement, and
impact of volunteerism in hospitals. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector
Q 2014;43:1111-28.
4. Meier S, Stutzer A. Is volunteering rewarding in itself? Economica
2008;75:39-59.
5. Wilson J, Musick M. Who Cares? Toward An Integrated Theory of
Volunteer Work. American Sociological Review; 1997. p. 694-713.
6. Holder AA, Wootton JC, Baron AJ, Chambers GK, Fincham JR.
The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate
dehydrogenase. Peptic and chymotryptic peptides and the
complete sequence. Biochem J 1975;149:757-73.
7. Haji Heidari F. The most important barriers to volunteers’ talent
management from the view of volunteers organization staff.
Journal of Rescue and Relief 3. 2014;6(3).
8. Hadian M, Raeissi P, Shali M, Khalilabad TH, Niknam N.
Investigating the effects of human health resource changes on
the basic health indicators in Iran: An econometric study. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:207.
9. Raeissi P, Fard Azar FE, Rezapour A, Afrouzi M, Gholami SS,
Niknam N. Cost analysis based on performance indicators during
Healthcare Reform Plan in selected educational hospitals. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:206.
10. Rezapour A, Foroughi Z, Sadeghi NS, Faraji M, Mazdaki A,
Asiabar AS, et al. Identification of the most appropriate variables
for measuring the efficiency of Iranian public hospitals: Using
Delphi technique. J Educ Health Promot 2019;8:140.
11. Robinson JV, James AL. Some observations on the effects
produced in white mice following the injection of certain
suspensions of corroding bacilli. Br J Exp Pathol 1975;56:14-6.
12. Turner HC, Toor J, Bettis AA, Hopkins AD, Kyaw SS,
Onwujekwe O, et al. Valuing the unpaid contribution of
community health volunteers to mass drug administration
programs. Clin Infect Dis 2019;68:1588-95.
13. Diabetes.Org.Uk. Value-Of-NHS-Volunteers. 42098; 2017.
Available from: https://forum.diabetes.org.uk/boards/threads/
study-shows-value-of-nhs-volunteers. 42098/.[Last accessed on
2020 Jul 17].
14. Times N. Value-Of-NHS-Volunteers/5065609; 2017. Available
from: https://www.nursingtimes.net/roles/nurse-managers/
study-shows-value-of-nhs-volunteers/5065609.article. [Last
accessed on 2020 Jul 17].
15. Bellamy PA. Why Volunteer and is volunteering Worth
the Effort? [Thesis - Open Access]. Electronic Theses and
Dissertations: East Tennessee State University; 2001.
16. Hultberg B, Masson PK. Activation of residual acidic
alpha-mannosidase activity in mannosidosis tissues by metal
ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975;67:1473-9.
17. Safabakhsh M. The effective factors to persuade the youth in Red
Crescent Society membership (Case study: Tehran). Journal of
Rescue and Relief 2009;1:(2).
18. Mohseni Tabrizi A, Aghamohseni M. Social capital and urban
development: Case study of Mahalat. Urban Management
2011;8:147-62.
19. Aryankhesal A, Hasani M, Niknam N, Safari M, Ranaei A,
Kalteh EA. Staff perspectives on the relationship between
knowledge management and social capital with organizational
health in selected educational hospitals in Tehran. J Educ Health
Promot 2020;9:29.
20. Singapore MFTIDO. Minds; 2017. Available from: http://www.
minds.org.sg/Services.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 17].
21. Iran RCSotIRo. Research Project for Evaluating the Performance
of Health Assistants Plan; 2016.
22. Zaboli R, Hasani M, Khalagi K, Bahadori M, Shirzad H. The
Relationship between patient’s safety culture and patients’
perception of healthcare quality in military hospitals in 2013.
J Police Med 2014;3:19-30.
23. Education IMOHAM. The Development of Public Participation
and Intersectoral Coordination Improve the Primary Health Care
Programs. Tehran: Health Department of Iran Ministry of Health
and Medical Education; 2015.
