Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
PURPOSE: Noncommunicable disease (NCD) prevention is emerging as a public health priority in
developing countries. For better health outcome in these countries, it is necessary to understand the
different community‑based interventions developed and implemented across the world.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current review is to identify the best strategies used in
community‑based health intervention (CBHI) programs across the world.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: For review, we searched in PubMed and Google Scholar with the
keywords “community based,” “health interventions,” “health promotions,” “primary prevention,” chronic
diseases,” “lifestyle‑related diseases,” and “NCD.” Data were extracted using predesigned data
extraction form. CBHI studies detailing their intervention strategies only were included in the review.
RESULTS: Out of 35 articles reviewed, 14 (40%) were randomized control trials, while 18 (51.4%)
were quasi‑experimental design. Individual level (n = 14), group level (n = 5), community level (n = 6),
and policy level (n = 4) intervention strategies were identified. Twenty‑three (64%) studies were based
on interventions for 1 year and above. Twenty‑eight (80%) studies were intervened among specific
populations such as Latinos and so on.
CONCLUSION: Successful programs advocate for a package or a chain of interventions than a single
intervention. The type of interventions at different levels, namely individual, group, community, and
policy levels vary across studies, but individual, and group level interventions are more frequently used.
Keywords
1. Nissinen A, Berrios X, Puska P. Community‑based
noncommunicable disease interventions: Lessons from developed
countries for developing ones. Bull World Health Organ
2001;79:963‑70.
2. Maher D, Ford N, Unwin N. Priorities for developing countries in
the global response to non‑communicable diseases. Global Health
2012;8:14.
3. McKeown RE. The epidemiologic transition: Changing patterns
of mortality and population dynamics. Am J Lifestyle Med
2009;3:19S‑26S.
4. McAlister A, Puska P, Salonen JT, Tuomilehto J, Koskela K. Theory
and action for health promotion illustrations from the North
Karelia project. Am J Public Health 1982;72:43‑50.
5. Kumar S, Preetha G. Health promotion: An effective tool for global
health. Indian J Community Med 2012;37:5‑12.
6. Puska P, Vartiainen E, Nissinen A, Laatikainen T, Jousilahti P.
Background, principles, implementation, and general experiences
of the North Karelia project. Glob Heart 2016;11:173‑8.
7. WHO | Risk Factors. WHO. Available from: http://www.who.
int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/en/. [Last accessed on 2017 Apr 01].
8. Merzel C, D’Afflitti J. Reconsidering community‑based health
promotion: Promise, performance, and potential. Am J Public
Health 2003;93:557‑74.
9. Winkleby MA. The future of community‑based cardiovascular
disease intervention studies. Am J Public Health 1994;84:1369‑72.
10. MacQueen KM, McLellan E, Metzger DS, Kegeles S, Strauss RP,
Scotti R, et al. What is community? An evidence‑based
definition for participatory public health. Am J Public Health
2001;91:1929‑38.
11. McLeroy KR, Norton BL, Kegler MC, Burdine JN, Sumaya CV.
Community‑based interventions. Am J Public Health
2003;93:529‑33.
12. WHO | Healthy Settings. WHO. Available from: http://www.
who.int/healthy_settings/en/. [Last accessed on 2017 Apr 01].
13. Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. Review of
community‑based research: Assessing partnership approaches to
improve public health. Annu Rev Public Health 1998;19:173‑202.
14. Nilsen P. Making sense of implementation theories, models and
frameworks. Implement Sci 2015;10:53.
15. Glanz K, Bishop DB. The role of behavioral science theory in
development and implementation of public health interventions.
Annu Rev Public Health 2010;31:399‑418.
16. Popay J, Roberts H, Sowden A, Petticrew M, Arai L, Rodgers M,
et al. Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic
reviews. Prod ESRC Methods Programme Version 2006;1:b92.
17. Austin SA, Claiborne N. Faith wellness collaboration: a
community‑based approach to address type II diabetes disparities
in an African‑American community. Soc Work Health Care.
