Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Safe‑driving behaviors of taxi drivers are fundamental to health. The present
research aimed to predict the taxi drivers’ safe‑driving behaviors based on the theory of planned
behavior (TPB) and habit.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present research is of a descriptive/analytical cross‑sectional type
conducted on 184 taxi drivers in Bandar Abbas who were selected through a multiple‑stratified sampling
method. Data collection instrument was a questionnaire comprised of two sections (demographic
information and the constructs of TPB.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The data were later on analyzed via SPSS ver 19 and Pearson’s
correlation coefficient as well as multiple regressions.
RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 45.1 (standard deviation [SD = 11.1) years, and
they had an average experience of taxi driving for 10.3 years (SD = 7.5). Subjective norms, perceived
behavioral control, and habits were the predictors of one’s intention of driving safely (r2 = 0.30,
F = 18.7, P < 0.001). Moreover, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and habits were found to be
the predictors of safe‑driving behaviors (r2 = 0.19, F = 8.1, P < 0.001). Finally, habits showed to be
a stronger predictor of safe‑driving behaviors than attitude and perceived behavioral control.
CONCLUSION: Consideration of individuals’ behavioral habits and correction of unsafe habits, focus
on the adverse effects of unsafe‑driving behaviors, goal setting to change incorrect driving habits,
attention to influential groups in altering unsafe‑driving behaviors, and careful monitoring of abiding
by the rules are suggested to promote safe‑driving behaviors.
Keywords
1. Soltani A, Fallah ME. Evaluating satisfaction from taxi
organization based on citizen and taxi drivers (case study: Shiraz).
J Res Urban Plann 2017;7:21‑36.
2. Husain NA, Mohamad J, Idris MA. Antecedents On Safety
Behaviour of Taxi Drivers From Work Psychological Perspectives.
International Technical Conference November 17‑November 19,
2014, Seoul, Korea; 2014.
3. Burgel BJ, Gillen M, White MC. Health and safety strategies of
Urban taxi drivers. J Urban Health 2012;89:717‑22.
4. Razouki SS, Yasso FS, Yaso SS, Yasso PS, Dafdony IV.
Medical‑engineering pattern of severe Iraqi road traffic accidents.
Am J Med Sci Med 2013;1:86‑91.
5. Ward R. Revisiting Heinrich’s Law. Chemeca 2012: Quality
of Life through Chemical Engineering: 23‑26 September 2012,
Wellington, New Zealand; 2012. p. 1179.
6. Shalmaii MR, Rakhshani F, Ramezankhani A, Soori H. Effect of
education based on the theory of planned behavior on preventive
behaviors of aggression. Saf Promot Inj Prev 2016;4:39‑46.
7. Ajzen I. The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational
Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179‑211. De Young;
1991. P. 509‑26.
8. Dadipoor S. Effect of interventions based on the theory of planned
behavior on promoting physical activity: A systematic review.
J Prev Med 2017;3:1‑15.
9. Elliott MA, Armitage CJ, Baughan CJ. Drivers’ compliance with
speed limits: An application of the theory of planned behavior.
J Appl Psychol 2003;88:964‑72.
10. Yazdanpanah M, Hadji Hosseinlou M. The role of personality
traits through habit and intention on determining future
preferences of public transport use. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017;7.
pii: E8.
11. Gardner B. A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in
understanding, predicting and influencing health‑related
behaviour. Health Psychol Rev 2015;9:277‑95.
12. Lheureux F, Auzoult L, Charlois C, Hardy‑Massard S, Minary JP.
Traffic offences: Planned or habitual? Using the theory of planned
behaviour and habit strength to explain frequency and magnitude
of speeding and driving under the influence of alcohol. Br J
Psychol 2016;107:52‑71.
13. Conner M, Lawton R, Parker D, Chorlton K, Manstead AS,
Stradling S, et al. Application of the theory of planned behaviour
to the prediction of objectively assessed breaking of posted speed
limits. Br J Psychol 2007;98:429‑53.
