Authors
Health Information Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Cancer is one of the most preventable and common chronic diseases that have
economic, social and psychological burden for patients, families, and the society. Cancer can be
monitored by new information technology. Digital games as a uniquely powerful interaction tool
support optimal care management program operation in all dimensions. The aim of this review article
is to describe opportunities and challenges of this new modern technology on the delivery of cancer
care services in cancer management domains for cancer care improvement.
METHODS: This study was un‑systematic (narrative) review article. In this research, 50 full‑text
papers and reports had been retrieved, studied exactly, and arranged based on study aims. We
searched papers based on specific and relevant keywords in research databases including PubMed,
ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google scholar.
CONCLUSION: In cancer management domain, digital games are as an effective medium for
health education and intervention, disease self‑management training, attention distraction to relieve
pain, enhance clinical outcomes, improvements in lifestyles, and physical and psychosocial activity
promotion when active participation and behavior rehearsal are required for cancer patient. In spite
of potential benefits of new technology, sometimes people confront various challenges such as
social isolation, unusual anxiety, and disorder in physiological times of body, low physical activities,
decrease academic performance, increase aggressive behavior, and physical pain. These problems
can be partly overcome by proper planning, good design, and usage of suitable and continuous
monitoring.
Keywords
1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta:
American Cancer Society. Available from: http://www.
cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/
documents/document/acspc‑036845.pdf. [Last accessed on
2013 Sep 23].
2. American Cancer Society. Treatment & Survivorship Facts and
Figures (2012‑2013). Available from: http://www.cancer.org/./
cancerfactsstatistics/cancer‑treatment‑survivorship‑facts‑figures.
pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Feb 23].3. Damien D, Julian A, Jean‑P Jessel, Olivier R. Origins of Serious
Games. Available from: http://www.ludoscience.com/files/
ressources/origins_of_serious_games.pdf[Last accessed on
2014 Feb 28].
4. Anderson C, Gentile A, Dill KE. Prosocial, Antisocial Effects of
Recreational Video Games. In: Singer DG, Singer JL, editors.
Handbook of Children and the Media, 2nd ed., Ch. 13. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage; 2012. p. 249‑72. https://public.psych.iastate.
edu/caa/abstracts/2010‑2014/12agd.pdf [Last accessed on
2014 Feb 18].
5. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2103, Atlanta:
American Cancer Society; 2013. Available from: http://www.
cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/
documents/document/acspc‑036845.pdf. [Last accessed on
2014 Aug 13].
6. California Healthcare Foundation. “Ehealth Initiative Real
Solutions Better Health”, a Study and Report on the Use of Ehealth
Tools for Chronic Disease Care Among Socially Disadvantaged
Populations. An Issue Brief on Ehealth Tools for Cancer Patients;
24 December, 2012. https://ehi‑rails‑app.s3.amazonaws.com/
uploads/article/file/8/2013‑04‑03_‑_CHCF_‑_A_Study_on_
the_Use_of_eHealth_Tools_for_Chronic_Disease_Care_Among_
Socially_Disadvantaged_Populations_‑_Final_‑_Report.pdf
[Last accessed on 2014 Aug 10].
7. Roshan S, Bitaraf F. Survey and Evaluation of Different Types and
Styles of Game Consoles Computer. First National Conference
Electronic Games and Enhanced Health, Iran, Tehran; 2014. [Last
accessed on 2014 July 10].
8. Anderson CA, Wayne AW. The Impacts of Violent Video Games:
An Overview. Available from: http://www.psychology.iastate.
edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/.2014/12AW.pdf. [Last accessed on
2014 Jul 27].
9. Gentile DA. The multiple dimensions of video game effect. Child
Dev Perspectives 2011;5:75‑81. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/10.1111/j. 1750‑8606.2011.00159.x/pdf [Last accessed on
2014 Jun 27].
10. Entertainment Software Association. Essential Facts about Games
and Violence. Available from: http://www.theesa.com/facts/
pdfs/ESA_EF_About_Games_and_Violence.pdf. [Last accessed
on 2014 Jun 07].
