Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Psychology, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract
Background: Postpartum period is the riskiest time for mood disorders and psychosis.
Postpartum depression is the most important mood disorder after delivery, which can
be accompanied by mother-child and family relationship disorders. Meta-analysis with
the integration of research results demonstrates to investigate the association between the mode
of delivery and postpartum depression. Materials and Methods: This meta-analysis uses the
Rosenthal and Robin approach. For this purpose, 18 studies which were acceptable in terms of
methodology were selected and meta-analysis was conducted on them. Research instrument
was a checklist of meta-analysis. After summarizing the results of the studies, effect sizes were
calculated manually and combined based on meta-analysis method. Results: The findings
showed that the amount of effect size (in term of Cohen d) of delivery mode on postpartum
depression was 0/30 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Delivery mode on maternal mental health is
assessed medium. Meta analysis also indicates moderator variables role, and researcher must
focus in these variables.
Keywords
1. Pirlohenryl. O translated by Gharib.A. Stressand Safety. Mashhad:
Publish: Derakhshesh; 2001.
2. Ukpong DI. Owolabi AT. Postpartum emotional distress:
A controlled study of Nigerian women after caesarean child birth.
J Obstet Gynaecol 2006;26:127‑9.
3. Munk‑Olsen T, Laursen TM, Mendelson T, Pedersen CB, Mors O,
MortensenPB. Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder
during the postpartum period. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:189‑95.
4. Adefuye PO, Fakoya TA, Odusoga OL, Adefuye BO, Ogunsemi SO,
Akindele RA. Post‑partum mental disorders in Sagamu. East Afr
Med J 2008;85:607‑11.
5. Kapplan, Sadock BJ, Sadock VA.translated by Poorafkary.N
Synopsis of psychiatry. Tehran: Publish: Arjmand 2012
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic andStatistical Manual
of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric
Press; 2012. textrev (DSM‑V).
7. O’Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: Current status and
future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2013;9:379‑407.
8. Posmontier B. Sleep quality in women with and without postpartum
depression. Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurse 2010;37:722‑38.
9. Goodman JH. Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to
Maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health.
J Adv Nurs 2004;45:26‑35.
10. Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Sasaki S, Hirota Y. Employment, income, and
education and risk of postpartum depression: The Osaka Maternal
and Child Health Study. J Affect Disord 2011;130:133‑7.
11. Cunningham FG, Norman F, kenneth J, Larry C.and Katharine D.
Normal labor and delivery Williams obstetrics. 21st ed. USA: McGraw
Hill; 2001. p. 252-58.
12. Kemp B, Bongartz K, Rath W. Psychic disturbances in the post
partum period: An increasing problem. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol.
2003; 207:159‑65.
13. Bahadoran P, Kavusian J, Oreizi HR. Depressionin women. Isfahan:
Jahad Daneshgahi; 2004.
14. Williams J, Cunningham G. Pregnancy and delivery. Tehran,
Khosravi, publication 2006.
15. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ,
Spong CY. Williams obstetrics. 23th ed. Chapter 25, New York:
McGraw Hill; 2010. p. 5‑37.
16. Rouhi M, Usefi H, Hasan M, Vizheh M. Ethnicity as a risk factor for
postpartum depression. Br J Midwifery 2012;20:419‑26.
17. Khamsea F. The survey psychosocial factors effect on prevalence
of postpartum depression in karaj womens hospital. kousar Medical
Journal. 2002;4 (7):327‑31.
18. Goodman JH. Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to
Maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health.
Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2004; 45 (1): 26‑35.
19. Alimohamadian M, Shariat S, Mahmoodi M, Ramezanzade F. The
influence of maternal request on the elective caesarean section
rate in maternity hospital in Tehran, Iran. Payesh J Iran Inst Health
Sci Res 2003;2:133‑9.
20. Moini A, Riazi K, Ebrahimi A, Ostovan N. Caesarean section rates
in teaching hospital of Tehran: 1999‑2003. East Mediterr Health J
2007;13:457‑60.
21. Mallikarjun PK, Oyebode F. Prevention of postnatal depression. J R
Soc Health 2005;125:221‑6.
22. Dolatian M, Maziar p., Yazdjerdi M., Hamid A. Investigate the
relationship between type of delivery and postpartum depressive.
Journal of reproduction and infertility 2006; 7 (3):260-268.
23. Hadizade Fateme, Bahri Narjes, Tavakolizade Narjes. Comparison of
postpartum depression, vaginal and cesarean section in primiparous
women. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.
2003;8 (4):21‑31.
24. Mongoli M, Zare MF, Ramezani T. Impact of delivery method
on postpartum mental health. J Hormozgan Univ Med Sci
2010;14:226‑34.