24. Soldatenko D, Backer E. A content analysis of cross-cultural
motivational studies in tourism relating to nationalities. J Hosp
Tourism Manag 2019;38:122-39.
25. Pniejnia-Olszyński W, Michalski R. Blood platelet disorders. II.
Acquired thrombocytopathies and action of drugs on platelet function. Acta Haematol Pol 1977;8:151-6.
26. Kyngäs H. Qualitative Research and Content Analysis. The
Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research.
Cham: Springer International Publishing 2020. p. 3-11.
27. Durdella N. Qualitative Dissertation Methodology: A Guide for
Research Design and Methods. Sage Publications; 2017. Available
from: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-dissertationmethodology/book251768. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 06].
28. Bengtsson M. How to plan and perform a qualitative study using
content analysis. Nurs Plus Open 2016;2:8-14.
29. Landrum NE, Ohsowski B. Identifying worldviews on corporate
sustainability: A content analysis of corporate sustainability
reports. Bus Strategy Environ 2018;27:128-51.
30. Lincoln YSG EG. Naturalistic Inquir: Newbury Park, Sage
Publications; 1985. Available from: http://www.qualres.org/
HomeLinc-3684.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 17].
31. Nekoui Moghadam M, Khanjani N, Sepehrian R, Sharifi T.
Recruitment and retention of health volunteers in health care
centers in Kerman City in 2013: A qualitative study. Payavard
Salamat 2017;10:379-92.
32. Barnes ML, Sharpe EK. Looking beyond traditional volunteer
management: A case study of an alternative approach to volunteer
engagement in parks and recreation. Voluntas Int J Voluntary
Nonprofit Organ 2009;20:169.
33. Sinelnikova EM, Dvoretskova TV, Kagan ZS. Intermediate
plateaux in kinetics of the reaction catalyzed by biodegradative
L-threonine dehydratase from Escherichia coli. Biokhimiia
1975;40:645-51.
34. Studer S, Von Schnurbein G. Organizational factors affecting
volunteers: A literature review on volunteer coordination.
Voluntas Int J Voluntary Nonprofit Organ 2013;24:403-40.
35. Wu YL, Lin TW, Wang SS. How do volunteer’s experiences of
organizational facilitators influence their satisfaction and loyalty:
An example of hospital volunteers. Voluntas Int J Voluntary
Nonprofit Organ 2019;30:1104-17.
36. Andam R, Hamidi M, Taslimi Z. Volunteer management
in sport: (The case study of sport administration of Tehran
municipality). Manage Sport Movement Sci 2012;2:93-103.
37. Calcutt B. Valuing volunteers: Better understanding the primary
motives for volunteering in Australian emergency services,
Master of Philosophy thesis, School of Management, Operations
and Marketing, University of Wollongong; 2019. Available from:
https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/558. [Last accessed on 2020
Jul 17].
38. Sahbaei F, Niksadat N, Keshavarz N, Tohidi M. Practice of the
health volunteers in Iran. J Med Council Islamic Republic Iran
2016;34:157-62.
39. Sarto F, Veronesi G. Clinical leadership and hospital
performance: Assessing the evidence base. BMC Health Serv
Res 2016;16 Suppl 2:169.
40. Clay-Williams R, Ludlow K, Testa L, Li Z, Braithwaite J. Medical
leadership, a systematic narrative review: Do hospitals and
healthcare organisations perform better when led by doctors?
BMJ Open 2017;7:e014474.
41. Ochonma OG, Nwatu SI. Assessing the predictors for training
in management amongst hospital managers and chief executive
officers: A cross-sectional study of hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria.
BMC Med Educ 2018;18:138.
42. Singer KG. Public sector volunteers VS. Employee and the Fair
Labor Standards Act, OLSON & OLSON, L.L.P. 10th Annual Local
Government Seminar; January 30, 2014.
43. CG. “Volunteer or Employee: What is the Difference?”. The
Resource Newsletter for Home and Hospice Care; 2014.
Available from: https://nanopdf.com/download/legal-hottopic-volunteer-or-employee-what-is-the-difference_pdf. [Last
accessed on 2020 Jul 06].
