1. Chekijian S, Paul M, Kohl VP, Walker DM, Tomassoni AJ,
Cone DC, et al. The global burden of road injury: Its relevance to
the emergency physician. Emerg Med Int 2014;2014:139219.
2. Holakoi Naeini K, Moradi A. Attitude and practice of pedestrians
about driving laws in Tehran. Payesh J Iran Inst Health Sci Res
2007;6:27‑35.
3. Sewell RA, Poling J, Sofuoglu M. The effect of cannabis compared
with alcohol on driving. Am J Addict 2009;18:185‑93.
4. Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, Mørland J, Engeland A. An increased
risk of motor vehicle accidents after prescription of methadone.
Addiction 2012;107:967‑72.
5. Motevalian A. Estimation of death due to road traffic injuries in
Kerman district: Application of capturerecapture method. J Sch
Public Health Inst Public Health Res 2007;5:61‑72.
6. Galanter M. Innovations: Alcohol & drug abuse: Spirituality in
alcoholics anonymous: A valuable adjunct to psychiatric services.
Psychiatr Serv 2006;57:307‑9.
7. Bolhari J. Assessment of drug abuse in Iran’s prisons. Res Addict
2003;1:13‑50.
8. Polimeni AM, Moore SM, Gruenert S. MMPI‑2 profiles of clients
whit substance dependencies accessing a therapeutic community
treatment facility. J Appl Psychol 2010;6:1‑9.
9. Lukasiewicz M, Neveu X, Blecha L, Alissard B, Reynaud M,
Gasquet I. Cognitive and behavioral effects pathways to
substance‑related disorder: A structural model approach
exploring the influence of temperament, character, and childhood
adversity in a national cohort of prisoners. Alcohol Alcohol
2008;43:287‑95.
10. Harakeha T, Ron HJ, Scholtea H, Vriesb RE. Association
betweenpersonality andadolescent smoking. Addict Behav
2006;31:232‑45.
11. El‑Guebaly N. Investigating the Association Between Moderate
Drinking and Mental Health. Annal of Epidemiology. 17(5):55‑629.
12. DeWall CN, Pond RS. Loneliness and smoking: The costs of the
desire to reconnect. Self Identity 2011;10:375‑85.
13. Wagner MK. Behavioral characteristics related to substance abuse
an exits, sensitivity. J Addict Behav 2001;26(1):115‑20.
14. Fisher LA, Elias JW, Ritz K. Predicting relapse to substance abuse
as a function of personality dimensions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res
1998;22:1041‑7.
15. McGee R, Williams SH, Poulton R, Moffitt T. A longitudinal study
of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early
adulthood. J Addiction 2000;95(4):491‑503.
16. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive
Textbook of Psychiatry. 8th ed. New York: Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins; 2005.
17. Cuijpers P, Smit F, ten Have M, de Graaf R. Smoking is associated
with first‑ever incidence of mental disorders: A prospective
population‑based study. Addiction 2007;102:1303‑9.18. Haglund M, Ang A, Mooney L, Gonzales R, Chudzynski J,
Cooper CB, et al. Predictors of depression outcomes among
abstinent methamphetamine‑dependent individuals exposed to
an exercise intervention. Am J Addict 2015;24:246‑51.
19. Hellem TL, Lundberg KJ, Renshaw PF. A review of treatment
options for co‑occurring methamphetamine use disorders and
depression. J Addict Nurs 2015;26:14‑23.
20. Russell DW, Cutrona CE, de la Mora A, Wallace RB. Loneliness
and nursing home admission among rural older adults. Psychol
Aging 1997;12:574‑89.
21. Koob GF, Le Moal M. Review. Neurobiological mechanisms for
opponent motivational processes in addiction. Philos Trans R Soc
Lond B Biol Sci 2008;363:3113‑23.
22. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The incentive sensitization theory of
addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 2008;363:3137‑46.
23. Newton TF, De La Garza R 2nd, Kalechstein AD, Tziortzis D,
Jacobsen CA. Theories of addiction: Methamphetamine users’
explanations for continuing drug use and relapse. Am J Addict
2009;18:294‑300.
24. Lago JA, Kosten T. Stimulant withdrawal. Addiction
1994;89:1477‑81.
25. Hellem TL. A review of methamphetamine dependence and
withdrawal treatment: A Focus on anxiety outcomes. J Subst
Abuse Treat 2016;71:16‑22.
26. Fergusson D, Swain‑Campbell N, Horwood J. Risky driving
behaviour in young people: Prevalence, personal characteristics
and traffic accidents. Aust N Z J Public Health 2003;27:337‑42.
27. Sadeghi A, Akbari B, Salek R. The investigation of the relationship
between personality triats and marital satisfaction and mental
health among women seeking divorce in the Guilan province.
J Basic Appl Sci Res 2012;2:2385‑94.
28. Garosi Farshchi M. Personality Assessment: Application of Factor
Analysis in Personality Studies. Tabriz: Publication of the Society;
2000.
29. Saatchi M, Kamkari K, Askariyan M. Psychological tests: Virayesh.
Tehran, Iran; 2010.
30. McCormick RA, Dowd ET, Quirk S, Zegarra JH. The relationship
of NEO‑PI performance to coping styles, patterns of use,
and triggers for use among substance abusers. Addict Behav
1998;23:497‑507.
31. Watson D, Clark LA. On traits and temperament: General and
specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the
five‑factor model. J Pers 1992;60:441‑76.
32. Bottlender M, Soyka M. Impact of different personality
dimensions (NEO five‑factor inventory) on the outcome of
alcohol‑dependent patients 6 and 12 months after treatment.
Psychiatry Res 2005;136:61‑7.
33. Heiligenstein E, Smith SS. Smoking and mental health problems
in treatment‑seeking university students. Nicotine Tob Res
2006;8:519‑23.
34. Bonny‑Noach H, Sagiv‑Alayoff M. Rescuing israeli travellers:
Effects of substance abuse, mental health, geographic region of
rescue, gender and age of rescuees. J Travel Med 2017;1(24):1-6.