Reviewers
Authors
1 Department of Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
4 Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Qom University Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diabetes is one of the major concerns in the third millennium,
affecting more people every day. The prevalence of this disease in Iran is reported to be
high (about 7.7%). The most important method to control this disease and prevent its
complications is self‑care. According to various studies, this method has not found its
proper place among patients with diabetes due to several reasons. The present study was
aimed at determining the relationship between social support, especially family support, and
self‑care behavior of diabetes patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a narrative
review in which the relevant papers of cross‑sectional, cohort, clinical trial, and systematic
review designs were selected using databases and scientific search engines such as
PubMed, ProQuest, SCOPUS, and Elsevier, with the keywords diabetes, social support,
and self‑care. Moreover, Persian papers were selected from MEDLAB and IRANMEDEX
databases and through searching the websites of original research papers published in
Iran. All the papers published from 1990 to 2011 were reviewed. Results: The results of
the study indicated that the status of self‑care and social support in patients with diabetes
was not favorable. All the studied papers showed that there was a positive relationship
between social support and self‑care behavior. Also, some studies pointed to the positive
effect of social support, especially family support and more specifically support from the
spouse, on controlling blood sugar level and HbA1c. Conclusion: As social support can
predict the health promoting behavior, this concept is also capable of predicting self‑care
behavior of patients with diabetes. Therefore, getting the family members, especially the
spouse, involved in self‑care behavior can be of significant importance in providing health
care to patients with diabetes.
Keywords
1. Roglic G, Unwin N, Mathers C, Tuomilehto J, Nag S, Connolly V,
et al. The burden of mortality attributable to diabetes: Realistic
estimates for the year 2000. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2130‑35.
2. International Diabetes Foundation. The International Diabetes
Federation welcomes adoption of WHO global strategy on diet,
physical activity and health. In; 2004. Available from: http://www.
idf.org/home/index.cfm. [Last accessed on 2009 Oct 19].
3. Esteghamati A, Gouya MM, Abbasi M, Delavari A, Alikhani S,
Alaedini F, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose
in the adult population of Iran: National Survey of Risk Factors for
Non Communicable Diseases of Iran. Diabetes Care 2008;31:96‑8.
4. Dickson JA. Critical social theory approach to nursing care of
adolescents with diabetes. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 1999;22:143‑52.
5. Funnell MM, Anderson RM. Empowerment and self‑ management
of diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2004;22:123‑7.
6. Heisler M. Helping your patients with chronic disease: Effective
physician approaches to support selfmanagement. Semin Med
Pract 2005;8:43‑54.
7. Anderson RM, Funnell MM. Patient empowerment: Reflections on
the challenge of fostering the adoption of a new paradigm. Patient
Educ Couns 2005;57:153‑7.
8. Telford K, Kralik D, Koch T. Acceptance and denial: Implications for
people adapting to chronic illness: Literature review. J Adv Nurs
2006;55:457‑64.
9. Oki S, Hoshi T. Empowerment process of Self‑help Group:
A Qualitative Study of Patient Group Members of Crohn and Colitis.
Compr Urban Stud 2004;83:29‑45.
10. Siguroardottir AK. Self‑care in diabetes: Model of factor affecting
self‑care. J Clin Nurs 2005;14:301‑14.
11. Fischer J, Kozewski W, Jones G, Staneu Kogstrand K. The use of
interviewing to Assess Dietetic Internship Preceptors needs and
perce‑ptions. J Amer Dietetic Asso‑ciation 2006;106:A58.
12. McDowell J, Courtney M, Edwards H, Shortridge‑ Baggett L.
Validation of the Australian/English version of the Diabetes
Management Self‑Efficacy Scale. Int J Nurs Pract 2005;11:177‑84.
13. Lee HJ, Park KY, Park HS. Self‑care activity, Metabolic control,
and cardiovascular risk factors in accordance with the levels of
depression of clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Taehan Kanho
Hakhoe Chi 2005;35:283‑91.
14. Mahmood K, Aamir AH. Glycemic control status in patients with
type 2 diabetes. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2005;15:323‑5.
15. Dailey George. A timely transition to insulin: Identifying type 2
diabetes patients failing oral therapy. Formulary 2005;40:114‑30.
16. Dailey George. Fine‑Tuning therapy with basal insulin for
optimal glicemic control diabetes: A review. Curr Med Res Opin
2004;20:2007‑14.
