Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore factors influencing the results of faculty member evaluation
from the viewpoints of faculty members affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,
Iran.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was done using a conventional content analysis
method. Participants were faculty members of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences who, considering
maximum variation in sampling, were chosen with a purposive sampling method. Semi‑structured
interviews were held with 11 faculty members until data saturation was reached. The interviews were
transcribed verbatim and analyzed with conventional content analysis method for theme development.
Further, the MAXQDA software was used for data management.
RESULTS: The data analysis led to the development of two main themes, namely, “characteristics
of the educational system” and “characteristics of the faculty member evaluation system.” The first
main theme consists of three categories, i.e. “characteristics of influential people in evaluation,”
“features of the courses,” and “background characteristics.” The other theme has the following as
its categories: “evaluation methods,” “evaluation tools,” “evaluation process,” and “application of
evaluation results.” Each category will have its subcategories.
CONCLUSIONS: Many factors affect the evaluation of faculty members that should be taken into
account by educational policymakers for improving the quality of the educational process. In addition
to the factors that directly influence the educational system, methodological problems in the evaluation
system need special attention.
Keywords
1. Saif A. Educational Measurement, Assessment and Evaluation.
5th ed. Tehran: Doran Publisher; 2008.
2. Akbari M, Moeintaghavi A, Ghanbari H, Bageri M, Otoufi A.
A comparison of the students’ and teachers’ viewpoints about
the characteristics of a good teacher in dentistry. J Mash Dent
Sch 2015;38:281‑90.
3. Sharifinia HE, Hekmat Afshar M. The characteristics of
good teacher based on view points of students and teachers:
A qualitative study. J Health Breath 2014;2:1‑10.
4. Stronge J. Evaluating Teaching: A Guide to Current Thinking and
Best Practice. California: Corwin Press, Inc.; 1997.
5. Bastani PA, Tahernejad A, Rouhollahi N. The Tehran University of
Medical Sciences faculty members’ viewpoints about the teachers’
evaluation system: A qualitative study. J Torbat Heydariyeh Univ
Med Sci 2015;2:7‑16.
6. Kamali F, Yamani N, Changiz T. Investigating the faculty
evaluation system in Iranian medical universities. J Educ Health
Promot 2014;3:12.
7. Searle NS, Teal CR, Richards BF, Friedland JA, Weigel NL,
Hernandez RA, et al. A standards‑based, peer‑reviewed
teaching award to enhance a medical school’s teaching
environment and inform the promotions process. Acad Med
2012;87:870‑6.
8. Javadi A, Arab Baferani M. “Pathology of Teaching Quality
Evaluation by Students with Native Approach”. In: The First
Conference in the Quality Assessment in University, Tehran,
Sharif University Tehran, Sharif University; 2014. Available from:
http://uteq.ut.ac.ir/documents/30787/2816240/1142.pdf
9. Zeidabadi HR, Pourkarimi J. The Status of Internal Evaluation
to Improve the Quality of Higher Education. In: Management
and Planning Organization, editor. 2nd National Conference
on Performance Management. Tehran, Iran Management and
Planning Organization; 2005.
10. Amini M, Honardar M. The view of faculties and medical students
about evaluation of faculty teaching experiences. Koomesh
2008;9:171‑8.
11. Ranjbar M, Vahidshahi K, Mahmoudi M. Viewpoints of the
attendings and medical students about the students’ evaluation
of the attendings, Mazandaran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci
2007;16:126‑35.
12. Gall MD, Borg WR, Gall JP. Educational Research: An
Introduction. London: Longman Publishing; 1996.
13. Yousefi Afrashteh M, Soltani Arabshahi SK, Bigdeli S,
Sedigh Maroofi S. Analysis of structural relationships of variables
associated with evaluation of teaching by students in medical
education. Iran J Med Educ 2015;15:393‑404.
14. Shakournia A, Elhampour H, Dasht Bozorgi B. Ten year trends in
faculty members’ evaluation results in Jondi Shapour university
of medical sciences. Iran J Med Educ 2008;7:309‑16.
15. Sanagoo A, Joibari L. Students’ viewpoints and experiences about
evaluation of academic staff in theoretical courses. Strides Dev
Med Educ 2010;7:57‑69.
16. Cashin WE. Student Ratings of Teaching: The Research Revisited.
IDEA Paper No. 32; 1995.