44. Ghasemi J, Nejabatkhah M, Faghih Larijani F. The legal status of
public volunteers in Iran’s legal system. J Legal Stud 2017;9:249-78.
45. Xu Y, Ngai NP. Moral resources and political capital: Theorizing
the relationship between voluntary service organizations and the
development of civil society in China. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector
Quarterly 2011;40:247-69.
46. Thomsen MK, Jensen UT. Service professionals’ response to
volunteer involvement in service production. J Public Adm Res
Theory 2019;30:220-39.
47. Overgaard C. Cultures of volunteer care? A comparative study
of Australia and Denmark. Int J Care Caring 2020;4:183-99.
48. Hustinx L, Cnaan RA, Handy F. Navigating theories of
volunteering: A hybrid map for a complex phenomenon. Journal
for the theory of social behaviour. 2010;40(4):410-34.
49. Handy F, Srinivasan N. The demand for volunteer labor: A study
of hospital volunteers. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Quarterly
2005;34:491-509.
50. Handy F, Srinivasan N. Valuing volunteers: An economic
evaluation of the net benefits of hospital volunteers. Nonprofit
Voluntary Sector Quarterly 2004;33:28-54.
51. Ripamonti CA, Pasquarelli L, Ravasi S, Sala FC. Dropout of
hospital volunteers in Italy. Voluntas Int J Voluntary Nonprofit
Organ 2017;28:44-68.
52. Bandira PN, YasisR. The impact of school in hospital sabahwomen
and children’s hospital volunteer program. J Pendidikan Bitara
UPSI 2019;12:39-47.
53. Wellens L, Jegers M. Effective governance in nonprofit
organizations: A literature based multiple stakeholder approach.
Eur Manage J 2014;32:223-43.
54. Newton C, Becker K, Bell S. Learning and development
opportunities as a tool for the retention of volunteers:
A motivational perspective. Hum Res Manage J 2014;24:514-30.
55. Benjamin S, Heiko G, Heinrich L, Ulrich H, Siegmar R. Misuse
of ‘break-the-glass’ policies in hospitals: Detecting unauthorized
access to sensitive patient health data. Int J Inf Security Privacy
2018;12:100-22.
56. Kim GH, Trimi S, Chung JH. Big-data applications in the
government sector. Communications of the ACM Journal
2014;57:78-85. [doi.org/10.1145/2500873].
57. Auger G. “Flashlight in a Dark Room: A Grounded Theory
Study on Information Security Management at Small Healthcare
Provider Organizations” (2019). Masters Theses & Doctoral
Dissertations. 329. https://scholar.dsu.edu/theses/329.
58. Zakaria H, Abas H, Yahya FH, Ramli R, Yussof RL. Systematic
literature review of security perimeter in hospital facility. Open
Int J Inf 2018;6(4):104-29. Available from: http://apps.razak.utm.
my/ojs/index.php/oiji/article/view/68. [Last accessed 2020 Jul
06].
59. Abouelmehdi K, Beni-Hessane A, Khaloufi H. Big healthcare data:
Preserving security and privacy. J Big Data 2018;5:1.
60. Dinev T, Albano V, Xu H, D’Atri A, Hart P. Individuals’ attitudes
towards electronic health records: A privacy calculus perspective.
Advances in Healthcare Informatics and Analytics. Cham:
Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 19-50.
61. Yalom ID. Existential Psychotherapy: Hachette UK; 2020 Mar 17.
62. Van Ingen E, Wilson J. I volunteer, therefore I am? Factors affecting
volunteer role identity. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Quarterly
2017;46:29-46.
63. Read R. Creating reflexive volunteers? Young people’s
participation in Czech hospital volunteer programmes. J Youth
Stud 2010;13:549‑63.
Volunt Action Leadersh 1983;3:15-6.
2. Keshavarz Tork M, Keshavarz Tork E. The study of factors and
trends affecting the motivation of volunteer relief workers using
causal layered Analysis (CLA). Journal of Rescue and Relief
2012;4:2.