11. Engelstätter B, Mannheim ZE, Ward MR. Understanding the
Effects of Violent Video Games on Violent Crime. Available
from: http://www.Ocw.metu.edu.tr/mod/resource/view.
php?id=3099. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 30].
12. Ewoldsen DR, Eno CA, Okdie BM, Velez JA, Guadagno RE,
DeCosterJ. Effect of playing violent video games cooperatively or
competitively on subsequent cooperative behavior. Cyberpsychol
Behav Soc Netw 2012;15:277‑80.
13. Granic I, Lobel A, Engels RC. The benefits of playing video games.
Am Psychol 2014;69:66‑78.
14. Gerling K, Alberto F, Ralf S, Masuch, M. Designing and Evaluating
Casual Health Games for Children and Teen agers with Cancer.
ICEC, LNCS 6972; 2011. p. 198‑209. https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/220851399_Designing_and_Evaluating_Casual_
Health_Games_for_Children_and_Teenagers_with_Cancer[Last
accessed on 2014 Aug 11].
15. Voortman AJ. Serious Games, Learning skills by means of
computer games. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Available
from: http://www.cs.vu.nl/~eliens/create/local/material/
serious‑games.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Aug 04].
16. Zimmermann C, Burman D, Swami N, Krzyzanowska MK,
Leighl N, Moore M, et al. Determinants of quality of life in patients
with advanced cancer. Support Care Cancer 2011;19:621‑9.
17. National Cancer Institute, 2012. Facing Forward Life After Cancer
Treatment; 2012. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/
cancertopics/coping/life‑after‑treatment.pdf. [Last accessed on
2014 Aug 01].
18. American Cancer Society, 2013. Caring for the Patient with
Cancer at Home: A Guide for Patients and Families. Available
from: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/
webcontent/002818‑pdf.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 June 11].
19. Kato PM, Cole SW, Bradlyn AS, Pollock BH. A video game
improves behavioral outcomes in adolescents and young adults
with cancer: A randomized trial. Pediatrics 2008;122:e305‑17.
20. Baranowski T, Buday R, Thompson D, Lyons EJ, Lu AS,
Baranowski J. Developing Games for Health Behavior Change:
Getting Started. Games Health J 2013;2:183‑190.
21. Ivan L, Beale V, Marín B, Nicole G, Pamela M. Young cancer
patients’ perceptions of a video game used to promote self‑ care.
Int Electron J Health Educ 2006, 2008;9:202‑12. [Last accessed on
2014 Jul 22].
22. Cole SW, Yoo DJ, Knutson B. Interactvity and reward‑related
neural activation during a serious videogame. PLoS One
2012;7:e33909.
23. Kato PM. Video games in health care: Closing the gap. Rev Gen
Psychol 2010;14:113‑21. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/
releases/gpr‑14‑2‑113.pdf [Last accessed 2014 Jul 01].
24. Voortman AJ. Serious Games Learning Skills by Means
of Computer Games. Available from: http://www.cs.vu.
nl/~eliens/create/local/material/serious‑games.pdf. [Last
accessed on 2014 Jul 18].
25. Annetta LA. Video games in education: Why they should be used
and how they are being used. Theory Pract 2008;47:229‑39. http://
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.455.2684&
rep=rep1&type=pdf [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 18].
26. Lippincott W. Quality of life for cancer patients, from diagnosis
to treatment and beyond. Nurs Manage 2012;43:20‑5. Nursing
Management. 2012 Apr‑Jun; 14(3): 20‑5.
27. Warburton D. The Impact of Violent Video Games: An Overview
Growing Up Fast and Furious: Reviewing the Impacts of Violent
and Sexualized Media on Children, 2011. Annandale, NSW, and
Australia: The Federation Press. Available from: http://www.
psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2010‑2014/12AW.
pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 11].