25. Ebrahimi M. The effect of mode of delivery on postpartum
depression. Professional Phd thesis in zahedan University of Medical
Sciences. 2001.
26. Abedi Z. Determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and its
related factors. Prof Doctorate thesis in Isfahan Univ Med Sci 2004.
27. Nikpour M, Abedian Z, Mokhber N, Ebrahimzade S, Khani S.
Comparision of Quality of life in women after vaginal delivery and
cesarean section. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2011;13:42‑50.
28. Salimian H, Nasiri F, Kheirkhah F. The prevalence of depressive
symptoms before and after delivery and its relationship with
effective factors. Journal of babol University of Medical Sciences.
2010;10:65-75.
29. Sharifi K, Soluki Z, Akbari H, Sharifi M. Investigate the relationship
between type of delivery and postpartum depressive. J Faiz
2008;12:50‑5.
30. Mohammadi R, Javanmardgholam H. Evaluation of risk factors
associated with postpartum depression. The 1st student national
congrossion social determinants of health. Tehran; 2010.
31. Sehatishafaie F, Ranjbar F, Ghujazade M, Rezaie M. Evaluation of
risk factors associated with postpartum depression. J Ardebil Univ
Med Sci 2010;8:54‑61.
32. Khoramirad Ashraf, Musavi Maryam, Shouri Alireza. The prevalence
of postpartum depression and associated factors. J Shahid Beheshti
Univ Med Sci 2010;15:62‑6.
33. Panahimishkar A, Asadisadeghi A. Prevalence and risk factors
of postpartum depression in women. J Zabol Univ Med Sci
2005;31:45‑55.
34. Sadat Z, Saberi F, Talebi M, Abedzade M. Relationship between
women’s quality of life and type of delivery. J Gorgan Univ Med
Sci 2011;13:101‑8.
35. Farzad M, Bahareghazi S. Investigate the relationship between
type of delivery and postpartum depressive symptoms. J Shahid
Beheshti Univ Med Sci 2005;29:331‑5.
36. Josefsson A, Angelsiöö L, Berg G, Ekström CM, Gunnervik C,
Nordin C, et al. Obstetric, somatic and demographic risk
factors for postpartum depressive symptoms. Obstet Gynecol
2009;99:223‑8.
37. Hung CH. Predictors of postpartum women’s Health status. J Nurs
Scholarsh 2006;36:345‑51.
38. Adewuya AO, Fatoye FO, Ola BA, Ijaodola OR, Ibigbami SM.
Sociodemagraphic and obstetrics Risk factors for postpartum
Depressive symptoms in Nigerian Women. J Psychiatr Pract
2005;11:353‑8.
39. Fisher JR, Morrow MM, Ngoc NT, Anh LT. prevevalence, nature,
Severity and correlates of postpartum depressive symptoms in
vietename. BJOG 2004;111:1353‑60.
40. Chaaya M, Campbell OM, El Kak F, Shaar D, Harb H, Kaddour A.Postpartum depression, Prevalence and determinants in Lebanon.
Arch Womens Ment Health 2008;5:65‑72.
41. Farahani H, Oreyzi H. Advanced statistical methods in the
humanities, practical approach. Isfahan: Jahad Daneshgahi
Publication; 2005.
42. Howit D, Keramer D. Statistical methods in psychology and other
behavioral science. Tehran: Sokhan; 2009.
43. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta‑analysis in clinical trials. Controlled
Clinical Trials. 1986; 7:177‑88.
44. Hasanzahraie R, Khodadustan M, Asadolahi Gh, Bashardust N.
Evaluation of risk factors associated with postpartum depression.
MA Thesis, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 1997;11:50-7.
45. Sharif Abad Mehravar. The prevalence of postpartum depression
and its risk factors. MA thesis. Iran: University of Medical Sciences;
1997.
46. Narimani M, Nakhostinruhi P, Yusefi M. The prevalence of
postpartum depression and its risk factors. J Ardebil Univ Med
Sci 2004;3:53-7.
47. Kiani Z. To determine the frequency of postpartum depression and
its association with maternal mental health. Professional Phd thesis.
Iran: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; 2004.
48. Behdani F, Hebrani P, Afzalaghaie M, Naserniea SH, Karbaschi Z.
Midwifery and psychological factors affecting the mental health of
women after delivery. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2004;7:46-51.
49. Hosseini H, Naghibi AH, Khademloo M. Postpartum depression
and its relationship with some factors. J Babol Univ Med Sci
2008;10:76-81.