17. Jafarian Amiri SR, Zabihi A, Babaieasl F, Eshkevari N, Bijani A. Self
care behaviors in diabetic patients referring to diabetes clinics in
Babol City, Iran. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2010;12:72‑8.
18. Shakibazadeh E, Rashidian A, Larijani B, Shojaeezadeh D,
Forouzanfar MH, Karimi Shahanjarini A. Perceived barriers and
self‑efficacy: Impact on self‑care behaviors in adults with type 2
diabetes. J Fac Nurs Midwifery 2010;15:69‑78.
19. Morowati Sharifabad M, Rouhani Tonekaboni N. Social support and
self‑care behaviors in diabetic patients referring to Yazd Diabetes
Research Center. ZJRMS 2008;9:275‑84.
20. Baghaei P, Zandi M, Vares Z, Masoudi Alavi N, Adib‑Hajbaghery M.
Self care situation in diabetic patients referring to Kashan
Diabetes Center, in 2005. Feyz Kashan Univ Med Sci Health Serv
2008;12:88‑93.21. Jahanloo AS, Ghofranipour F, Vafaei M, Kimiagar M, Heydarnia AR,
Sobhani A. Health Belief Model constructs measured with HbA1c
in diabetic patients with good control and poor. J Hormozgan Univ
Med Sci 2008;12:37‑42.
22. Susan LN. Recommendation for Healthcare system and
Self‑Management Education interventions to reduce morbidity and
mortality from diabetes. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:10‑4.
23. Heisler Michele, Piette John D, Spencer Michael, Kieffer
Edie, Vijan Sandeep. The relationship between knowledge of
rec15793179ent HbA1c values and diabetes care understanding
and self‑management. Diabetes Care 2005;28:816‑22.
24. Simmons D, Lillis S, Swan J, Haar J. Discordance in perceptions
of barriers to diabetes care between patients and primary care and
secondary care. Diabetes Care 2007;30:490‑5.
25. Abdoli S, Ashktorab T, Ahmadi F, Parvizi S. Barriers to and facilitators
of empowerment in people with diabetes. IJEM 2009;5:455‑64.
26. Alberti H, Boudriga N, Nabli M. Factors affecting the quality of
diabetes care in primary health care centres in Tunis. Diabetes Res
Clin Pract 2005;68:237‑43.
27. Adams AS, Mah C, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Barton MB,
Ross‑Degnan D. Barriers to self‑monitoring of blood glucose
among adults with diabetes in an HMO: A cross sectional study.
BMC Health Serv Res 2003;3:1‑8.
28. Karter AJ, Ferrara A, Darbinian JA, Ackerson LM, Selby JV. Self
monitoring of blood glucose: Language and financial barriers
in a managed care population with diabetes. Diabetes Care
2000;23:477‑83.
29. Goldman D, Smith J. Can patient self‑management help explain the
SES health gradient? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:10929‑34.
30. Piette J, Heisler M, Wagner T. Problems paying outof‑ pocket costs
among older adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:384‑91.
31. Trief PM, Ploutz‑Snyder R, Britton KD, Weinstock RS. The
relationship between marital quality and adherence to the diabetes
care regiment. Ann Behav Med 2004;27:148‑54.
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nutritional support in Navajos’ type-2 diabetes metabolic control.
Diabetes Care 2003;26:2829‑34.
33. Shaw BA, Gallant MP, Jacome MR, Spokane LS. Assessing sources
of support for diabetes self‑ care in urban and rural underserved
communites. J Community Health 2006;31:393‑412.
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family version: Evaluating adolescent’s diabetes‑ specific support
from family members. J Pediatr Psychol 2002;27:665‑76.
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care education. Health Educ Res Theory Pract 2003;18:192‑206.
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to the experience of diabetes in young people . Br J Health Psychol
2006;11:155‑69.
37. Heidari SH, NooriTajer M, Shirazi F, Sanjari M, Shoghi M, Salemi S.
Relationship between family support and glycemic control
in patients with type-2 diabetes. Iran J Diabetes Lipid Disord
2008;8:93‑102.
38. Morowati Sharifabad M, Rouhani Tonekaboni N. Social support and
self‑care behaviors in diabetic patients referring to Yazd Diabetes
Research Center. Zahedan J Res Med Sci, J Zahedan Univ Med Sci
2008;9:275‑84.