2011;50(5):360‑75.
18. Eastman KL, Corona R, Schuster MA. Talking parents, healthy
teens: A worksite‑based program for parents to promote
adolescent sexual health. Prev Chronic Dis 2006;3:A126.
19. Langford AT, Griffith DM, Beasley DD, Braxton EI. A cancer
center’s approach to engaging African American men about
cancer: The men’s fellowship breakfast, Southeastern Michigan,
2008‑2014. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:E164.
20. Perry H, Morrow M, Borger S, Weiss J, DeCoster M, Davis T,
et al. Care groups I: An innovative community‑based strategy
for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health in
resource‑constrained settings. Glob Health Sci Pract 2015;3:358‑69.
21. Blumenthal DS, Smith SA, Majett CD, Alema‑Mensah E. A trial of3 interventions to promote colorectal cancer screening in African
Americans. Cancer 2010;116:922‑9.
22. Blumenthal DS, Fort JG, Ahmed NU, Semenya KA, Schreiber GB,
Perry S, et al. Impact of a two‑city community cancer prevention
intervention on African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc
2005;97:1479‑88.
23. Parikh P, Simon EP, Fei K, Looker H, Goytia C, Horowitz CR,
et al. Results of a pilot diabetes prevention intervention in East
Harlem, New York city: Project HEED. Am J Public Health
2010;100 Suppl 1:S232‑9.
24. Shiramizu B, Milne C, Terada K, Cassel K, Matsuno RK, Killeen J,
et al. A community‑based approach to enhancing anal cancer
screening in Hawaii’s HIV‑infected ethnic minorities. J AIDS Clin
Res 2012;3. pii: 162.
25. Westfall JM, Zittleman L, Sutter C, Emsermann CB, Staton EW,
Van Vorst R, et al. Testing to prevent colon cancer: Results from
a rural community intervention. Ann Fam Med 2013;11:500‑7.
26. Williams KP, Roman L, Meghea CI, Penner L, Hammad A,
GardinerJ, et al. Kin keeperSM: Design and baseline characteristics
of a community‑based randomized controlled trial promoting
cancer screening in black, Latina, and Arab women. Contemp
Clin Trials 2013;34:312‑9.
27. Zoellner JM, Connell CC, Madson MB, Wang B, Reed VB,
Molaison EF, et al. H.U.B city steps: Methods and early findings
from a community‑based participatory research trial to reduce
blood pressure among African Americans. Int J Behav Nutr Phys
Act 2011;8:59.
28. Emery JD, Gray V, Walter FM, Cheetham S, Croager EJ, Slevin T,
et al. The improving rural cancer outcomes (IRCO) trial: A factorial
cluster‑randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention to
reduce time to diagnosis in rural patients with cancer in Western
Australia: A study protocol. BMJ Open 2014;4:e006156.
29. Ono Y, Awata S, Iida H, Ishida Y, Ishizuka N, Iwasa H, et al.
A community intervention trial of multimodal suicide prevention
program in Japan: A novel multimodal community intervention
program to prevent suicide and suicide attempt in Japan,
NOCOMIT‑J. BMC Public Health 2008;8:315.
30. Park K, Hong WH, Kye SY, Jung E, Kim MH, Park HG, et al.
Community‑based intervention to promote breast cancer
awareness and screening: The Korean experience. BMC Public
Health 2011;11:468.
31. Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Rosenberger EL, Blackwell C,
Espeland MA, Lawlor MS, et al. Healthy living partnerships to
prevent diabetes (HELP PD): Design and methods. Contemp Clin
Trials 2010;31:71‑81.
32. Tripathy P, Nair N, Sinha R, Rath S, Gope RK, Rath S, et al.
Effect of participatory women’s groups facilitated by accredited
social health activists on birth outcomes in rural Eastern India:
A cluster‑randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health
2016;4:e119‑28.