3. Hotchkiss RB, Unruh L, Fottler MD. The role, measurement, and
impact of volunteerism in hospitals. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector
Q 2014;43:1111-28.
4. Meier S, Stutzer A. Is volunteering rewarding in itself? Economica
2008;75:39-59.
5. Wilson J, Musick M. Who Cares? Toward An Integrated Theory of
Volunteer Work. American Sociological Review; 1997. p. 694-713.
6. Holder AA, Wootton JC, Baron AJ, Chambers GK, Fincham JR.
The amino acid sequence of Neurospora NADP-specific glutamate
dehydrogenase. Peptic and chymotryptic peptides and the
complete sequence. Biochem J 1975;149:757-73.
7. Haji Heidari F. The most important barriers to volunteers’ talent
management from the view of volunteers organization staff.
Journal of Rescue and Relief 3. 2014;6(3).
8. Hadian M, Raeissi P, Shali M, Khalilabad TH, Niknam N.
Investigating the effects of human health resource changes on
the basic health indicators in Iran: An econometric study. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:207.
9. Raeissi P, Fard Azar FE, Rezapour A, Afrouzi M, Gholami SS,
Niknam N. Cost analysis based on performance indicators during
Healthcare Reform Plan in selected educational hospitals. J Educ
Health Promot 2019;8:206.
10. Rezapour A, Foroughi Z, Sadeghi NS, Faraji M, Mazdaki A,
Asiabar AS, et al. Identification of the most appropriate variables
for measuring the efficiency of Iranian public hospitals: Using
Delphi technique. J Educ Health Promot 2019;8:140.
11. Robinson JV, James AL. Some observations on the effects
produced in white mice following the injection of certain
suspensions of corroding bacilli. Br J Exp Pathol 1975;56:14-6.
12. Turner HC, Toor J, Bettis AA, Hopkins AD, Kyaw SS,
Onwujekwe O, et al. Valuing the unpaid contribution of
community health volunteers to mass drug administration
programs. Clin Infect Dis 2019;68:1588-95.
13. Diabetes.Org.Uk. Value-Of-NHS-Volunteers. 42098; 2017.
Available from: https://forum.diabetes.org.uk/boards/threads/
study-shows-value-of-nhs-volunteers. 42098/.[Last accessed on
2020 Jul 17].
14. Times N. Value-Of-NHS-Volunteers/5065609; 2017. Available
from: https://www.nursingtimes.net/roles/nurse-managers/
study-shows-value-of-nhs-volunteers/5065609.article. [Last
accessed on 2020 Jul 17].
15. Bellamy PA. Why Volunteer and is volunteering Worth
the Effort? [Thesis - Open Access]. Electronic Theses and
Dissertations: East Tennessee State University; 2001.
16. Hultberg B, Masson PK. Activation of residual acidic
alpha-mannosidase activity in mannosidosis tissues by metal
ions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975;67:1473-9.
17. Safabakhsh M. The effective factors to persuade the youth in Red
Crescent Society membership (Case study: Tehran). Journal of
Rescue and Relief 2009;1:(2).
18. Mohseni Tabrizi A, Aghamohseni M. Social capital and urban
development: Case study of Mahalat. Urban Management
2011;8:147-62.
19. Aryankhesal A, Hasani M, Niknam N, Safari M, Ranaei A,
Kalteh EA. Staff perspectives on the relationship between
knowledge management and social capital with organizational
health in selected educational hospitals in Tehran. J Educ Health
Promot 2020;9:29.
20. Singapore MFTIDO. Minds; 2017. Available from: http://www.
minds.org.sg/Services.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 17].
21. Iran RCSotIRo. Research Project for Evaluating the Performance
of Health Assistants Plan; 2016.
22. Zaboli R, Hasani M, Khalagi K, Bahadori M, Shirzad H. The
Relationship between patient’s safety culture and patients’
perception of healthcare quality in military hospitals in 2013.
J Police Med 2014;3:19-30.
