Authors
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The present study intends to see the effect of yoga practices on lipid profile,
interleukin (IL)‑6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and high‑sensitivity‑C‑reactive protein (hs‑CRP)
among apparently healthy adults exposed to occupational hazards.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, 48 participants aged 30–58 years (41.5 ± 5.2)
who were exposed to occupational hazards were randomized into two groups, that is, experimental
and wait‑list control. All the participants were assessed for lipid profile, IL‑6, TNF‑α, and hs‑CRP at
the baseline and after completion of 3 months of yoga training intervention. The experimental group
underwent yoga training intervention for 1 h for 6 days a week for 3 months, whereas control group
continued with their daily activities except yoga training. Data analysis was done using statistical
software SPSS Version 20.0. Data were analyzed using paired t‑tests and independent t‑test.
RESULTS: The results of within group comparison revealed highly significant changes in
cholesterol (P < 0.001), high‑density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), low‑density lipoprotein (LDL)(P < 0.01),
hs‑CRP (P < 0.01), IL‑6 (P < 0.001), and TNF‑α (P < 0.001) in experimental group. Comparison
between experimental and control group revealed significant changes in cholesterol (P < 0.01),
LDL (P < 0.05), IL‑6 (P < 0.01), TNF‑α (P < 0.01), and hs‑CRP (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: A yoga‑based lifestyle intervention seems to be a highly promising alternative therapy
which favorably alters inflammatory markers and metabolic risk factors.
Keywords
1. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. C‑reactive
protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes
mellitus. JAMA 2001;286:327‑34.
2. Navale AM, Paranjape AN. Role of inflammation in development
of diabetic complications and commonly used inflammatory
markers with respect to diabetic complications. Int J Pharm Pharm
Sci 2013;5:1‑5.
3. Barzilay JI, Abraham L, Heckbert SR, Cushman M, Kuller LH,
Resnick HE, et al. The relation of markers of inflammation
to the development of glucose disorders in the elderly: The
Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes 2001;50:2384‑9.
4. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Couper D,
Vigo A, et al. Low‑grade systemic inflammation and the
development of type 2 diabetes: The atherosclerosis risk in
communities study. Diabetes 2003;52:1799‑805.
5. Rathore S, Sarkar P, Verma M, Bidwai A. Role of high sensitivity
C reactive protein and interleukin‑6 in cardiovascular disease.
Int J Res Med Sci 2014;2:4.
6. Jang Y, Lincoff AM, Plow EF, Topol EJ. Cell adhesion molecules
in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1591‑601.
7. Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T. Interleukin‑6 and the acute
phase response. Biochem J 1990;265:621‑36.
8. Ridker PM. Novel risk factors and markers for coronary disease.
Adv Intern Med 2000;45:391‑418.
9. Mohamed‑Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM,
Yudkin JS, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin‑6,
but not tumor necrosis factor‑alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 1997;82:4196‑200.
10. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M,
et al. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and
subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3338‑42.
11. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C‑reactive
protein in healthy subjects: Associations with obesity, insulin
resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: A potential role for
cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol 1999;19:972‑8.
12. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH.
Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in
apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973‑9.
13. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Goldman S,
et al. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events
after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol
levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators.
Circulation 1998;98:839‑44.
14. Rost NS, Wolf PA, Kase CS, Kelly‑Hayes M, Silbershatz H,
Massaro JM, et al. Plasma concentration of C‑reactive protein
and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: The
Framingham study. Stroke 2001;32:2575‑9.
15. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rossouw JE, Siscovick DS, Mouton CP,
Rifai N, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement
therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: Prospective analysis
from the Women’s Health Initiative observational study. JAMA
2002;288:980‑7.
16. Pai JK, Pischon T, Ma J, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Joshipura K,
et al. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease
in men and women. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2599‑610.
17. Ridker PM. High‑sensitivity C‑reactive protein, inflammation, and
cardiovascular risk: From concept to clinical practice to clinical
benefit. Am Heart J 2004;148 1 Suppl:S19‑26.
18. Tracy RP, Psaty BM, Macy E, Bovill EG, Cushman M, Cornell ES,
et al. Lifetime smoking exposure affects the association of
C‑reactive protein with cardiovascular disease risk factors and
subclinical disease in healthy elderly subjects. Arterioscler
Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2167‑76.
19. Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS. C‑reactive protein, cardiovascular
risk factors, and mortality in a prospective study in the elderly.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1057‑60.
20. Gussekloo J, Schaap MC, Frölich M, Blauw GJ, Westendorp RG.
C‑reactive protein is a strong but nonspecific risk factor offatal stroke in elderly persons. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
2000;20:1047‑51.
21. Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB, Nicklas BJ,
Sutton‑Tyrrell K, et al. Inflammatory markers and onset of
cardiovascular events: Results from the Health ABC study.
Circulation 2003;108:2317‑22.
22. Tice JA, Browner W, Tracy RP, Cummings SR. The relation of
C‑reactive protein levels to total and cardiovascular mortality in
older U.S. women. Am J Med 2003;114:199‑205.
23. Cao JJ, Thach C, Manolio TA, Psaty BM, Kuller LH, Chaves PH,
et al. C‑reactive protein, carotid intima‑media thickness, and
incidence of ischemic stroke in the elderly: The Cardiovascular
Health Study. Circulation 2003;108:166‑70.
24. George P, Ludvik B. Lipids and diabetes. J Clin Basic Cardiol
2000;3:159‑62.
25. Shepal AV, Shete SU. Effect of yoga on bio‑ markers linked with
development of diabetes complications in type 2 diabetes patients:
A preliminary study. Int J Recent Sci Res 2013;4:401‑4.
26. Shete SU, Kulkarni DD, Thakur GS. Effect of yoga practices on
HS‑CRP in Indian railway engine drivers of metropolis. Recent
Res Sci Technol 2012;4:30‑3.
27. McEneny J, O’Kane MJ, Moles KW, McMaster C, McMaster D,
Mercer C, et al. Very low density lipoprotein subfractions
in Type II diabetes mellitus: Alterations in composition and
susceptibility to oxidation. Diabetologia 2000;43:485‑93.
28. Loh KC, Thai AC, Lui KF, Ng WY. High prevalence of
dyslipidaemia despite adequate glycaemic control in patients
with diabetes. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1996;25:228‑32.
29. O’Keefe JH, Bell DS. Postprandial hyperglycemia/
hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular
risk factor. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:899‑904.
30. Kiecolt‑GlaserJK, ChristianL, Preston H, Houts CR, MalarkeyWB,
Emery CF, et al. Stress, inflammation, and yoga practice.
Psychosom Med 2010;72:113‑21.
31. Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, Wing RR, Meier A, Thaete FL. Effects
of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity
in obesity. Diabetes 1999;48:839‑47.
32. Janssen I, Fortier A, Hudson R, Ross R. Effects of an
energy‑restrictive diet with or without exercise on abdominal
fat, intermuscular fat, and metabolic risk factors in obese women.
Diabetes Care 2002;25:431‑8.
33. Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM, Dennis KE. Dietary restriction
and walking reduce fat deposition in the midthigh in obese older
women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:708‑13.
34. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Vidal H, Hainque B. Variations in
plasma soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors after diet‑induced
weight loss in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2000;2:323‑5.
35. Heilbronn LK, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Energy restriction and
weight loss on very‑low‑fat diets reduce C‑reactive protein
concentrations in obese, healthy women. Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol 2001;21:968‑70.
36. Tchernof A, Nolan A, Sites CK, Ades PA, Poehlman ET. Weight
loss reduces C‑reactive protein levels in obese postmenopausal
women. Circulation 2002;105:564‑9.
37. Abramson JL, Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity
and inflammation among apparently healthy middle‑aged and
older US adults. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1286‑92.
38. Mattusch F, Dufaux B, Heine O, Mertens I, Rost R. Reduction of
the plasma concentration of C‑reactive protein following nine
months of endurance training. Int J Sports Med 2000;21:21‑4.
39. Tsukui S, Kanda T, Nara M, Nishino M, Kondo T, Kobayashi I.
Moderate‑intensity regular exercise decreases serum tumor
necrosis factor‑alpha and HbA1c levels in healthy women. Int J
Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1207‑11.
40. Donges CE, Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Effects of resistance or
aerobic exercise training on interleukin‑6, C‑reactive protein, and
body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42:304‑13.
41. Wong PC, Chia MY, Tsou IY, Wansaicheong GK, Tan B, Wang JC,
et al. Effects of a 12‑week exercise training programme on
aerobic fitness, body composition, blood lipids and C‑reactive
protein in adolescents with obesity. Ann Acad Med Singapore
2008;37:286‑93.
42. Kadoglou NP, Iliadis F, Angelopoulou N, Perrea D, Ampatzidis G,
Liapis CD, et al. The anti‑inflammatory effects of exercise training
in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev
Rehabil 2007;14:837‑43.
43. Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE,
Franke WD, et al. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance
exercise, reduces serum IL‑18, CRP, and IL‑6 independent of
beta‑blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain
Behav Immun 2006;20:201‑9.