14. O’Callaghan FV, Nausbaum S. Predicting bicycle helmet
wearing intentions and behavior among adolescents. J Safety Res
2006;37:425‑31.
15. Şimşekoğlu Ö, Lajunen T. Social psychology of seat belt use:
A comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief
model. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and
behaviour. 2008;11(3):181‑91.
16. Ross LT, Ross TP, Farber S, Davidson C, Trevino M, Hawkins A.
The theory of planned behavior and helmet use among college
students. American journal of health behavior. 2011;35(5):581‑90.
17. Ashoogh M, Aghamolaei T, Ghanbarnejad A, Tajvar A. Utilizing
the theory of planned behavior to prediction the safety driving
behaviors in truck drivers in Bandar Abbas 1392. Iran J Health
Educ Health Promot 2013;1:5‑14.
18. Aghamolaei T, Tavafian SS, Madani A. Prediction of helmet use
among Iranian motorcycle drivers: An application of the health
belief model and the theory of planned behavior. Traffic Inj Prev
2011;12:239‑43.
19. Shams M, Shojaeizadeh D, Majdzadeh R, Rashidian A,
Montazeri A. Taxi drivers’ views on risky driving behavior in
Tehran: A qualitative study using a social marketing approach.
Accid Anal Prev 2011;43:646‑51.
20. Paris H, Van den Broucke S. Measuring cognitive determinants
of speeding: An application of the theory of planned behaviour.
Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2008;11:168‑80.
21. Lajunen T, Räsänen M. Can social psychological models be used
to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison
of the health belief model, theory of planned behavior and the
locus of control. J Safety Res 2004;35:115‑23.
22. Torquato R, Franco C, Bianchi A. Seat belt use intention
among Brazilian undergraduate students. Rev Colomb Psicol
2012;21:253‑63.
23. Ketphat M, Kanitpong K, Jiwattanakulpaisarn P. Application of
the theory of planned behavior to predict young drivers’ speeding
behavior. J East Asia Soc Transp Stud 2013;10:2031‑48.
24. Hemmati R, Gharlipour Z. Study of the safe behavior in road
crossing using the theory of planned behavior among middle
school students. Int J Pediatr 2017;5:5003‑12.
25. Poulter DR, Chapman P, Bibby PA, Clarke DD, Crundall D. An
application of the theory of planned behaviour to truck driving
behaviour and compliance with regulations. Accid Anal Prev
2008;40:2058‑64.
26. Ludwig TD, Buchholz C, Clarke SW. Using social marketing to
increase the use of helmets among bicyclists. J Am Coll Health
2005;54:51‑8.
27. Ajzen I. Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of
control, and the theory of planned behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol
2002;32:665‑83.
28. Warner HW, Åberg L. Drivers’ decision to speed: A study inspired
by the theory of planned behavior. Transp Res Part F Traffic
Psychol Behav 2006;9:427‑33.
29. Atombo C, Wu C, Zhang H, Wemegah TD. Perceived enjoyment,
concentration, intention, and speed violation behavior: Using
flow theory and theory of planned behavior. Traffic Inj Prev
2017;18:694‑702.
30. Watson BC, Tunnicliff DJ, White KM, Schonfeld CC,
Wishart DE. Psychological and social factors influencing,
motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour. Centre for Accident
Research, and Road Safety (CARRS‑Q).Queensland University
of Technology, Published by Australian Transport Safety
Bureau August, 2007.
31. Hu TY, Xie X, Li J. Negative or positive? The effect of emotion and
mood on risky driving. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav
2013;16:29‑40.
32. Manstead AS, Parker D. Evaluating and extending the theory of
planned behaviour. Eur Rev Soc Psychol 1995;6:69‑95.
33. Şimşekoğlu Ö, Lajunen T. Social psychology of seat belt use:
A comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief
model. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2008;11:181‑91.