33. Aragones A, Bruno DM, Ehrenberg M, Tonda‑Salcedo J, Gany FM.
Parental education and text messaging reminders as effective
community based tools to increase HPV vaccination rates among
Mexican American children. Prev Med Rep 2015;2:554‑8.
34. Hiatt RA, Pasick RJ, Stewart S, Bloom J, Davis P, Gardiner P,
et al. Cancer screening for underserved women: The breast and
cervical cancer intervention study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2008;17:1945‑9.
35. Levinson AH, Valverde P, Garrett K, Kimminau M, Burns EK,
Albright K, et al. Community‑based navigators for tobacco
cessation treatment: A proof‑of‑concept pilot study among
low‑income smokers. BMC Public Health 2015;15:627.
36. Morisky DE, Ang A, Coly A, Tiglao TV. A model HIV/AIDS
risk reduction programme in the Philippines: A comprehensive
community‑based approach through participatory action
research. Health Promot Int 2004;19:69‑76.
37. Bhagabaty SM, Kataki AC, Kalita M, Salkar S. Community based
intervention for tobacco cessation: A pilot study experience, North
East India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:811‑4.
38. Jayakrishnan R, Uutela A, Mathew A, Auvinen A, Mathew PS,
Sebastian P, et al. Smoking cessation intervention in rural Kerala,
India: Findings of a randomised controlled trial. Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2013;14:6797‑802.
39. Muramoto ML, Hall JR, Nichter M, Nichter M, Aickin M,
Connolly T, et al. Activating lay health influencers to promote
tobacco cessation. Am J Health Behav 2014;38:392‑403.
40. Thankappan KR, Sivasankaran S, Mini GK, Daivadanam M,
Sarma PS, Abdul Khader S, et al. Impact of a community based
intervention program on awareness, treatment and control of
hypertension in a rural Panchayat, Kerala, India. Indian Heart J
2013;65:504‑9.
41. LandMA, JefferyP, WebsterJ, CrinoM, Chalmers J, WoodwardM,
et al. Protocol for the implementation and evaluation of a
community‑based intervention seeking to reduce dietary salt
intake in Lithgow, Australia. BMC Public Health 2014;14:357.
42. Lu CH, Tang ST, Lei YX, Zhang MQ, Lin WQ, Ding SH, et al.
Community‑based interventions in hypertensive patients:
A comparison of three health education strategies. BMC Public
Health 2015;15:33.
43. ChenYY, Chen F, Chang SS, Wong J, Yip PS. Assessing the efficacy
of restricting access to barbecue charcoal for suicide prevention
in Taiwan: A community‑based intervention trial. PLoS One
2015;10:e0133809.
44. Mishra GA, Kulkarni SV, Majmudar PV, Gupta SD, Shastri SS.
Community‑based tobacco cessation program among women in
Mumbai, India. Indian J Cancer 2014;51 Suppl 1:S54‑9.
45. SarrafzadeganN, KelishadiR, EsmaillzadehA, MohammadifardN,
Rabiei K, Roohafza H, et al. Do lifestyle interventions work in
developing countries? Findings from the Isfahan healthy heart
program in the Islamic republic of Iran. Bull World Health Organ
2009;87:39‑50.
46. Fornari LS, Giuliano I, Azevedo F, Pastana A, Vieira C,
Caramelli B, et al. Children first study: How an educational
program in cardiovascular prevention at school can improve
parents’ cardiovascular risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013;20:301‑9.
47. Colagiuri S, Vita P, Cardona‑Morrell M, Singh MF, Farrell L,
Milat A, et al. The Sydney diabetes prevention program:
A community‑based translational study. BMC Public Health
2010;10:328.
48. Vojta D, Koehler TB, Longjohn M, Lever JA, Caputo NF.
A coordinated national model for diabetes prevention: Linking
health systems to an evidence‑based community program. Am J
Prev Med 2013;44:S301‑6.