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Psychosocial factors among insulin treated diabetics: A test of an
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exesice among older Mexican Americans with type-2 diabetes.
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2. International Diabetes Foundation. The International Diabetes
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physical activity and health. In; 2004. Available from: http://www.
idf.org/home/index.cfm. [Last accessed on 2009 Oct 19].
3. Esteghamati A, Gouya MM, Abbasi M, Delavari A, Alikhani S,
Alaedini F, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose
in the adult population of Iran: National Survey of Risk Factors for
Non Communicable Diseases of Iran. Diabetes Care 2008;31:96‑8.
4. Dickson JA. Critical social theory approach to nursing care of
adolescents with diabetes. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 1999;22:143‑52.
5. Funnell MM, Anderson RM. Empowerment and self‑ management
of diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2004;22:123‑7.
6. Heisler M. Helping your patients with chronic disease: Effective
physician approaches to support selfmanagement. Semin Med
Pract 2005;8:43‑54.
7. Anderson RM, Funnell MM. Patient empowerment: Reflections on
the challenge of fostering the adoption of a new paradigm. Patient
Educ Couns 2005;57:153‑7.
8. Telford K, Kralik D, Koch T. Acceptance and denial: Implications for
people adapting to chronic illness: Literature review. J Adv Nurs
2006;55:457‑64.
9. Oki S, Hoshi T. Empowerment process of Self‑help Group:
A Qualitative Study of Patient Group Members of Crohn and Colitis.
Compr Urban Stud 2004;83:29‑45.
10. Siguroardottir AK. Self‑care in diabetes: Model of factor affecting
self‑care. J Clin Nurs 2005;14:301‑14.
11. Fischer J, Kozewski W, Jones G, Staneu Kogstrand K. The use of
interviewing to Assess Dietetic Internship Preceptors needs and
perce‑ptions. J Amer Dietetic Asso‑ciation 2006;106:A58.
12. McDowell J, Courtney M, Edwards H, Shortridge‑ Baggett L.
Validation of the Australian/English version of the Diabetes
Management Self‑Efficacy Scale. Int J Nurs Pract 2005;11:177‑84.
13. Lee HJ, Park KY, Park HS. Self‑care activity, Metabolic control,
and cardiovascular risk factors in accordance with the levels of
depression of clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Taehan Kanho
Hakhoe Chi 2005;35:283‑91.
14. Mahmood K, Aamir AH. Glycemic control status in patients with
type 2 diabetes. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2005;15:323‑5.
15. Dailey George. A timely transition to insulin: Identifying type 2
diabetes patients failing oral therapy. Formulary 2005;40:114‑30.
16. Dailey George. Fine‑Tuning therapy with basal insulin for
optimal glicemic control diabetes: A review. Curr Med Res Opin
2004;20:2007‑14.
17. Jafarian Amiri SR, Zabihi A, Babaieasl F, Eshkevari N, Bijani A. Self
care behaviors in diabetic patients referring to diabetes clinics in
Babol City, Iran. J Babol Univ Med Sci 2010;12:72‑8.
18. Shakibazadeh E, Rashidian A, Larijani B, Shojaeezadeh D,
Forouzanfar MH, Karimi Shahanjarini A. Perceived barriers and
self‑efficacy: Impact on self‑care behaviors in adults with type 2
diabetes. J Fac Nurs Midwifery 2010;15:69‑78.
19. Morowati Sharifabad M, Rouhani Tonekaboni N. Social support and
self‑care behaviors in diabetic patients referring to Yazd Diabetes
Research Center. ZJRMS 2008;9:275‑84.
20. Baghaei P, Zandi M, Vares Z, Masoudi Alavi N, Adib‑Hajbaghery M.
Self care situation in diabetic patients referring to Kashan
Diabetes Center, in 2005. Feyz Kashan Univ Med Sci Health Serv
2008;12:88‑93.21. Jahanloo AS, Ghofranipour F, Vafaei M, Kimiagar M, Heydarnia AR,
Sobhani A. Health Belief Model constructs measured with HbA1c
in diabetic patients with good control and poor. J Hormozgan Univ
Med Sci 2008;12:37‑42.