17. McKeachie WJ. Student ratings: The validity of use. American
Psychologist, 1997: 52 (11), 1218‑1225.
18. Lyde AR, Grieshaber DC, Byrns G. Faculty teaching performance:
Perceptions of a multi‑source method for evaluation. J Scholarsh
Teach Learn 2016;16:82‑94.
19. Azizi K, Aghamolaei T, Parsa N, Dabbaghmanesh T. Comparison
of differences in performance evaluation of faculty by students
with faculty’s self‑assessment. J Adv Med Educ Prof 2014;2:108‑13.
20. Marzano RJ. Teacher evaluation. Educational Leadership
2012; 14‑19. Available from: http://merainc.org/wp-content/
uploads/2013/11/Boogren‑The-Two‑Purposes‑of‑Teacher‑Eva
luation.pdf.
21. Joibari L, Sanagoo A, Sabzi Z. Teachers Review the Views
and Experiences of Golestan University of Medical Sciences to
the Teacher Evaluation Process. In: 10th Congress on Medical
Education. Shiraz: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; 2009.
22. Kreiter CD, Lakshman V. Investigating the use of sampling formaximising the efficiency of student‑generated faculty teaching
evaluations. Med Educ 2005;39:171‑5.
23. Hekmatpou D, Jahani F, Nejat N. Exploration of characteristics of
a competent nursing faculty member: A qualitative study. Iran J
Nurs Res 2013;8:58-67.
24. Heidarzadeh M, Izadi A, Rahmani A, Zamanzadeh V.
Characteristics of efficient clinical teachers: Nursing educators’
and students’ perspectives. Iran J Med Educ 2012;11:704‑17.
25. Harandi Zadeh E, Naeimi A, Pezeshki Rad G, NamdarR. Analysis
of good faculty characteristics from students’ perspective at
college of agriculture: Tarbiat modares university case. Q J Res
Plan Higher Educ 2011;16:41‑55.
26. Greenwald AG. Validity concerns and usefulness of student
ratings of instruction. Am Psychol 1997;52:1182‑6.
27. Dargahi H, Mohammadzadeh N. Faculty members’ evaluation
by students: Valid or invalid. Iran J Med Educ 2013;13:39‑48.
28. Dadkhah B, Mohamadi M, Mozafari N. The characteristics of a
good teacher from students viewpoints in Ardabil university of
medical sciences. J Nurse Ardabil Univ Med Sci 2009;11:44‑8.
29. Tamizifar B. Is the Faculty Evaluation from Student Perspective
Related to Student’s Scores? In: 5th National Congress on Medical
Education; 2000. p. 21.
30. BerkRA. Survey of 12 strategies to measure teaching effectiveness.
Int J Teach Learn High Educ 2005;17:48‑62.
31. Costin F, Greenough WT, Menges RJ. Student ratings of college
teaching: Reliability, validity, and usefulness. Rev Educ Res
1971;41:511‑35.
32. Berk RA. Top five flashpoints in the assessment of teaching
effectiveness. Med Teach 2013;35:15‑26.
33. Brady KL, Eisler RM. Sex and gender in the college classroom:
A quantitative analysis of faculty‑student interactions and
perceptions. J Educ Psychol 1999;91:127.
34. Goldberg G, Callahan J. Objectivity of student evaluations of
instructors. J Educ Bus 1991;66:377‑8.
35. Marsh HW, Hocevar D. The factorial invariance of student
evaluations of college teaching. Am Educ Res J 1984;21:341‑66.
36. Kamali F, Yamani N, Changiz T. A conceptual model of teacher
evaluation system. Isfahan: Isfahan University of Medical Science;
2012. [dissertation]
37. Sharifi M, Jourabchi Z, Alipour HM. Teachers Effectiveness on
Student Assessment of Teachers and the Course; 2002.
38. Dunkin MJ. Novice and award‑winning teachers’ concepts
and beliefs about teaching in higher education. In: Hativa N,
Goodyear J, editors. Teacher Thinking, Beliefs and Knowledge
in Higher Education. Berlin/Heidelberg, : Springer Science &
Business Media; 2002. p. 41‑57.
39. Rafiee MS. Study of Factors Related to Teacher Evaluation
by the Students in Arak University of Medical Sciences. In:
1st International Conference on Reform and Change Management
in Medical Education, 6th Congress on Medical Education. Tehran:
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 2003. p. 66.