49. Gubbels JS, Mathisen FK, Samdal O, Lobstein T, Kohl LF,
Leversen I, et al. The assessment of ongoing community‑based
interventions to prevent obesity: Lessons learned. BMC Public
Health 2015;15:216.
50. Yassin MA, Datiko DG, Tulloch O, Markos P, Aschalew M,
Shargie EB, et al. Innovative community‑based approaches
doubled tuberculosis case notification and improve treatment
outcome in Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2013;8:e63174.
51. Pennell ML, Hade EM, Murray DM, Rhoda DA. Cutoff designs for
community‑based intervention studies. Stat Med 2011;30:1865‑82.
52. Bonell CP, Hargreaves J, Cousens S, Ross D, HayesR, Petticrew M,
et al. Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public
health interventions: Design challenges and solutions. J Epidemiol
Community Health 2011;65:582‑7.
53. Salimi Y, Shahandeh K, Malekafzali H, Loori N, Kheiltash A,
JamshidiE, et al. Is community‑based participatory research(CBPR)
useful? A systematic review on papers in a decade. Int J Prev Med
2012;3:386‑93.
54. Saab KR, Kendrick J, Yracheta JM, Lanaspa MA, Pollard M,
Johnson RJ, et al. New insights on the risk for cardiovascular
disease in African Americans: The role of added sugars. J AmSoc Nephrol 2015;26:247‑57.
55. Bully P, Sánchez Á, Zabaleta‑del‑Olmo E, Pombo H, Grandes G.
Evidence from interventions based on theoretical models for
lifestyle modification (physical activity, diet, alcohol and tobacco
use) in primary care settings: A systematic review. Prev Med
2015;76 Suppl:S76‑93.
56. Haggis C, Sims‑Gould J, Winters M, Gutteridge K, McKay HA.
Sustained impact of community‑based physical activity
interventions: Key elements for success. BMC Public Health
2013;13:892.
57. Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Morgan TM, Lawlor MS, Blackwell CS,
Isom SP, et al. The healthy living partnerships to prevent diabetes
study: 2‑year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Am J
Prev Med 2013;44:S324‑32.
58. Vita P, Cardona‑Morrell M, Bauman A, Singh MF, Moore M,
Pennock R, et al. Type 2 diabetes prevention in the community:
12‑Month outcomes from the Sydney Diabetes Prevention
Program. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016;112:13‑9.
59. Henderson S, Kendall E, See L. The effectiveness of culturally
appropriate interventions to manage or prevent chronic disease
in culturally and linguistically diverse communities: A systematic
literature review. Health Soc Care Community 2011;19:225‑49.
noncommunicable disease interventions: Lessons from developed
countries for developing ones. Bull World Health Organ
2001;79:963‑70.
2. Maher D, Ford N, Unwin N. Priorities for developing countries in
the global response to non‑communicable diseases. Global Health
2012;8:14.
3. McKeown RE. The epidemiologic transition: Changing patterns
of mortality and population dynamics. Am J Lifestyle Med
2009;3:19S‑26S.
4. McAlister A, Puska P, Salonen JT, Tuomilehto J, Koskela K. Theory
and action for health promotion illustrations from the North
Karelia project. Am J Public Health 1982;72:43‑50.
5. Kumar S, Preetha G. Health promotion: An effective tool for global
health. Indian J Community Med 2012;37:5‑12.
6. Puska P, Vartiainen E, Nissinen A, Laatikainen T, Jousilahti P.
Background, principles, implementation, and general experiences
of the North Karelia project. Glob Heart 2016;11:173‑8.
7. WHO | Risk Factors. WHO. Available from: http://www.who.
int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/en/. [Last accessed on 2017 Apr 01].
8. Merzel C, D’Afflitti J. Reconsidering community‑based health
promotion: Promise, performance, and potential. Am J Public
Health 2003;93:557‑74.
9. Winkleby MA. The future of community‑based cardiovascular
disease intervention studies. Am J Public Health 1994;84:1369‑72.
