Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Paediatric Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, Bardhaman,
2 Department of Preventive and Social Medicine. All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Abstract
Tobacco use causes many diseases irrespective of age and sex. More the addiction, more is the
occurrence of morbidity in terms of frequency and severity. This community‑based study was
conducted to find out any relationship between the morbidity associated with tobacco use and
nicotine dependence. In an urban slum – Alamganj, district Burdwan, West Bengal, India, from
January to October 2012 among 128 current adult tobacco users using Fagerström test for nicotine
dependence (FTND) questionnaire. Tobacco users were maximally suffering from chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) (27.27%), gastritis (25.45%), and leukoplakia (25.45%). For individual
diseases, the difference in FTND score was significantly high in cases of gastritis, hypertension,
and COPDs. All types of morbidity were more common in the group of high nicotine dependence.
FTND score can be suitably used to assess nicotine dependence of the tobacco users, who can be
counseled accordingly to reduce the tobacco‑related morbidity and mortality.
Keywords
- Kaur J, Sinha SK, Srivastava RK. Integration of tobacco cessation
in general medical practice: Need of the hour. J Indian Med Assoc
2011;109:925‑8.
2. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, fagerström KO.
The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the
Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86:1119‑27.
3. Ebbert JO, Patten CA, Schroeder DR. The Fagerström test for
nicotine dependence‑smokeless tobacco (FTND‑ST). Addict Behav
2006;31:1716‑21.
4. HuangCL, Lin HH, Wang HH. Evaluating screening performances
of the fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire, the Fagerstrom test
for nicotine dependence and the heavy smoking index among
Taiwanese male smokers. J Clin Nurs 2008;17:884‑90.
5. UysalMA, Kadakal F, Karşidağ C, Bayram NG, UysalO, Yilmaz V,
et al. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: Reliability in a
Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tuberk Toraks 2004;52:115‑21.
6. Meneses‑Gaya IC, Zuardi AW, Loureiro SR, Crippa JA.
Psychometric properties of the Fagerström test for nicotine
dependence. J Bras Pneumol 2009;35:73‑82.
7. Saha I, Paul B, Dey TK. An Epidemiological Study of smoking
among adult males in a rural area of Hooghly district, West
Bengal, Ind. J Smok Cess 2008;3:47‑90.
8. Nelson DE, Mowery P, Tomar S, Marcus S, Giovino G, Zhao L, et al.
Trends in smokeless tobacco use among adults and adolescents
in the United States. Am J Public Health 2006;96:897‑905 - 9. Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL,
Loscalzo Z. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed.
2012. p. 2042‑59, 2151, 2457.
10. Emre N, Topal K, Bozkurt N, Topaktas E. Mental health
screening and increased risk for anxiety and depression
among treatment‑seeking smokers. Tob Induc Dis
2014;12:20.
11. Balhara YP, Jain R, Sundar AS, Sagar R. Use of cotinine urinalysis
to verify self‑reported tobacco use among male psychiatric
out‑patients. Lung India 2012;29:217‑20.
)