34. Ozkan T, Lajunen T, Chliaoutakis JE, Parker D, Summala H.Cross‑cultural differences in driving skills: A comparison of six
countries. Accid Anal Prev 2006;38:1011‑8.
35. Cook PA, Bellis MA. Knowing the risk: Relationships
between risk behaviour and health knowledge. Public Health
2001;115:54‑61.
36. Bazargan‑Hejazi S, Teruya S, Pan D, Lin J, Gordon D, Krochalk PC,
et al. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and texting while
driving behavior in college students. Traffic Inj Prev 2017;18:56‑62.
37. Ali M, Saeed MM, Ali MM, Haidar N. Determinants of helmet
use behaviour among employed motorcycle riders in Yazd, Iran
based on theory of planned behaviour. Injury 2011;42:864‑9.
38. Li P, Shi J, Liu X, Wang H. The theory of planned behavior and
competitive driving in China. Procedia Eng 2016;137:362‑71.
39. Ahmed MB, Ambak K, Raqib A, Sukor NS. Helmet usage among
adolescents in rural road from the extended theory of planned
behaviour. J Appl Sci 2013;13:161‑6.
40. Walsh SP, White KM, Hyde MK, Watson B. Dialling and driving:
Factors influencing intentions to use a mobile phone while
driving. Accid Anal Prev 2008;40:1893‑900.
41. Quine L, Rutter DR, Arnold L. Predicting and understanding
safety helmet use among schoolboy cyclists: A comparison of the
theory of planned behaviour and the health belief model. Psychol
Health 1998;13:251‑69.
42. Momeni SM, Morowatisharifabad M, Barkhordari FA,
Fallahzadeh H. Comparison of Coping Appraisal and Threat
Appraisal Processes in Predicting Unsafe Driving Behaviors and
Intention Among 19 Years‑Old‑And‑Above in Drivers Yazd City;
2011.
43. Ashoogh M, Aghamolaei T, Ghanbarnejad A, Tajvar A. Utilizing
the theory of planned behavior to Prediction the safety driving
behaviors in truck drivers in Bandar Abbas 1392. Iranian Journal
of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2013;1(3):5‑14
44. Chliaoutakis JE, Gnardellis C, Drakou I, Darviri C, Sboukis V.
Modelling the factors related to the seatbelt use by the young
drivers of athens. Accid Anal Prev 2000;32:815‑25.
45. Rothengatter T, Manstead A. The role of subjective norms in
predicting the intention to commit traffic violations. Traffic and
Transport Psychology Theory and Application. Book Section,
school: psychology.publisher: pergamon. ISBN: 9780080427867.
2013. p. 389‑94.
organization based on citizen and taxi drivers (case study: Shiraz).
J Res Urban Plann 2017;7:21‑36.
2. Husain NA, Mohamad J, Idris MA. Antecedents On Safety
Behaviour of Taxi Drivers From Work Psychological Perspectives.
International Technical Conference November 17‑November 19,
2014, Seoul, Korea; 2014.
3. Burgel BJ, Gillen M, White MC. Health and safety strategies of
Urban taxi drivers. J Urban Health 2012;89:717‑22.
4. Razouki SS, Yasso FS, Yaso SS, Yasso PS, Dafdony IV.
Medical‑engineering pattern of severe Iraqi road traffic accidents.
Am J Med Sci Med 2013;1:86‑91.
5. Ward R. Revisiting Heinrich’s Law. Chemeca 2012: Quality
of Life through Chemical Engineering: 23‑26 September 2012,
Wellington, New Zealand; 2012. p. 1179.
6. Shalmaii MR, Rakhshani F, Ramezankhani A, Soori H. Effect of
education based on the theory of planned behavior on preventive
behaviors of aggression. Saf Promot Inj Prev 2016;4:39‑46.