40. TootoonchiM, Changiz T, Alipour L, Yamani N. Faculty members’
viewpoints towards teacher evaluation process in Isfahan
University of medical science. Iran J Med Educ 2006;6:23‑31.
41. van der Leeuw RM, Boerebach BC, Lombarts KM, Heineman MJ,
Arah OA. Effects of Residents’ Feedback on Teaching Performance
Improvement of Faculty Working in Residency Training:
A Longitudinal Study. From Feedback to Action; 2013. p. 131.
5th ed. Tehran: Doran Publisher; 2008.
2. Akbari M, Moeintaghavi A, Ghanbari H, Bageri M, Otoufi A.
A comparison of the students’ and teachers’ viewpoints about
the characteristics of a good teacher in dentistry. J Mash Dent
Sch 2015;38:281‑90.
3. Sharifinia HE, Hekmat Afshar M. The characteristics of
good teacher based on view points of students and teachers:
A qualitative study. J Health Breath 2014;2:1‑10.
4. Stronge J. Evaluating Teaching: A Guide to Current Thinking and
Best Practice. California: Corwin Press, Inc.; 1997.
5. Bastani PA, Tahernejad A, Rouhollahi N. The Tehran University of
Medical Sciences faculty members’ viewpoints about the teachers’
evaluation system: A qualitative study. J Torbat Heydariyeh Univ
Med Sci 2015;2:7‑16.
6. Kamali F, Yamani N, Changiz T. Investigating the faculty
evaluation system in Iranian medical universities. J Educ Health
Promot 2014;3:12.
7. Searle NS, Teal CR, Richards BF, Friedland JA, Weigel NL,
Hernandez RA, et al. A standards‑based, peer‑reviewed
teaching award to enhance a medical school’s teaching
environment and inform the promotions process. Acad Med
2012;87:870‑6.
8. Javadi A, Arab Baferani M. “Pathology of Teaching Quality
Evaluation by Students with Native Approach”. In: The First
Conference in the Quality Assessment in University, Tehran,
Sharif University Tehran, Sharif University; 2014. Available from:
http://uteq.ut.ac.ir/documents/30787/2816240/1142.pdf
9. Zeidabadi HR, Pourkarimi J. The Status of Internal Evaluation
to Improve the Quality of Higher Education. In: Management
and Planning Organization, editor. 2nd National Conference
on Performance Management. Tehran, Iran Management and
Planning Organization; 2005.
10. Amini M, Honardar M. The view of faculties and medical students
about evaluation of faculty teaching experiences. Koomesh
2008;9:171‑8.
11. Ranjbar M, Vahidshahi K, Mahmoudi M. Viewpoints of the
attendings and medical students about the students’ evaluation
of the attendings, Mazandaran. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci
2007;16:126‑35.
12. Gall MD, Borg WR, Gall JP. Educational Research: An
Introduction. London: Longman Publishing; 1996.
13. Yousefi Afrashteh M, Soltani Arabshahi SK, Bigdeli S,
Sedigh Maroofi S. Analysis of structural relationships of variables
associated with evaluation of teaching by students in medical
education. Iran J Med Educ 2015;15:393‑404.
14. Shakournia A, Elhampour H, Dasht Bozorgi B. Ten year trends in
faculty members’ evaluation results in Jondi Shapour university
of medical sciences. Iran J Med Educ 2008;7:309‑16.
15. Sanagoo A, Joibari L. Students’ viewpoints and experiences about
evaluation of academic staff in theoretical courses. Strides Dev
Med Educ 2010;7:57‑69.
16. Cashin WE. Student Ratings of Teaching: The Research Revisited.
IDEA Paper No. 32; 1995.
17. McKeachie WJ. Student ratings: The validity of use. American
Psychologist, 1997: 52 (11), 1218‑1225.
18. Lyde AR, Grieshaber DC, Byrns G. Faculty teaching performance:
Perceptions of a multi‑source method for evaluation. J Scholarsh
Teach Learn 2016;16:82‑94.
19. Azizi K, Aghamolaei T, Parsa N, Dabbaghmanesh T. Comparison
of differences in performance evaluation of faculty by students
with faculty’s self‑assessment. J Adv Med Educ Prof 2014;2:108‑13.