44. Kuvalayananda S. Asanas. Lonavla: Kaivalyadhama S. M. Y. M.
Samiti; 1993.
45. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the
concentration of low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma,
without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem
1972;18:499‑502.
46. de Oliveira HM, Dagostim GP, da Silva AM, Tavares P,
da Rosa LA, de Andrade VM. Occupational risk assessment of
paint industry workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2011;15:52‑8.
47. Brown LM, Moradi T, Gridley G, Plato N, Dosemeci M,
Fraumeni JF Jr. Exposures in the painting trades and paint
manufacturing industry and risk of cancer among men and
women in Sweden. J Occup Environ Med 2002;44:258‑64.
48. Montano D. Chemical and biological work‑related risks across
occupations in Europe: A review. J Occup Med Toxicol 2014;9:28.
49. Sorahan T, Cooke MA. Cancer mortality in a cohort of
United Kingdom steel foundry workers: 1946‑85. Br J Ind Med
1989;46:74‑81.
50. Sirivarasai J, Wananukul W, Kaojarern S, Chanprasertyothin S,
Thongmung N, Ratanachaiwong W, et al. Association between
inflammatory marker, environmental lead exposure, and
glutathione S‑transferase gene. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:474963.
51. Kumar A, Shrivastava SM, Jain NK, Patel P. Identification of
occupational diseases, health risk, hazard and injuries among the
workers engaged in thermal power plant. Int J Res Eng Technol
2015;4:149‑56.
52. Dhami MS, Vermon H. Occupational hazards at the work place.
J Can Chiropr Assoc 1985;29:141‑4.
53. Ray MR, Roychoudhury S, Mukherjee G, Roy S, Lahiri T.
Respiratory and general health impairments of workers employed
in a municipal solid waste disposal at an open landfill site in Delhi.
Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005;208:255‑62.
54. Vrijkotte TG, van Doornen LJ, de Geus EJ. Work stress and
metabolic and hemostatic risk factors. Psychosom Med
1999;61:796‑805.
55. Ajani UA, Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of high C‑reactive
protein in persons with serum lipid concentrations within
recommended values. Clin Chem 2004;50:1618‑22.
56. Vrijkotte TG, van Doornen LJ, de Geus EJ. Effects of work stress on
ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability.
Hypertension 2000;35:880‑6.
57. Light KC, Turner JR, Hinderliter AL. Job strain and ambulatory
work blood pressure in healthy young men and women.
Hypertension 1992;20:214‑8.
58. Kalahasthi R, Pradyuonna A, Narendran P, Raghavendra Rao RH.
Evaluation of the relationship between pro‑inflammatory
cyto‑kines and health hazards in workers Involved in hazardous
Waste Sites at Karnataka, India. J Res Health Sci 2010;10:7‑14.
59. Heldal KK, Halstensen AS, Thorn J, Eduard W, Halstensen TS.
Airway inflammation in waste handlers exposed to bioaerosols
assessed by induced sputum. Eur Respir J 2003;21:641‑5.
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protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes
mellitus. JAMA 2001;286:327‑34.
2. Navale AM, Paranjape AN. Role of inflammation in development
of diabetic complications and commonly used inflammatory
markers with respect to diabetic complications. Int J Pharm Pharm
Sci 2013;5:1‑5.
3. Barzilay JI, Abraham L, Heckbert SR, Cushman M, Kuller LH,
Resnick HE, et al. The relation of markers of inflammation
to the development of glucose disorders in the elderly: The
Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes 2001;50:2384‑9.
4. Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Pankow JS, Ballantyne CM, Couper D,
Vigo A, et al. Low‑grade systemic inflammation and the
development of type 2 diabetes: The atherosclerosis risk in
communities study. Diabetes 2003;52:1799‑805.
5. Rathore S, Sarkar P, Verma M, Bidwai A. Role of high sensitivity
C reactive protein and interleukin‑6 in cardiovascular disease.
Int J Res Med Sci 2014;2:4.
6. Jang Y, Lincoff AM, Plow EF, Topol EJ. Cell adhesion molecules
in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1591‑601.
7. Heinrich PC, Castell JV, Andus T. Interleukin‑6 and the acute
phase response. Biochem J 1990;265:621‑36.
8. Ridker PM. Novel risk factors and markers for coronary disease.
Adv Intern Med 2000;45:391‑418.
9. Mohamed‑Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM,
Yudkin JS, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin‑6,
but not tumor necrosis factor‑alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 1997;82:4196‑200.
10. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M,
et al. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and
subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3338‑42.
11. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C‑reactive
protein in healthy subjects: Associations with obesity, insulin
resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: A potential role for
cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol 1999;19:972‑8.
12. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH.
Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in
apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973‑9.
13. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Goldman S,
et al. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events
after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol
levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators.
Circulation 1998;98:839‑44.
14. Rost NS, Wolf PA, Kase CS, Kelly‑Hayes M, Silbershatz H,
Massaro JM, et al. Plasma concentration of C‑reactive protein
and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: The
Framingham study. Stroke 2001;32:2575‑9.
15. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rossouw JE, Siscovick DS, Mouton CP,
Rifai N, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement
therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: Prospective analysis
from the Women’s Health Initiative observational study. JAMA
2002;288:980‑7.
16. Pai JK, Pischon T, Ma J, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Joshipura K,
et al. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease
in men and women. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2599‑610.
17. Ridker PM. High‑sensitivity C‑reactive protein, inflammation, and
cardiovascular risk: From concept to clinical practice to clinical
benefit. Am Heart J 2004;148 1 Suppl:S19‑26.
18. Tracy RP, Psaty BM, Macy E, Bovill EG, Cushman M, Cornell ES,
et al. Lifetime smoking exposure affects the association of
C‑reactive protein with cardiovascular disease risk factors and
subclinical disease in healthy elderly subjects. Arterioscler
Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2167‑76.
19. Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS. C‑reactive protein, cardiovascular
risk factors, and mortality in a prospective study in the elderly.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1057‑60.
20. Gussekloo J, Schaap MC, Frölich M, Blauw GJ, Westendorp RG.
C‑reactive protein is a strong but nonspecific risk factor offatal stroke in elderly persons. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
2000;20:1047‑51.
21. Cesari M, Penninx BW, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB, Nicklas BJ,
Sutton‑Tyrrell K, et al. Inflammatory markers and onset of
cardiovascular events: Results from the Health ABC study.
Circulation 2003;108:2317‑22.
22. Tice JA, Browner W, Tracy RP, Cummings SR. The relation of
C‑reactive protein levels to total and cardiovascular mortality in
older U.S. women. Am J Med 2003;114:199‑205.
23. Cao JJ, Thach C, Manolio TA, Psaty BM, Kuller LH, Chaves PH,
et al. C‑reactive protein, carotid intima‑media thickness, and
incidence of ischemic stroke in the elderly: The Cardiovascular
Health Study. Circulation 2003;108:166‑70.
24. George P, Ludvik B. Lipids and diabetes. J Clin Basic Cardiol
2000;3:159‑62.
25. Shepal AV, Shete SU. Effect of yoga on bio‑ markers linked with
development of diabetes complications in type 2 diabetes patients:
A preliminary study. Int J Recent Sci Res 2013;4:401‑4.
26. Shete SU, Kulkarni DD, Thakur GS. Effect of yoga practices on
HS‑CRP in Indian railway engine drivers of metropolis. Recent
Res Sci Technol 2012;4:30‑3.
27. McEneny J, O’Kane MJ, Moles KW, McMaster C, McMaster D,
Mercer C, et al. Very low density lipoprotein subfractions
in Type II diabetes mellitus: Alterations in composition and
susceptibility to oxidation. Diabetologia 2000;43:485‑93.
28. Loh KC, Thai AC, Lui KF, Ng WY. High prevalence of
dyslipidaemia despite adequate glycaemic control in patients
with diabetes. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1996;25:228‑32.
29. O’Keefe JH, Bell DS. Postprandial hyperglycemia/
hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular
risk factor. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:899‑904.
30. Kiecolt‑GlaserJK, ChristianL, Preston H, Houts CR, MalarkeyWB,
Emery CF, et al. Stress, inflammation, and yoga practice.
Psychosom Med 2010;72:113‑21.
31. Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, Wing RR, Meier A, Thaete FL. Effects
of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity
in obesity. Diabetes 1999;48:839‑47.
32. Janssen I, Fortier A, Hudson R, Ross R. Effects of an
energy‑restrictive diet with or without exercise on abdominal
fat, intermuscular fat, and metabolic risk factors in obese women.
Diabetes Care 2002;25:431‑8.
33. Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM, Dennis KE. Dietary restriction
and walking reduce fat deposition in the midthigh in obese older
women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:708‑13.
34. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Vidal H, Hainque B. Variations in
plasma soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors after diet‑induced
weight loss in obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2000;2:323‑5.
35. Heilbronn LK, Noakes M, Clifton PM. Energy restriction and
weight loss on very‑low‑fat diets reduce C‑reactive protein
concentrations in obese, healthy women. Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol 2001;21:968‑70.
