Authors
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Attention to the development of children as the future generation that
leads to the upbringing of productive human resources is an important subject. Development has
dimensions that a child should acquire the skills related to them in proper age. Otherwise, he may be
affected by developmental delays. There are different factors influencing children’s developmental
delays and this study is carried out to evaluate the developmental conditions of 1‑year‑old children
in the Isfahan and its effective factors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a historical cohort, 725 children born in 2013 were selected using
multi‑stage random sampling from health centers licensed by Isfahan Medical University and followed
up to 1‑year and their related specifications were extracted from ages and stages questionnaire
and their families’ files. SPSS 20 software and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients,
independent t‑tests, ANOVA, multiple linear regression and analysis of covariance were used for
analyzing the data.
RESULTS: The minimum and maximum scores of development were observed in the personal‑social
domain (52.38 ± 9.1) and fine motor (56.06 ± 5.9), respectively. The results showed that the child
spacing has direct relation with development in fine motor domain (r = 0.2, P < 0.001), personal‑social
development (r = 0.197, P = 0.001), and problem solving domain (r = 0.18, P = 0.002). The score
for the development in gross motor skills had a direct correlation with the weight at birth (r = 0.129,
P < 0.001). Breastfeeding also improved personal‑social development (P = 0.024). Sex (P = 0.024)
and living place with communication skills also showed significant relations (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: The factors such as the child’s sex, feeding in the first 6 months of age, living in
urban or rural areas are effective in delayed development. Considering these factors to prevent
adverse effects of the elements and rapid identification of children with delayed development as well
as timely therapeutic interventions are essential in the health care system.
Keywords
Pediatrics. 16th ed.. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000. p. 16‑65.
2. McMillan JA, Den Angelis CD, Feigin RD, Warshaw JB. In: Oski
Pediatrics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams; 1999. p. 782‑6.
3. Vameghi R, Marandi A, Sajedi F, Soleimani F, Shahshahanipour S,
Hatamizade N, et al. Strategic analysis of the current status
of the development of the Iranian young children (analysis
SWOT), and proposed strategies and activities. J Soc Welf
2010;9:379‑412.
4. Nagar S, Sharma S. Influence of intervention on temperament
and developmental outcomes of infants. J Hum Ecol 2009;28:6.
5. Weber TR, Reyes HM, Karrer FM. Long‑term results with the
kasai operation for biliary atresia – Discussion. Arch Surg
1996;131:496.
6. Anderson LM, Shinn C, Fullilove MT, Scrimshaw SC, Fielding JE,
Normand J, et al. The effectiveness of early childhood development
programs. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2003;24 3 Suppl:
32‑46.
7. Regalado M, Halfon N. Primary care services promoting optimal
child development from birth to age 3 years: Review of the
literature. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:1311‑22.
8. Grantham‑McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P,
Richter L, Strupp B; International Child Development Steering
Group. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children
in developing countries. Lancet 2007;369:60‑70.
9. Nahar B, Hossain MI, Hamadani JD, Ahmed T, Huda SN,
Grantham‑McGregor SM, et al. Effects of a community‑based
approach of food and psychosocial stimulation on growth and
development of severely malnourished children in Bangladesh:
A randomised trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012;66:701‑9.
10. Menkes JH. Textbook of Child Neurology. 5th ed. Baltimore:
Williams and Wilkins; 1995. p. 11.
11. Baker R. Pediatric Primary Care Well‑child Care. USA: Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins Publisher; 2001.
12. Vameghi R, Sajedi F, Shahshahanipour S, Hatamizadeh N. Early
detection, diagnosis and an introduction to early intervention in
childhood developmental problems. 1st ed. Tehran: Rehabilitation
University; 2006. p. 8‑20.
13. Soleimani F, Khoshbin E, Shams S. Report of motor developmental
delay screening of infants (4‑18 Months Old) of Karaj city (Persian).
J Rehabil 2001;2:22‑8.
14. Soleimani F, Karimi H. Evaluation of risk factors on infant
developmental disorders. J Rehabil 2006;6:6‑14.
15. Amir Ali Akbari S, Torabi F, Soleimani F, Alavi Majd H. The
association of high risk pregnancies and 4‑60 months children
with developmental delay in Isfahan city. J Rehabil 2010;11:40‑9.
16. Dorre F, Bayat GA. Evaluation of children’s development(4‑60mo)
with history of NICU admission based on ASQ in Amir Kabir
Hospital, Arak. J Ardabil Univ Med Sci 2011;11:143‑50.
17. Ryan‑Krause P, Meadows‑Oliver M, Sadler L, Swartz MK.
Developmental status of children of teen mothers: Contrasting
objective assessments with maternal reports. J Pediatr Health
Care 2009;23:303‑9.
18. Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Ruan WJ, Troendle JF. Birthweight
and gestational age effects on motor and social development.
Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2002;16:33‑46.
19. Yazdan ZA, Ehsanpour S, Hemmati A. Developmental indicators
in children with normal, low and very low birth weight. J Sch
Nurs Midwifery 2013;8:571‑7.
20. Sajedi F, Alizad V. Prevalence and risk factors contributing to
developmental delay in high risk infant. J Rehabil 2005;5:7‑12.
21. Ghahramani M, zade JT. Evaluation of developmental indicators
in 1‑years‑old children in Gonabad, Iran and comparision with
standards indicators. Available from: http//fa.journals.sid.
ir.viewwpaper.asx?=43316. [Last accessed 2016 Jul 15].
22. Handal AJ, Lozoff B, Breilh J, Harlow SD. Sociodemographic and
nutritional correlates of neurobehavioral development: A study
of young children in a rural region of Ecuador. Pan Am J Public
Health 2007;21:292‑300.
23. Alvik A. Variables predicting low infant developmental scores:
Maternal age above 30 years is a main predictor. Scand J Public
Health 2014;42:113‑9.
24. Richter J, Janson H. A validation study of the Norwegian
version of the ages and stages questionnaires. Acta Paediatr
2007;96:748‑52.
25. Potijk MR, Kerstjens JM, Bos AF, Reijneveld SA, de Winter AF.
Developmental delay in moderately preterm‑born children
with low socioeconomic status: Risks multiply. J Pediatr
2013;163:1289‑95.
26. Ali S, Godal D, Godal S. The Impact of Nutrition on Child
Development at 3 Years in a Rural Community of India. Int J Pre
Med. 2014;5:494‑9.
27. Vohr BR, O’Shea M, Wright LL. Longitudinal multicenter
follow‑up of high‑risk infants: Why, who, when, and what to
assess. Semin Perinatol 2003;27:333‑42.
28. Karimzadeh P. Global developmental delay. Tehran: University
of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; 2006.
29. Soleimani F, Bajelan Z, Amir Ali Akbari S, Alavi Majd H.
Correlation between Anemia during Delivery and Developmental
delay in 12 months children in Qazvin, Iran 2011‑2012. J Rehabil
2013;72:13‑6.
30. Noohjah S, Makhooli Khazaee F, Mahdavi Zade N. Assessment
of motor development in Dezful city using WHO standards.
Mashhad J Rehabil Med 2014;3:16‑26.
31. Lozano de la Torre MJ. New growth references of the World
Health Organization based on breast fed infants. An Pediatr(Barc)
2007;66:177‑83.
32. Soleymani F, Vameghi R, Dadkhah A. High risk infants referred
to health‑care centers in North and East of Tehran and risk
factors of motor developmental delay. Hakim Research Journal.
2009;12:11‑8.
33. Lin JD, Yen CF, Wu JL, Kang SW. The administrative population
report on children with developmental delays in Taiwan, 2003
through 2007. Res Dev Disabil 2009;30:353‑8.
34. Janson H, Squires J. Parent‑completed developmental screening
in a Norwegian population sample: A comparison with US
normative data. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:1525‑9.
35. Kerstjens JM, Bos AF, ten Vergert EM, de Meer G, Butcher PR,
Reijneveld SA. Support for the global feasibility of the ages and
stages questionnaire as developmental screener. Early Hum Dev
2009;85:443‑7.
36. Piek JP, Dawson L, Smith LM, Gasson N. The role of early fine and
gross motor development on later motor and cognitive ability.
Hum Mov Sci 2008;27:668‑81.
37. Ali Abadi F, Nazi S, Maghfori B. Gross Motor Development of low
birth weight infants with the history of being in Aliasghar hospital
Corrected aged 8 to 12 months. Mrj 2011;5(2):35‑40. [Persian].
38. Glasson EJ, Bower C, Petterson B, de Klerk N, Chaney G,
Hallmayer JF. Perinatal factors and the development of autism:
A population study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:618‑27.
39. Ozbek A, Miral S, Eminagaoglu N, Ozkan H. Development and
behavior of non‑handicapped preterm children from a developing
country. Pediatr Int 2005;47:532‑40.
40. Shahi SH, Anosheh M, Alhani F. The effect of home visitingprogram on the practice of mothers in the development process
of preschool children. Daneshvar Med 2005;13:1‑10.
41. Ghai O, Paul V, Bagga A. Essential Pediatrics. 7th ed. Reprint.
New Delhi, India: CBS Publisher and Distributor PVT Ltd. Normal
and abnormal development. 2010:23‑8.
42. Barret K, Brooks H, Biotano S, Barman S. Ganong’s Review of
Medical Physiology. 23rd ed. USA: Lange Medical Book. Control
of posture and movements. 2010:242.
)