23. Education IMOHAM. The Development of Public Participation
and Intersectoral Coordination Improve the Primary Health Care
Programs. Tehran: Health Department of Iran Ministry of Health
and Medical Education; 2015.
24. Soldatenko D, Backer E. A content analysis of cross-cultural
motivational studies in tourism relating to nationalities. J Hosp
Tourism Manag 2019;38:122-39.
25. Pniejnia-Olszyński W, Michalski R. Blood platelet disorders. II.
Acquired thrombocytopathies and action of drugs on platelet function. Acta Haematol Pol 1977;8:151-6.
26. Kyngäs H. Qualitative Research and Content Analysis. The
Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research.
Cham: Springer International Publishing 2020. p. 3-11.
27. Durdella N. Qualitative Dissertation Methodology: A Guide for
Research Design and Methods. Sage Publications; 2017. Available
from: https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-dissertationmethodology/book251768. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 06].
28. Bengtsson M. How to plan and perform a qualitative study using
content analysis. Nurs Plus Open 2016;2:8-14.
29. Landrum NE, Ohsowski B. Identifying worldviews on corporate
sustainability: A content analysis of corporate sustainability
reports. Bus Strategy Environ 2018;27:128-51.
30. Lincoln YSG EG. Naturalistic Inquir: Newbury Park, Sage
Publications; 1985. Available from: http://www.qualres.org/
HomeLinc-3684.html. [Last accessed on 2020 Jul 17].
31. Nekoui Moghadam M, Khanjani N, Sepehrian R, Sharifi T.
Recruitment and retention of health volunteers in health care
centers in Kerman City in 2013: A qualitative study. Payavard
Salamat 2017;10:379-92.
32. Barnes ML, Sharpe EK. Looking beyond traditional volunteer
management: A case study of an alternative approach to volunteer
engagement in parks and recreation. Voluntas Int J Voluntary
Nonprofit Organ 2009;20:169.
33. Sinelnikova EM, Dvoretskova TV, Kagan ZS. Intermediate
plateaux in kinetics of the reaction catalyzed by biodegradative
L-threonine dehydratase from Escherichia coli. Biokhimiia
1975;40:645-51.
34. Studer S, Von Schnurbein G. Organizational factors affecting
volunteers: A literature review on volunteer coordination.
Voluntas Int J Voluntary Nonprofit Organ 2013;24:403-40.
35. Wu YL, Lin TW, Wang SS. How do volunteer’s experiences of
organizational facilitators influence their satisfaction and loyalty:
An example of hospital volunteers. Voluntas Int J Voluntary
Nonprofit Organ 2019;30:1104-17.
36. Andam R, Hamidi M, Taslimi Z. Volunteer management
in sport: (The case study of sport administration of Tehran
municipality). Manage Sport Movement Sci 2012;2:93-103.
37. Calcutt B. Valuing volunteers: Better understanding the primary
motives for volunteering in Australian emergency services,
Master of Philosophy thesis, School of Management, Operations
and Marketing, University of Wollongong; 2019. Available from:
https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/558. [Last accessed on 2020
Jul 17].
38. Sahbaei F, Niksadat N, Keshavarz N, Tohidi M. Practice of the
health volunteers in Iran. J Med Council Islamic Republic Iran
2016;34:157-62.
39. Sarto F, Veronesi G. Clinical leadership and hospital
performance: Assessing the evidence base. BMC Health Serv
Res 2016;16 Suppl 2:169.
40. Clay-Williams R, Ludlow K, Testa L, Li Z, Braithwaite J. Medical
leadership, a systematic narrative review: Do hospitals and
healthcare organisations perform better when led by doctors?
BMJ Open 2017;7:e014474.
41. Ochonma OG, Nwatu SI. Assessing the predictors for training
in management amongst hospital managers and chief executive
officers: A cross-sectional study of hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria.
BMC Med Educ 2018;18:138.
42. Singer KG. Public sector volunteers VS. Employee and the Fair
Labor Standards Act, OLSON & OLSON, L.L.P. 10th Annual Local
Government Seminar; January 30, 2014.