22. Susan LN. Recommendation for Healthcare system and
Self‑Management Education interventions to reduce morbidity and
mortality from diabetes. Am J Prev Med 2002;22:10‑4.
23. Heisler Michele, Piette John D, Spencer Michael, Kieffer
Edie, Vijan Sandeep. The relationship between knowledge of
rec15793179ent HbA1c values and diabetes care understanding
and self‑management. Diabetes Care 2005;28:816‑22.
24. Simmons D, Lillis S, Swan J, Haar J. Discordance in perceptions
of barriers to diabetes care between patients and primary care and
secondary care. Diabetes Care 2007;30:490‑5.
25. Abdoli S, Ashktorab T, Ahmadi F, Parvizi S. Barriers to and facilitators
of empowerment in people with diabetes. IJEM 2009;5:455‑64.
26. Alberti H, Boudriga N, Nabli M. Factors affecting the quality of
diabetes care in primary health care centres in Tunis. Diabetes Res
Clin Pract 2005;68:237‑43.
27. Adams AS, Mah C, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Barton MB,
Ross‑Degnan D. Barriers to self‑monitoring of blood glucose
among adults with diabetes in an HMO: A cross sectional study.
BMC Health Serv Res 2003;3:1‑8.
28. Karter AJ, Ferrara A, Darbinian JA, Ackerson LM, Selby JV. Self
monitoring of blood glucose: Language and financial barriers
in a managed care population with diabetes. Diabetes Care
2000;23:477‑83.
29. Goldman D, Smith J. Can patient self‑management help explain the
SES health gradient? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:10929‑34.
30. Piette J, Heisler M, Wagner T. Problems paying outof‑ pocket costs
among older adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:384‑91.
31. Trief PM, Ploutz‑Snyder R, Britton KD, Weinstock RS. The
relationship between marital quality and adherence to the diabetes
care regiment. Ann Behav Med 2004;27:148‑54.
32. Epple C, Wright AL, Joish VN, Bauer M. The role of active family
nutritional support in Navajos’ type-2 diabetes metabolic control.
Diabetes Care 2003;26:2829‑34.
33. Shaw BA, Gallant MP, Jacome MR, Spokane LS. Assessing sources
of support for diabetes self‑ care in urban and rural underserved
communites. J Community Health 2006;31:393‑412.
34. La Greca AM, Bearman KJ. The diabetes social support questionnaire
family version: Evaluating adolescent’s diabetes‑ specific support
from family members. J Pediatr Psychol 2002;27:665‑76.
35. Cooper H C, Booth K, Gill G. Patient’s perspectives on diabetes health
care education. Health Educ Res Theory Pract 2003;18:192‑206.
36. Gillibrand R, Stevenson J. The extended health belief model applied
to the experience of diabetes in young people . Br J Health Psychol
2006;11:155‑69.
37. Heidari SH, NooriTajer M, Shirazi F, Sanjari M, Shoghi M, Salemi S.
Relationship between family support and glycemic control
in patients with type-2 diabetes. Iran J Diabetes Lipid Disord
2008;8:93‑102.
38. Morowati Sharifabad M, Rouhani Tonekaboni N. Social support and
self‑care behaviors in diabetic patients referring to Yazd Diabetes
Research Center. Zahedan J Res Med Sci, J Zahedan Univ Med Sci
2008;9:275‑84.
39. Aalto AM, Uutela A. Glycemic control, self_care behaviors, and
Psychosocial factors among insulin treated diabetics: A test of an
extended health belief model. Int J Behav Med 1997;4:191.
40. Wen LK, Shepherd MD, Parchman ML. Family support, diet, and
exesice among older Mexican Americans with type-2 diabetes.
Diabetes Edue 2004;30:980‑93.
41. Albright TL, Parchman M, Burge SK, Rrnest Investigators. Predictors
of self‑care behavior in adults with type-2 diabetes: An rrnest study.
Fam Med 2001;33:354‑60.
42. Lioyd CE, Wing RR, Orchard TJ, Becker DJ. Psychosocial correlates
of glycemic control: Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes
Complications (EDC) Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1993;21:187‑95.
43. Vijan S, Stuart NS, Fitzgerald JT, Ronis DL, Hayward RA, Slater S,
et al. Barriers to following dietary recommendations in type-2
diabetes. Diabet Med 2005;22:32‑8.
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