Authors
- . Vardhaman Mulchand Jain
- . Gundabaktha Nagappa Karibasappa
- . Arun Suresh Dodamani
- . Gaurao Vasant Mali
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ajeenkya DY Patil Dental School, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Due to consumption of various forms of tobacco in large amounts by Indian
population, it has become a cause of concern for major oral diseases. In 2008, the WHO named
tobacco as the world’s single greatest cause of preventable death. It is also known that certain amount
of carbohydrates are incorporated in processed tobacco to make it acceptable for consumption. Thus,
its role in oral diseases becomes an important question at this point of time. Through this study, it is
attempted to find out the carbohydrate content of various forms of tobacco by phenol‑sulfuric acid
method.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tobacco products selected for the study were Nandi hookah
tambakhu (A), photo brand budhaa Punjabi snuff (B), Miraj (C), Gai‑chhap tambakhu (D),
Hanuman‑chhap Pandharpuri tambakhu (E), and Hathi‑chhap Bidi (F). The samples were decoded
and transported to laboratory and tested at various concentrations by phenol‑sulfuric acid method
followed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry to determine their absorbance.
RESULTS: The present study showed Hathi‑chhap bidi/sample F had a maximum absorbance (1.995)
at 10 µg/ml which is a smoking form of tobacco followed by rest all smokeless forms of tobacco,
i.e. sample C (0.452), sample B (0.253), sample D (0.077), sample E (−0.018), and sample A (−0.127),
respectively.
CONCLUSION: As the concentration of tobacco sample increases, their absorbance increases
which in turn is suggestive of increase in its carbohydrate concentration. Carbohydrates in the form
of sugars, either inherently present or added in it during manufacturing can serve as a risk factor for
higher incidence of dental caries.
Keywords
problem in India. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2012;33:139‑45.
2. Bhawna G. Burden of smoked and smokeless tobacco
consumption in India – Results from the Global adult Tobacco
Survey India (GATS‑India)‑2009‑2010. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2013;14:3323‑9.
3. Rani M, Bonu S, Jha P, Nguyen SN, Jamjoum L. Tobacco use in
India: Prevalence and predictors of smoking and chewing in a
national cross sectional household survey. Tob Control 2003;12:e4.
4. Gupta PC, Ray CS. Smokeless tobacco and health in India and
South Asia. Respirology 2003;8:419‑31.
5. Sinha DN, Rizwan SA, Aryal KK, Karki KB, Zaman MM,
Gupta PC. Trends of smokeless tobacco use among adults
(aged 15‑49 years) in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2015;16:6561‑8.
6. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control
Act. [Internet]. [cited 2016 Jan 2]. Availablefrom: http://www.
fda.gov/tobaccoproducts/labeling/.../ucm237092.htm.
7. Jansen E, Cremers J, Borst S, Talhout R. Simple determination of
sugars in cigarettes. J Anal Bioanal Tech 2014;5:1‑3.
8. Nizel Abraham E, Papas Athena S. The Role of Carbohydrates in
the Production of Dental Caries. Nutrition in Clinical Dentistry,
3rd ed.Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company; 1989.p. 31‑50.
9. Mandel ID. Effects of dietary modifications on caries in humans.
J Dent Res 1970;49:1201‑11.
10. Going RE, Hsu SC, Pollack RL, Haugh LD. Sugar and
fluoride content of various forms of tobacco. J Am Dent Assoc
1980;100:27‑33.
11. Dubois M, Gilles K, Hamilton J, Rebers P, Smith F. Colorimetric
method for determination of sugars and related substances.
Analyt Chem 1956;28:350‑6.
12. HiPer® Carbohydrates Estimation Teaching Kit (Quantitative).
Available from: http://www.himedialabs.com/TD/HTBC003.
pdf. [Last accessed on 2016 Jan 16].
13. Masuko T, Minami A, Iwasaki N, Majima T, Nishimura S, Lee YC.
Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol‑sulfuric acid method in
microplate format. Anal Biochem 2005;339:69‑72.
