Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
2 Department of Nursing, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran,
3 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan,
4 Chronic Disease Care Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Abstract
Background: Students tend to internalize and perpetuate the patterns of behavior and
the values surrounding them. Review of literature showed that there are several student
learning sources through the hidden curriculum, but they have not been identified in nursing
yet. Hence, the purpose of this study is explanation of learning resources in the hidden
curriculum in the view of baccalaureate nursing students. Materials and Methods: This
qualitative study was carried out in 2012 with the participation of 32 baccalaureate
nursing students in Nursing and Midwifery College of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of
Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran by purposeful sampling strategies. Data were collected
by semi‑structured interviews and continued to the level of data saturation and themes’
emergence. Data analysis was performed through inductive content analysis method.
Result: “Instructor as the unique learning element,” “various learning resources in the
clinical setting,” and “instructive nature of the education environment” were extracted as
the main themes, each of which incorporated some categories. Conclusion: Baccalaureate
undergraduate nursing students learnt the hidden curriculum by the resources such as
instructors, resources existing in the clinical setting, and the university campus. Therefore,
more research is recommended for the identification of other resources. In order to promote
positive messages and reduce the negative messages of the hidden curricula running at
academic and clinical settings, nursing educators and nurses need to learn more about
this issue in the nursing profession.
Keywords
nursing undergraduates’ interpersonal skills and the effects of
using empirical data as a teaching and learning resource. J Clin
Nurs 2007;16:2297‑307.
2. Wear D, Skillicorn J. Hidden in plain sight: The formal, informal, and
hidden curricula of a psychiatry clerkship. Acad Med 2009;84:451‑8.
3. van Mook WN, van Luijk SJ, de Grave W, O’Sullivan H, Wass V,
Schuwirth LW, et al. Teaching and learning professional behavior
in practice. Eur J Intern Med 2009;20:e105‑11.
4. Masson C, Brazeau‑Lamontagne L. Paradigms, emperor’s clothes
syndrome, and hidden curriculum: How do they affect joint, bone,
and spine diseases? Joint Bone Spine 2006;73:581‑3.
5. Mahood SC. Medical education: Beware the hidden curriculum.
Can Fam Physician 2011;57:983‑5.
6. Lamiani G, Leone D, Meyer EC, Moja EA. How Italian students learn
to become physicians: A qualitative study of the hidden curriculum.
Med Teach 2011;33:989‑96.
7. Murakami M, Kawabata H, Maezawa M. The perception of the hidden
curriculum on medical education: An exploratory study. Asia Pac
Fam Med 2009;8:9.
8. Kommalage M. Hidden and informal curricula in medical schools:
Impact on the medical profession in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J
2011;56:29‑30.
9. Tabari Khomeiran R, Deans C. Nursing education in Iran: Past,
present, and future. Nurse Educ Today 2007;27:708‑14.
10. Peyrovi H, Yadavar‑Nikravesh M, Oskouie SF, Berterö C. Iranian
student nurses’ experiences of clinical placement. Int Nurs Rev
2005;52:134‑41.
11. Masella RS. The hidden curriculum: Value added in dental
education. J Dent Educ 2006;70:279‑83.
12. Balmer DF, Master CL, Richards B, Giardino AP. Implicit versus
explicit curricula in general pediatrics education: Is there a
convergence? Pediatrics 2009;124:e347‑54.
13. Salehi S. Students’ experience with the hidden curriculum in the
faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Isfahan University of Medical
Science. J Med Educ 2006;9:79‑84.
14. Speziale HJ, Carpenter DR. Qualitative Research in Nursing
Advancing the Humanistic Imperative. 4th ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2011.
15. Van Puymbroec M, Austin DR, McCormick BP. Beyond curriculum
reform: Therapeutic recreation’s hidden curriculum. Ther Recreation
J 2010;44:213‑22.
16. Cruess SR, Cruess RL, Steinert Y. Role modelling – Making the most
of a powerful teaching strategy. BMJ 2008;336:718‑21.
17. Perry RN. Role modeling excellence in clinical nursing practice.
Nurse Educ Pract 2009;9:36‑44.
18. Allan HT, Smith P, O’Driscoll M. Experiences of supernumerary
status and the hidden curriculum in nursing: A new twist in the
theory‑practice gap? J Clin Nurs 2011;20:847‑55.
19. Stern DT, Papadakis M. The developing physician – Becoming a
professional. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1794‑9.
20. Bennett L, BaikieK. The client as educator: Learning about mental illness
through the eyes of the expert. Nurse Educ Today 2003;23:104‑11.
21. Warne T, Johansson UB, Papastavrou E, Tichelaar E, Tomietto M,
Van den Bossche K, et al. An exploration of the clinical learning
experience of nursing students in nine European countries. Nurse
Educ Today 2010;30:809‑15.
22. Brown T, Williams B, McKenna L, Palermo C, McCall L, Roller L,
et al. Practice education learning environments: The mismatch
between perceived and preferred expectations of undergraduate
health science students. Nurse Educ Today 2011;31:e22‑8.
23. Chuang AW, Nuthalapaty FS, Casey PM, Kaczmarczyk JM,
Cullimore AJ, Dalrymple JL, et al. To the point: Reviews in medical
education‑taking control of the hidden curriculum. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 2010;203:316.e1‑6.
24. Gordon D. The concept of the hidden curriculum. Journal of
Philosophy of Education 1982;16:187‑98.
25. Bergenhenegouwen G. Hidden curriculum in the university. Higher
Educ 1987;16:535‑43.
26. Tsang AK. Students as evolving professionals: Turning the hidden
curriculum around through the threshold concept pedagogy.
Transformative Dialogues 2011;4:1‑11.
27. D’Eon M, Lear N, Turner M, Jones C, Canadian Association of
Medical Education. Perils of the hidden curriculum revisited. Med
Teach 2007;29:295‑6.
28. Margolis E. The Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education. New York,
London: Routledge; 2001.
)