50. Jafarpour M, Esfandyari M, Mokhtarsahi sh, Hoseini F. Postpartum
Depression and its Relationship with Stressful Life Events. J
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci 2005;10:320-31.
51. Clement S. Psychychological aspects of caesarean section. Best
Pract Res Clin Obstetr Gynecol 2001;15:109-29.
52. Osis MJ, Padua KS, Duarte GA, Souza TR, Faundes A. The opinion
of Brazilian women regarding vaginal labor and cesarean section.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001;75: 59-66.
Publish: Derakhshesh; 2001.
2. Ukpong DI. Owolabi AT. Postpartum emotional distress:
A controlled study of Nigerian women after caesarean child birth.
J Obstet Gynaecol 2006;26:127‑9.
3. Munk‑Olsen T, Laursen TM, Mendelson T, Pedersen CB, Mors O,
MortensenPB. Risks and predictors of readmission for a mental disorder
during the postpartum period. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:189‑95.
4. Adefuye PO, Fakoya TA, Odusoga OL, Adefuye BO, Ogunsemi SO,
Akindele RA. Post‑partum mental disorders in Sagamu. East Afr
Med J 2008;85:607‑11.
5. Kapplan, Sadock BJ, Sadock VA.translated by Poorafkary.N
Synopsis of psychiatry. Tehran: Publish: Arjmand 2012
6. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic andStatistical Manual
of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric
Press; 2012. textrev (DSM‑V).
7. O’Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: Current status and
future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2013;9:379‑407.
8. Posmontier B. Sleep quality in women with and without postpartum
depression. Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurse 2010;37:722‑38.
9. Goodman JH. Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to
Maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health.
J Adv Nurs 2004;45:26‑35.
10. Miyake Y, Tanaka K, Sasaki S, Hirota Y. Employment, income, and
education and risk of postpartum depression: The Osaka Maternal
and Child Health Study. J Affect Disord 2011;130:133‑7.
11. Cunningham FG, Norman F, kenneth J, Larry C.and Katharine D.
Normal labor and delivery Williams obstetrics. 21st ed. USA: McGraw
Hill; 2001. p. 252-58.
12. Kemp B, Bongartz K, Rath W. Psychic disturbances in the post
partum period: An increasing problem. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol.
2003; 207:159‑65.
13. Bahadoran P, Kavusian J, Oreizi HR. Depressionin women. Isfahan:
Jahad Daneshgahi; 2004.
14. Williams J, Cunningham G. Pregnancy and delivery. Tehran,
Khosravi, publication 2006.
15. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Rouse DJ,
Spong CY. Williams obstetrics. 23th ed. Chapter 25, New York:
McGraw Hill; 2010. p. 5‑37.
16. Rouhi M, Usefi H, Hasan M, Vizheh M. Ethnicity as a risk factor for
postpartum depression. Br J Midwifery 2012;20:419‑26.
17. Khamsea F. The survey psychosocial factors effect on prevalence
of postpartum depression in karaj womens hospital. kousar Medical
Journal. 2002;4 (7):327‑31.
18. Goodman JH. Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to
Maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health.
Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2004; 45 (1): 26‑35.
19. Alimohamadian M, Shariat S, Mahmoodi M, Ramezanzade F. The
influence of maternal request on the elective caesarean section
rate in maternity hospital in Tehran, Iran. Payesh J Iran Inst Health
Sci Res 2003;2:133‑9.
20. Moini A, Riazi K, Ebrahimi A, Ostovan N. Caesarean section rates
in teaching hospital of Tehran: 1999‑2003. East Mediterr Health J
2007;13:457‑60.
21. Mallikarjun PK, Oyebode F. Prevention of postnatal depression. J R
Soc Health 2005;125:221‑6.
22. Dolatian M, Maziar p., Yazdjerdi M., Hamid A. Investigate the
relationship between type of delivery and postpartum depressive.
Journal of reproduction and infertility 2006; 7 (3):260-268.
23. Hadizade Fateme, Bahri Narjes, Tavakolizade Narjes. Comparison of
postpartum depression, vaginal and cesarean section in primiparous
women. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.
2003;8 (4):21‑31.
24. Mongoli M, Zare MF, Ramezani T. Impact of delivery method
on postpartum mental health. J Hormozgan Univ Med Sci
2010;14:226‑34.
25. Ebrahimi M. The effect of mode of delivery on postpartum
depression. Professional Phd thesis in zahedan University of Medical
Sciences. 2001.
26. Abedi Z. Determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and its
related factors. Prof Doctorate thesis in Isfahan Univ Med Sci 2004.
27. Nikpour M, Abedian Z, Mokhber N, Ebrahimzade S, Khani S.
Comparision of Quality of life in women after vaginal delivery and
cesarean section. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2011;13:42‑50.