7. Ajzen I. The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational
Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179‑211. De Young;
1991. P. 509‑26.
8. Dadipoor S. Effect of interventions based on the theory of planned
behavior on promoting physical activity: A systematic review.
J Prev Med 2017;3:1‑15.
9. Elliott MA, Armitage CJ, Baughan CJ. Drivers’ compliance with
speed limits: An application of the theory of planned behavior.
J Appl Psychol 2003;88:964‑72.
10. Yazdanpanah M, Hadji Hosseinlou M. The role of personality
traits through habit and intention on determining future
preferences of public transport use. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017;7.
pii: E8.
11. Gardner B. A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in
understanding, predicting and influencing health‑related
behaviour. Health Psychol Rev 2015;9:277‑95.
12. Lheureux F, Auzoult L, Charlois C, Hardy‑Massard S, Minary JP.
Traffic offences: Planned or habitual? Using the theory of planned
behaviour and habit strength to explain frequency and magnitude
of speeding and driving under the influence of alcohol. Br J
Psychol 2016;107:52‑71.
13. Conner M, Lawton R, Parker D, Chorlton K, Manstead AS,
Stradling S, et al. Application of the theory of planned behaviour
to the prediction of objectively assessed breaking of posted speed
limits. Br J Psychol 2007;98:429‑53.
14. O’Callaghan FV, Nausbaum S. Predicting bicycle helmet
wearing intentions and behavior among adolescents. J Safety Res
2006;37:425‑31.
15. Şimşekoğlu Ö, Lajunen T. Social psychology of seat belt use:
A comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief
model. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and
behaviour. 2008;11(3):181‑91.
16. Ross LT, Ross TP, Farber S, Davidson C, Trevino M, Hawkins A.
The theory of planned behavior and helmet use among college
students. American journal of health behavior. 2011;35(5):581‑90.
17. Ashoogh M, Aghamolaei T, Ghanbarnejad A, Tajvar A. Utilizing
the theory of planned behavior to prediction the safety driving
behaviors in truck drivers in Bandar Abbas 1392. Iran J Health
Educ Health Promot 2013;1:5‑14.
18. Aghamolaei T, Tavafian SS, Madani A. Prediction of helmet use
among Iranian motorcycle drivers: An application of the health
belief model and the theory of planned behavior. Traffic Inj Prev
2011;12:239‑43.
19. Shams M, Shojaeizadeh D, Majdzadeh R, Rashidian A,
Montazeri A. Taxi drivers’ views on risky driving behavior in
Tehran: A qualitative study using a social marketing approach.
Accid Anal Prev 2011;43:646‑51.
20. Paris H, Van den Broucke S. Measuring cognitive determinants
of speeding: An application of the theory of planned behaviour.
Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2008;11:168‑80.
21. Lajunen T, Räsänen M. Can social psychological models be used
to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison
of the health belief model, theory of planned behavior and the
locus of control. J Safety Res 2004;35:115‑23.
22. Torquato R, Franco C, Bianchi A. Seat belt use intention
among Brazilian undergraduate students. Rev Colomb Psicol
2012;21:253‑63.
23. Ketphat M, Kanitpong K, Jiwattanakulpaisarn P. Application of
the theory of planned behavior to predict young drivers’ speeding
behavior. J East Asia Soc Transp Stud 2013;10:2031‑48.
24. Hemmati R, Gharlipour Z. Study of the safe behavior in road
crossing using the theory of planned behavior among middle
school students. Int J Pediatr 2017;5:5003‑12.
25. Poulter DR, Chapman P, Bibby PA, Clarke DD, Crundall D. An
application of the theory of planned behaviour to truck driving
behaviour and compliance with regulations. Accid Anal Prev
2008;40:2058‑64.
26. Ludwig TD, Buchholz C, Clarke SW. Using social marketing to
increase the use of helmets among bicyclists. J Am Coll Health
2005;54:51‑8.