10. MacQueen KM, McLellan E, Metzger DS, Kegeles S, Strauss RP,
Scotti R, et al. What is community? An evidence‑based
definition for participatory public health. Am J Public Health
2001;91:1929‑38.
11. McLeroy KR, Norton BL, Kegler MC, Burdine JN, Sumaya CV.
Community‑based interventions. Am J Public Health
2003;93:529‑33.
12. WHO | Healthy Settings. WHO. Available from: http://www.
who.int/healthy_settings/en/. [Last accessed on 2017 Apr 01].
13. Israel BA, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. Review of
community‑based research: Assessing partnership approaches to
improve public health. Annu Rev Public Health 1998;19:173‑202.
14. Nilsen P. Making sense of implementation theories, models and
frameworks. Implement Sci 2015;10:53.
15. Glanz K, Bishop DB. The role of behavioral science theory in
development and implementation of public health interventions.
Annu Rev Public Health 2010;31:399‑418.
16. Popay J, Roberts H, Sowden A, Petticrew M, Arai L, Rodgers M,
et al. Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic
reviews. Prod ESRC Methods Programme Version 2006;1:b92.
17. Austin SA, Claiborne N. Faith wellness collaboration: a
community‑based approach to address type II diabetes disparities
in an African‑American community. Soc Work Health Care.
2011;50(5):360‑75.
18. Eastman KL, Corona R, Schuster MA. Talking parents, healthy
teens: A worksite‑based program for parents to promote
adolescent sexual health. Prev Chronic Dis 2006;3:A126.
19. Langford AT, Griffith DM, Beasley DD, Braxton EI. A cancer
center’s approach to engaging African American men about
cancer: The men’s fellowship breakfast, Southeastern Michigan,
2008‑2014. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:E164.
20. Perry H, Morrow M, Borger S, Weiss J, DeCoster M, Davis T,
et al. Care groups I: An innovative community‑based strategy
for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health in
resource‑constrained settings. Glob Health Sci Pract 2015;3:358‑69.
21. Blumenthal DS, Smith SA, Majett CD, Alema‑Mensah E. A trial of3 interventions to promote colorectal cancer screening in African
Americans. Cancer 2010;116:922‑9.
22. Blumenthal DS, Fort JG, Ahmed NU, Semenya KA, Schreiber GB,
Perry S, et al. Impact of a two‑city community cancer prevention
intervention on African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc
2005;97:1479‑88.
23. Parikh P, Simon EP, Fei K, Looker H, Goytia C, Horowitz CR,
et al. Results of a pilot diabetes prevention intervention in East
Harlem, New York city: Project HEED. Am J Public Health
2010;100 Suppl 1:S232‑9.
24. Shiramizu B, Milne C, Terada K, Cassel K, Matsuno RK, Killeen J,
et al. A community‑based approach to enhancing anal cancer
screening in Hawaii’s HIV‑infected ethnic minorities. J AIDS Clin
Res 2012;3. pii: 162.
25. Westfall JM, Zittleman L, Sutter C, Emsermann CB, Staton EW,
Van Vorst R, et al. Testing to prevent colon cancer: Results from
a rural community intervention. Ann Fam Med 2013;11:500‑7.
26. Williams KP, Roman L, Meghea CI, Penner L, Hammad A,
GardinerJ, et al. Kin keeperSM: Design and baseline characteristics
of a community‑based randomized controlled trial promoting
cancer screening in black, Latina, and Arab women. Contemp
Clin Trials 2013;34:312‑9.
27. Zoellner JM, Connell CC, Madson MB, Wang B, Reed VB,
Molaison EF, et al. H.U.B city steps: Methods and early findings
from a community‑based participatory research trial to reduce
blood pressure among African Americans. Int J Behav Nutr Phys
Act 2011;8:59.