20. Marzano RJ. Teacher evaluation. Educational Leadership
2012; 14‑19. Available from: http://merainc.org/wp-content/
uploads/2013/11/Boogren‑The-Two‑Purposes‑of‑Teacher‑Eva
luation.pdf.
21. Joibari L, Sanagoo A, Sabzi Z. Teachers Review the Views
and Experiences of Golestan University of Medical Sciences to
the Teacher Evaluation Process. In: 10th Congress on Medical
Education. Shiraz: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; 2009.
22. Kreiter CD, Lakshman V. Investigating the use of sampling formaximising the efficiency of student‑generated faculty teaching
evaluations. Med Educ 2005;39:171‑5.
23. Hekmatpou D, Jahani F, Nejat N. Exploration of characteristics of
a competent nursing faculty member: A qualitative study. Iran J
Nurs Res 2013;8:58-67.
24. Heidarzadeh M, Izadi A, Rahmani A, Zamanzadeh V.
Characteristics of efficient clinical teachers: Nursing educators’
and students’ perspectives. Iran J Med Educ 2012;11:704‑17.
25. Harandi Zadeh E, Naeimi A, Pezeshki Rad G, NamdarR. Analysis
of good faculty characteristics from students’ perspective at
college of agriculture: Tarbiat modares university case. Q J Res
Plan Higher Educ 2011;16:41‑55.
26. Greenwald AG. Validity concerns and usefulness of student
ratings of instruction. Am Psychol 1997;52:1182‑6.
27. Dargahi H, Mohammadzadeh N. Faculty members’ evaluation
by students: Valid or invalid. Iran J Med Educ 2013;13:39‑48.
28. Dadkhah B, Mohamadi M, Mozafari N. The characteristics of a
good teacher from students viewpoints in Ardabil university of
medical sciences. J Nurse Ardabil Univ Med Sci 2009;11:44‑8.
29. Tamizifar B. Is the Faculty Evaluation from Student Perspective
Related to Student’s Scores? In: 5th National Congress on Medical
Education; 2000. p. 21.
30. BerkRA. Survey of 12 strategies to measure teaching effectiveness.
Int J Teach Learn High Educ 2005;17:48‑62.
31. Costin F, Greenough WT, Menges RJ. Student ratings of college
teaching: Reliability, validity, and usefulness. Rev Educ Res
1971;41:511‑35.
32. Berk RA. Top five flashpoints in the assessment of teaching
effectiveness. Med Teach 2013;35:15‑26.
33. Brady KL, Eisler RM. Sex and gender in the college classroom:
A quantitative analysis of faculty‑student interactions and
perceptions. J Educ Psychol 1999;91:127.
34. Goldberg G, Callahan J. Objectivity of student evaluations of
instructors. J Educ Bus 1991;66:377‑8.
35. Marsh HW, Hocevar D. The factorial invariance of student
evaluations of college teaching. Am Educ Res J 1984;21:341‑66.
36. Kamali F, Yamani N, Changiz T. A conceptual model of teacher
evaluation system. Isfahan: Isfahan University of Medical Science;
2012. [dissertation]
37. Sharifi M, Jourabchi Z, Alipour HM. Teachers Effectiveness on
Student Assessment of Teachers and the Course; 2002.
38. Dunkin MJ. Novice and award‑winning teachers’ concepts
and beliefs about teaching in higher education. In: Hativa N,
Goodyear J, editors. Teacher Thinking, Beliefs and Knowledge
in Higher Education. Berlin/Heidelberg, : Springer Science &
Business Media; 2002. p. 41‑57.
39. Rafiee MS. Study of Factors Related to Teacher Evaluation
by the Students in Arak University of Medical Sciences. In:
1st International Conference on Reform and Change Management
in Medical Education, 6th Congress on Medical Education. Tehran:
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; 2003. p. 66.
40. TootoonchiM, Changiz T, Alipour L, Yamani N. Faculty members’
viewpoints towards teacher evaluation process in Isfahan
University of medical science. Iran J Med Educ 2006;6:23‑31.
41. van der Leeuw RM, Boerebach BC, Lombarts KM, Heineman MJ,
Arah OA. Effects of Residents’ Feedback on Teaching Performance
Improvement of Faculty Working in Residency Training:
A Longitudinal Study. From Feedback to Action; 2013. p. 131.
)