43. CG. “Volunteer or Employee: What is the Difference?”. The
Resource Newsletter for Home and Hospice Care; 2014.
Available from: https://nanopdf.com/download/legal-hottopic-volunteer-or-employee-what-is-the-difference_pdf. [Last
accessed on 2020 Jul 06].
44. Ghasemi J, Nejabatkhah M, Faghih Larijani F. The legal status of
public volunteers in Iran’s legal system. J Legal Stud 2017;9:249-78.
45. Xu Y, Ngai NP. Moral resources and political capital: Theorizing
the relationship between voluntary service organizations and the
development of civil society in China. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector
Quarterly 2011;40:247-69.
46. Thomsen MK, Jensen UT. Service professionals’ response to
volunteer involvement in service production. J Public Adm Res
Theory 2019;30:220-39.
47. Overgaard C. Cultures of volunteer care? A comparative study
of Australia and Denmark. Int J Care Caring 2020;4:183-99.
48. Hustinx L, Cnaan RA, Handy F. Navigating theories of
volunteering: A hybrid map for a complex phenomenon. Journal
for the theory of social behaviour. 2010;40(4):410-34.
49. Handy F, Srinivasan N. The demand for volunteer labor: A study
of hospital volunteers. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Quarterly
2005;34:491-509.
50. Handy F, Srinivasan N. Valuing volunteers: An economic
evaluation of the net benefits of hospital volunteers. Nonprofit
Voluntary Sector Quarterly 2004;33:28-54.
51. Ripamonti CA, Pasquarelli L, Ravasi S, Sala FC. Dropout of
hospital volunteers in Italy. Voluntas Int J Voluntary Nonprofit
Organ 2017;28:44-68.
52. Bandira PN, YasisR. The impact of school in hospital sabahwomen
and children’s hospital volunteer program. J Pendidikan Bitara
UPSI 2019;12:39-47.
53. Wellens L, Jegers M. Effective governance in nonprofit
organizations: A literature based multiple stakeholder approach.
Eur Manage J 2014;32:223-43.
54. Newton C, Becker K, Bell S. Learning and development
opportunities as a tool for the retention of volunteers:
A motivational perspective. Hum Res Manage J 2014;24:514-30.
55. Benjamin S, Heiko G, Heinrich L, Ulrich H, Siegmar R. Misuse
of ‘break-the-glass’ policies in hospitals: Detecting unauthorized
access to sensitive patient health data. Int J Inf Security Privacy
2018;12:100-22.
56. Kim GH, Trimi S, Chung JH. Big-data applications in the
government sector. Communications of the ACM Journal
2014;57:78-85. [doi.org/10.1145/2500873].
57. Auger G. “Flashlight in a Dark Room: A Grounded Theory
Study on Information Security Management at Small Healthcare
Provider Organizations” (2019). Masters Theses & Doctoral
Dissertations. 329. https://scholar.dsu.edu/theses/329.
58. Zakaria H, Abas H, Yahya FH, Ramli R, Yussof RL. Systematic
literature review of security perimeter in hospital facility. Open
Int J Inf 2018;6(4):104-29. Available from: http://apps.razak.utm.
my/ojs/index.php/oiji/article/view/68. [Last accessed 2020 Jul
06].
59. Abouelmehdi K, Beni-Hessane A, Khaloufi H. Big healthcare data:
Preserving security and privacy. J Big Data 2018;5:1.
60. Dinev T, Albano V, Xu H, D’Atri A, Hart P. Individuals’ attitudes
towards electronic health records: A privacy calculus perspective.
Advances in Healthcare Informatics and Analytics. Cham:
Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 19-50.
61. Yalom ID. Existential Psychotherapy: Hachette UK; 2020 Mar 17.
62. Van Ingen E, Wilson J. I volunteer, therefore I am? Factors affecting
volunteer role identity. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Quarterly
2017;46:29-46.
63. Read R. Creating reflexive volunteers? Young people’s
participation in Czech hospital volunteer programmes. J Youth
Stud 2010;13:549‑63.
)