28. Emery JD, Gray V, Walter FM, Cheetham S, Croager EJ, Slevin T,
et al. The improving rural cancer outcomes (IRCO) trial: A factorial
cluster‑randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention to
reduce time to diagnosis in rural patients with cancer in Western
Australia: A study protocol. BMJ Open 2014;4:e006156.
29. Ono Y, Awata S, Iida H, Ishida Y, Ishizuka N, Iwasa H, et al.
A community intervention trial of multimodal suicide prevention
program in Japan: A novel multimodal community intervention
program to prevent suicide and suicide attempt in Japan,
NOCOMIT‑J. BMC Public Health 2008;8:315.
30. Park K, Hong WH, Kye SY, Jung E, Kim MH, Park HG, et al.
Community‑based intervention to promote breast cancer
awareness and screening: The Korean experience. BMC Public
Health 2011;11:468.
31. Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Rosenberger EL, Blackwell C,
Espeland MA, Lawlor MS, et al. Healthy living partnerships to
prevent diabetes (HELP PD): Design and methods. Contemp Clin
Trials 2010;31:71‑81.
32. Tripathy P, Nair N, Sinha R, Rath S, Gope RK, Rath S, et al.
Effect of participatory women’s groups facilitated by accredited
social health activists on birth outcomes in rural Eastern India:
A cluster‑randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health
2016;4:e119‑28.
33. Aragones A, Bruno DM, Ehrenberg M, Tonda‑Salcedo J, Gany FM.
Parental education and text messaging reminders as effective
community based tools to increase HPV vaccination rates among
Mexican American children. Prev Med Rep 2015;2:554‑8.
34. Hiatt RA, Pasick RJ, Stewart S, Bloom J, Davis P, Gardiner P,
et al. Cancer screening for underserved women: The breast and
cervical cancer intervention study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2008;17:1945‑9.
35. Levinson AH, Valverde P, Garrett K, Kimminau M, Burns EK,
Albright K, et al. Community‑based navigators for tobacco
cessation treatment: A proof‑of‑concept pilot study among
low‑income smokers. BMC Public Health 2015;15:627.
36. Morisky DE, Ang A, Coly A, Tiglao TV. A model HIV/AIDS
risk reduction programme in the Philippines: A comprehensive
community‑based approach through participatory action
research. Health Promot Int 2004;19:69‑76.
37. Bhagabaty SM, Kataki AC, Kalita M, Salkar S. Community based
intervention for tobacco cessation: A pilot study experience, North
East India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:811‑4.
38. Jayakrishnan R, Uutela A, Mathew A, Auvinen A, Mathew PS,
Sebastian P, et al. Smoking cessation intervention in rural Kerala,
India: Findings of a randomised controlled trial. Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2013;14:6797‑802.
39. Muramoto ML, Hall JR, Nichter M, Nichter M, Aickin M,
Connolly T, et al. Activating lay health influencers to promote
tobacco cessation. Am J Health Behav 2014;38:392‑403.
40. Thankappan KR, Sivasankaran S, Mini GK, Daivadanam M,
Sarma PS, Abdul Khader S, et al. Impact of a community based
intervention program on awareness, treatment and control of
hypertension in a rural Panchayat, Kerala, India. Indian Heart J
2013;65:504‑9.
41. LandMA, JefferyP, WebsterJ, CrinoM, Chalmers J, WoodwardM,
et al. Protocol for the implementation and evaluation of a
community‑based intervention seeking to reduce dietary salt
intake in Lithgow, Australia. BMC Public Health 2014;14:357.
42. Lu CH, Tang ST, Lei YX, Zhang MQ, Lin WQ, Ding SH, et al.
Community‑based interventions in hypertensive patients:
A comparison of three health education strategies. BMC Public
Health 2015;15:33.
43. ChenYY, Chen F, Chang SS, Wong J, Yip PS. Assessing the efficacy
of restricting access to barbecue charcoal for suicide prevention
in Taiwan: A community‑based intervention trial. PLoS One
2015;10:e0133809.