14. Introduction to UV‑Visible Spectroscopy. Available
from: http://www.slideshare.net/JunaidKhan30/
introduction‑to‑uvvisible‑spectroscopy. [Last accessed on
2016 Jan 16].
15. Pednekar MS, Gupta PC, Yeole BB, Hébert JR. Association
of tobacco habits, including bidi smoking, with overall and
site‑specific cancer incidence: Results from the Mumbai cohort
study. Cancer Causes Control 2011;22:859‑68.
16. Sadasivam S, Manickam A. Phenol sulphuric acid method for
total carbohydrate. In: Biochemical Methods. New Delhi: New
Age International (P), Ltd.; 2005. p. 10.
17. Basic UV‑Vis Theory, Concepts and Applications. Available from:
http://www.molecularinfo.com/MTM/UV.pdf. [Last accessed
on 2016 Jan 16].
18. Agrawal N, Divya K, Minj DK, Rani K. Estimation of total
carbohydrate present in dry fruits. IOSR‑J Environ Sci Toxicol
Food Technol 2015;1:24‑7.
19. Moynihan P, Petersen PE. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of
dental diseases. Public Health Nutr 2004;7:201‑26.
20. Ramusino MC, Dattilo BS, Lucibello A, Rossi SG. Determination
of 25 low molecular weight carbohydrates in tobacco
by high performance ion chromatography. Beitrage Zur
Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco
research 1994;16:77‑84.
21. Vellappally S, Fiala Z, Smejkalová J, Jacob V, Shriharsha P.
Influence of tobacco use in dental caries development. Cent Eur
J Public Health 2007;15:116‑21. 22. Sitzes L Jr. On chewing tobacco [letter]. ADA News 1977;8:6.
23. Weintraub JA, Burt BA. Periodontal effects and dental caries
associated with smokeless tobacco use. Public Health Rep
1987;102:30‑5.
24. CroftL. Smokeless tobacco. Case report II. Tex Dent J 1983;100:14‑5.
25. Zitterbart PA, Marlin DC, Christen AG. Dental and oral effects
observed in a long‑term tobacco chewer: Case report. J Indiana
Dent Assoc 1983;62:17‑8.
26. Modéer T, Lavstedt S, Ahlund C. Relation between tobacco
consumption and oral health in Swedish schoolchildren. Acta
Odontol Scand 1980;38:223‑7.
27. Hirsch JM, Livian G, Edward S, Noren JG. Tobacco habits
among teenagers in the city of Göteborg, Sweden, and possible
association with dental caries. Swed Dent J 1991;15:117‑23.
28. Scheinin A, Mäkinen KK, Ylitalo K. Turku sugar studies.
V. Final report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol
diets on the caries incidence in man. Acta Odontol Scand
1976;34:179‑216.
29. Ruxton CH, Garceau FJ, Cottrell RC. Guidelines for sugar
consumption in Europe: Is a quantitative approach justified? Eur
J Clin Nutr 1999;53:503‑13.
30. Rodriguez CS, Watt RG, Sheiham A. The effects of dietary
guidelines on sugar intake and dental caries in 3‑year‑olds
attending nurseries. Health Promot Int 1999;14:329‑35.
31. Chu YH, Tatakis DN, Wee AG. Smokeless tobacco use and
periodontal health in a rural male population. J Periodontol
2010;81:848‑54.
32. Greer RO Jr. Oral manifestations of smokeless tobacco use.
Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2011;44:31‑56, v.
33. Taybos G. Oral changes associated with tobacco use. Am J Med
Sci 2003;326:179‑82.
34. Robertson PB, Walsh MM, Greene JC. Oral effects of smokeless
tobacco use by professional baseball players. Adv Dent Res
1997;11:307‑12.
35. Tomar SL, Winn DM. Chewing tobacco use and dental caries
among U.S. men. J Am Dent Assoc 1999;130:1601‑10. Erratum in:
J Am Dent Assoc 1999;130:1700.
36. Hsu SC, Pollack RL, Hsu AF, Going RE. Sugars present in tobacco
extracts. J Am Dent Assoc 1980;101:915‑8.
37. Talhout R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam JG. Sugars as tobacco
ingredient: Effects on mainstream smoke composition. Food
Chem Toxicol 2006;44:1789‑98
)