36. Tchernof A, Nolan A, Sites CK, Ades PA, Poehlman ET. Weight
loss reduces C‑reactive protein levels in obese postmenopausal
women. Circulation 2002;105:564‑9.
37. Abramson JL, Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity
and inflammation among apparently healthy middle‑aged and
older US adults. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1286‑92.
38. Mattusch F, Dufaux B, Heine O, Mertens I, Rost R. Reduction of
the plasma concentration of C‑reactive protein following nine
months of endurance training. Int J Sports Med 2000;21:21‑4.
39. Tsukui S, Kanda T, Nara M, Nishino M, Kondo T, Kobayashi I.
Moderate‑intensity regular exercise decreases serum tumor
necrosis factor‑alpha and HbA1c levels in healthy women. Int J
Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:1207‑11.
40. Donges CE, Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Effects of resistance or
aerobic exercise training on interleukin‑6, C‑reactive protein, and
body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42:304‑13.
41. Wong PC, Chia MY, Tsou IY, Wansaicheong GK, Tan B, Wang JC,
et al. Effects of a 12‑week exercise training programme on
aerobic fitness, body composition, blood lipids and C‑reactive
protein in adolescents with obesity. Ann Acad Med Singapore
2008;37:286‑93.
42. Kadoglou NP, Iliadis F, Angelopoulou N, Perrea D, Ampatzidis G,
Liapis CD, et al. The anti‑inflammatory effects of exercise training
in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev
Rehabil 2007;14:837‑43.
43. Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, Konopka DN, Cunnick JE,
Franke WD, et al. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance
exercise, reduces serum IL‑18, CRP, and IL‑6 independent of
beta‑blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain
Behav Immun 2006;20:201‑9.
44. Kuvalayananda S. Asanas. Lonavla: Kaivalyadhama S. M. Y. M.
Samiti; 1993.
45. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the
concentration of low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma,
without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem
1972;18:499‑502.
46. de Oliveira HM, Dagostim GP, da Silva AM, Tavares P,
da Rosa LA, de Andrade VM. Occupational risk assessment of
paint industry workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2011;15:52‑8.
47. Brown LM, Moradi T, Gridley G, Plato N, Dosemeci M,
Fraumeni JF Jr. Exposures in the painting trades and paint
manufacturing industry and risk of cancer among men and
women in Sweden. J Occup Environ Med 2002;44:258‑64.
48. Montano D. Chemical and biological work‑related risks across
occupations in Europe: A review. J Occup Med Toxicol 2014;9:28.
49. Sorahan T, Cooke MA. Cancer mortality in a cohort of
United Kingdom steel foundry workers: 1946‑85. Br J Ind Med
1989;46:74‑81.
50. Sirivarasai J, Wananukul W, Kaojarern S, Chanprasertyothin S,
Thongmung N, Ratanachaiwong W, et al. Association between
inflammatory marker, environmental lead exposure, and
glutathione S‑transferase gene. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:474963.
51. Kumar A, Shrivastava SM, Jain NK, Patel P. Identification of
occupational diseases, health risk, hazard and injuries among the
workers engaged in thermal power plant. Int J Res Eng Technol
2015;4:149‑56.
52. Dhami MS, Vermon H. Occupational hazards at the work place.
J Can Chiropr Assoc 1985;29:141‑4.
53. Ray MR, Roychoudhury S, Mukherjee G, Roy S, Lahiri T.
Respiratory and general health impairments of workers employed
in a municipal solid waste disposal at an open landfill site in Delhi.
Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005;208:255‑62.
54. Vrijkotte TG, van Doornen LJ, de Geus EJ. Work stress and
metabolic and hemostatic risk factors. Psychosom Med
1999;61:796‑805.
55. Ajani UA, Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Prevalence of high C‑reactive
protein in persons with serum lipid concentrations within
recommended values. Clin Chem 2004;50:1618‑22.
56. Vrijkotte TG, van Doornen LJ, de Geus EJ. Effects of work stress on
ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability.
Hypertension 2000;35:880‑6.
57. Light KC, Turner JR, Hinderliter AL. Job strain and ambulatory
work blood pressure in healthy young men and women.
Hypertension 1992;20:214‑8.
58. Kalahasthi R, Pradyuonna A, Narendran P, Raghavendra Rao RH.
Evaluation of the relationship between pro‑inflammatory
cyto‑kines and health hazards in workers Involved in hazardous
Waste Sites at Karnataka, India. J Res Health Sci 2010;10:7‑14.
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