27. Ajzen I. Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of
control, and the theory of planned behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol
2002;32:665‑83.
28. Warner HW, Åberg L. Drivers’ decision to speed: A study inspired
by the theory of planned behavior. Transp Res Part F Traffic
Psychol Behav 2006;9:427‑33.
29. Atombo C, Wu C, Zhang H, Wemegah TD. Perceived enjoyment,
concentration, intention, and speed violation behavior: Using
flow theory and theory of planned behavior. Traffic Inj Prev
2017;18:694‑702.
30. Watson BC, Tunnicliff DJ, White KM, Schonfeld CC,
Wishart DE. Psychological and social factors influencing,
motorcycle rider intentions and behaviour. Centre for Accident
Research, and Road Safety (CARRS‑Q).Queensland University
of Technology, Published by Australian Transport Safety
Bureau August, 2007.
31. Hu TY, Xie X, Li J. Negative or positive? The effect of emotion and
mood on risky driving. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav
2013;16:29‑40.
32. Manstead AS, Parker D. Evaluating and extending the theory of
planned behaviour. Eur Rev Soc Psychol 1995;6:69‑95.
33. Şimşekoğlu Ö, Lajunen T. Social psychology of seat belt use:
A comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief
model. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2008;11:181‑91.
34. Ozkan T, Lajunen T, Chliaoutakis JE, Parker D, Summala H.Cross‑cultural differences in driving skills: A comparison of six
countries. Accid Anal Prev 2006;38:1011‑8.
35. Cook PA, Bellis MA. Knowing the risk: Relationships
between risk behaviour and health knowledge. Public Health
2001;115:54‑61.
36. Bazargan‑Hejazi S, Teruya S, Pan D, Lin J, Gordon D, Krochalk PC,
et al. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and texting while
driving behavior in college students. Traffic Inj Prev 2017;18:56‑62.
37. Ali M, Saeed MM, Ali MM, Haidar N. Determinants of helmet
use behaviour among employed motorcycle riders in Yazd, Iran
based on theory of planned behaviour. Injury 2011;42:864‑9.
38. Li P, Shi J, Liu X, Wang H. The theory of planned behavior and
competitive driving in China. Procedia Eng 2016;137:362‑71.
39. Ahmed MB, Ambak K, Raqib A, Sukor NS. Helmet usage among
adolescents in rural road from the extended theory of planned
behaviour. J Appl Sci 2013;13:161‑6.
40. Walsh SP, White KM, Hyde MK, Watson B. Dialling and driving:
Factors influencing intentions to use a mobile phone while
driving. Accid Anal Prev 2008;40:1893‑900.
41. Quine L, Rutter DR, Arnold L. Predicting and understanding
safety helmet use among schoolboy cyclists: A comparison of the
theory of planned behaviour and the health belief model. Psychol
Health 1998;13:251‑69.
42. Momeni SM, Morowatisharifabad M, Barkhordari FA,
Fallahzadeh H. Comparison of Coping Appraisal and Threat
Appraisal Processes in Predicting Unsafe Driving Behaviors and
Intention Among 19 Years‑Old‑And‑Above in Drivers Yazd City;
2011.
43. Ashoogh M, Aghamolaei T, Ghanbarnejad A, Tajvar A. Utilizing
the theory of planned behavior to Prediction the safety driving
behaviors in truck drivers in Bandar Abbas 1392. Iranian Journal
of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2013;1(3):5‑14
44. Chliaoutakis JE, Gnardellis C, Drakou I, Darviri C, Sboukis V.
Modelling the factors related to the seatbelt use by the young
drivers of athens. Accid Anal Prev 2000;32:815‑25.
45. Rothengatter T, Manstead A. The role of subjective norms in
predicting the intention to commit traffic violations. Traffic and
Transport Psychology Theory and Application. Book Section,
school: psychology.publisher: pergamon. ISBN: 9780080427867.
2013. p. 389‑94.
)