28. Salimian H, Nasiri F, Kheirkhah F. The prevalence of depressive
symptoms before and after delivery and its relationship with
effective factors. Journal of babol University of Medical Sciences.
2010;10:65-75.
29. Sharifi K, Soluki Z, Akbari H, Sharifi M. Investigate the relationship
between type of delivery and postpartum depressive. J Faiz
2008;12:50‑5.
30. Mohammadi R, Javanmardgholam H. Evaluation of risk factors
associated with postpartum depression. The 1st student national
congrossion social determinants of health. Tehran; 2010.
31. Sehatishafaie F, Ranjbar F, Ghujazade M, Rezaie M. Evaluation of
risk factors associated with postpartum depression. J Ardebil Univ
Med Sci 2010;8:54‑61.
32. Khoramirad Ashraf, Musavi Maryam, Shouri Alireza. The prevalence
of postpartum depression and associated factors. J Shahid Beheshti
Univ Med Sci 2010;15:62‑6.
33. Panahimishkar A, Asadisadeghi A. Prevalence and risk factors
of postpartum depression in women. J Zabol Univ Med Sci
2005;31:45‑55.
34. Sadat Z, Saberi F, Talebi M, Abedzade M. Relationship between
women’s quality of life and type of delivery. J Gorgan Univ Med
Sci 2011;13:101‑8.
35. Farzad M, Bahareghazi S. Investigate the relationship between
type of delivery and postpartum depressive symptoms. J Shahid
Beheshti Univ Med Sci 2005;29:331‑5.
36. Josefsson A, Angelsiöö L, Berg G, Ekström CM, Gunnervik C,
Nordin C, et al. Obstetric, somatic and demographic risk
factors for postpartum depressive symptoms. Obstet Gynecol
2009;99:223‑8.
37. Hung CH. Predictors of postpartum women’s Health status. J Nurs
Scholarsh 2006;36:345‑51.
38. Adewuya AO, Fatoye FO, Ola BA, Ijaodola OR, Ibigbami SM.
Sociodemagraphic and obstetrics Risk factors for postpartum
Depressive symptoms in Nigerian Women. J Psychiatr Pract
2005;11:353‑8.
39. Fisher JR, Morrow MM, Ngoc NT, Anh LT. prevevalence, nature,
Severity and correlates of postpartum depressive symptoms in
vietename. BJOG 2004;111:1353‑60.
40. Chaaya M, Campbell OM, El Kak F, Shaar D, Harb H, Kaddour A.Postpartum depression, Prevalence and determinants in Lebanon.
Arch Womens Ment Health 2008;5:65‑72.
41. Farahani H, Oreyzi H. Advanced statistical methods in the
humanities, practical approach. Isfahan: Jahad Daneshgahi
Publication; 2005.
42. Howit D, Keramer D. Statistical methods in psychology and other
behavioral science. Tehran: Sokhan; 2009.
43. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta‑analysis in clinical trials. Controlled
Clinical Trials. 1986; 7:177‑88.
44. Hasanzahraie R, Khodadustan M, Asadolahi Gh, Bashardust N.
Evaluation of risk factors associated with postpartum depression.
MA Thesis, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. 1997;11:50-7.
45. Sharif Abad Mehravar. The prevalence of postpartum depression
and its risk factors. MA thesis. Iran: University of Medical Sciences;
1997.
46. Narimani M, Nakhostinruhi P, Yusefi M. The prevalence of
postpartum depression and its risk factors. J Ardebil Univ Med
Sci 2004;3:53-7.
47. Kiani Z. To determine the frequency of postpartum depression and
its association with maternal mental health. Professional Phd thesis.
Iran: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; 2004.
48. Behdani F, Hebrani P, Afzalaghaie M, Naserniea SH, Karbaschi Z.
Midwifery and psychological factors affecting the mental health of
women after delivery. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2004;7:46-51.
49. Hosseini H, Naghibi AH, Khademloo M. Postpartum depression
and its relationship with some factors. J Babol Univ Med Sci
2008;10:76-81.
50. Jafarpour M, Esfandyari M, Mokhtarsahi sh, Hoseini F. Postpartum
Depression and its Relationship with Stressful Life Events. J
Kermanshah Univ Med Sci 2005;10:320-31.
51. Clement S. Psychychological aspects of caesarean section. Best
Pract Res Clin Obstetr Gynecol 2001;15:109-29.
52. Osis MJ, Padua KS, Duarte GA, Souza TR, Faundes A. The opinion
of Brazilian women regarding vaginal labor and cesarean section.
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001;75: 59-66.
)