44. Mishra GA, Kulkarni SV, Majmudar PV, Gupta SD, Shastri SS.
Community‑based tobacco cessation program among women in
Mumbai, India. Indian J Cancer 2014;51 Suppl 1:S54‑9.
45. SarrafzadeganN, KelishadiR, EsmaillzadehA, MohammadifardN,
Rabiei K, Roohafza H, et al. Do lifestyle interventions work in
developing countries? Findings from the Isfahan healthy heart
program in the Islamic republic of Iran. Bull World Health Organ
2009;87:39‑50.
46. Fornari LS, Giuliano I, Azevedo F, Pastana A, Vieira C,
Caramelli B, et al. Children first study: How an educational
program in cardiovascular prevention at school can improve
parents’ cardiovascular risk. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2013;20:301‑9.
47. Colagiuri S, Vita P, Cardona‑Morrell M, Singh MF, Farrell L,
Milat A, et al. The Sydney diabetes prevention program:
A community‑based translational study. BMC Public Health
2010;10:328.
48. Vojta D, Koehler TB, Longjohn M, Lever JA, Caputo NF.
A coordinated national model for diabetes prevention: Linking
health systems to an evidence‑based community program. Am J
Prev Med 2013;44:S301‑6.
49. Gubbels JS, Mathisen FK, Samdal O, Lobstein T, Kohl LF,
Leversen I, et al. The assessment of ongoing community‑based
interventions to prevent obesity: Lessons learned. BMC Public
Health 2015;15:216.
50. Yassin MA, Datiko DG, Tulloch O, Markos P, Aschalew M,
Shargie EB, et al. Innovative community‑based approaches
doubled tuberculosis case notification and improve treatment
outcome in Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2013;8:e63174.
51. Pennell ML, Hade EM, Murray DM, Rhoda DA. Cutoff designs for
community‑based intervention studies. Stat Med 2011;30:1865‑82.
52. Bonell CP, Hargreaves J, Cousens S, Ross D, HayesR, Petticrew M,
et al. Alternatives to randomisation in the evaluation of public
health interventions: Design challenges and solutions. J Epidemiol
Community Health 2011;65:582‑7.
53. Salimi Y, Shahandeh K, Malekafzali H, Loori N, Kheiltash A,
JamshidiE, et al. Is community‑based participatory research(CBPR)
useful? A systematic review on papers in a decade. Int J Prev Med
2012;3:386‑93.
54. Saab KR, Kendrick J, Yracheta JM, Lanaspa MA, Pollard M,
Johnson RJ, et al. New insights on the risk for cardiovascular
disease in African Americans: The role of added sugars. J AmSoc Nephrol 2015;26:247‑57.
55. Bully P, Sánchez Á, Zabaleta‑del‑Olmo E, Pombo H, Grandes G.
Evidence from interventions based on theoretical models for
lifestyle modification (physical activity, diet, alcohol and tobacco
use) in primary care settings: A systematic review. Prev Med
2015;76 Suppl:S76‑93.
56. Haggis C, Sims‑Gould J, Winters M, Gutteridge K, McKay HA.
Sustained impact of community‑based physical activity
interventions: Key elements for success. BMC Public Health
2013;13:892.
57. Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Morgan TM, Lawlor MS, Blackwell CS,
Isom SP, et al. The healthy living partnerships to prevent diabetes
study: 2‑year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Am J
Prev Med 2013;44:S324‑32.
58. Vita P, Cardona‑Morrell M, Bauman A, Singh MF, Moore M,
Pennock R, et al. Type 2 diabetes prevention in the community:
12‑Month outcomes from the Sydney Diabetes Prevention
Program. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016;112:13‑9.
59. Henderson S, Kendall E, See L. The effectiveness of culturally
appropriate interventions to manage or prevent chronic disease
in culturally and linguistically diverse communities: A systematic
literature review. Health Soc Care Community 2011;19:225‑49.
)