28. Medical Xpress. Gentile Cites Positive, Negative Effects of Video
Games on the Brain in Nature Reviews Article. Available from:
http://www.medicalxpress.com/news/2011‑12-gentile-citespositive-negative‑effects.html. [Last accessed on 2014 Jun 29].
29. Parliamentary Office of Science & Technology. Impacts of
Video Games. Available from: http://www.parliament.uk/
briefing‑papers/post‑pn‑405.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jun 19].
30. Lieberman DA, Bates CH, So J. Young Children’s Learning With
Digital Media. Comput Sch 2009;26:271‑83. Available from:
http://www.eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/tta-system/teaching/
Broadcast%20Calls/young-childrens‑learning‑with‑digital‑me
dia.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 19].
31. Hirumi A, Stapleton C. Applying Pedagogy During Game
Development to Enhance Game‑Based Learning. Available
from: http://www.hrast.pef.uni‑lj.si/docs/research/Serious
games/pedagogy and game develomn.pdf. [Last accessed on
2014 Jul 25].
32. Peng W, Liu M. An Overview of Using Electronic Games
for Health Purposes. Available from: https://www.msu.
edu/~pengwei/Peng%20Liu.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 15].
33. Prot S, McDonald KA, Anderson CA, Gentile DA. Video games:
Good, bad, or other? Pediatr Clin North Am 2012;59:647‑58, viii.
34. Rashidi M, Rameshat MH, Gharib H, Rouzbahani R, Ghias M,
Poursafa P. The association between spatial distribution of
common malignancies and soil lead concentration in Isfahan,
Iran. J Res Med Sci 2012;17:348‑54.
35. Rowan C. The Ways in which we are Raising and Educating
Children with Technology are no Longer Sustainable. Child
Development, Research, Technology and Children. Available
from: http://www.movingtolearn.ca/2014/the-ways-in-whichwe-are-raising-and-educating-children-with-technology-are-nolonger-sustainable. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 23].
36. Gallagher D. 7 Health Benefits of Playing Video Games;
2013. Available from: http://www.theweek.com/article/
index/241121/7-health-benefits-of-playing-video-games. [Last
accessed on 2014 Jul 11].
37. SafdariR, GhazisaeidiM, Goodini A,MirzaeeM, FarziJ. Electronic
game: A key effective technology to promote behavioral change
in cancer patients. J Cancer Res Ther 2016;12:474‑80.
38. Safdari R, Ebrahimi M. The Effect Usage of in Neuro‑feedback
Games and Virtual Reality to Treat Psychological Disorders and
the Promotion of Physical and Mental Abilities and Skills. First
National Conference Electronic Games and Enhanced Health,
Iran, Tehran; 2014.
39. Anderson C, Gentile D, Buckley K, Violent Video Game Effects on
Children and Adolescents: Theory, Research and Public Policy;
2008. p. 142. http://drdouglas.org/drdpdfs/Gentile_Stone_2005.
pdf [Last accessed 2014 Jun 16].
40. Granic I, Lobel A, Rutger E. The benefits of playing video games.
Am Psychol Assoc 2014; 69:66‑78. Available from: https://
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/amp‑a0034857.pdf [Last
accessed on 2014 Jun 17].
41. American Cancer Society. Caring for the Patient with Cancer
at Home: A Guide for Patients and Families; 2013. Available
from: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/
webcontent/002818‑pdf.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jun 07].
42. Beale IL, Kato PM, Marin‑Bowling VM, Guthrie N, Cole SW.
Improvement in cancer‑related knowledge following use of a
psychoeducational video game for adolescents and young adults
with cancer. J Adolesc Health 2007;41:263‑70.
43. Anderson CA, Shibuya A, Ihori N, Swing EL, Bushman BJ,
Sakamoto A, et al. Violent video game effects on aggression,
empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries:
A meta‑analytic review. Psychol Bull 2010;136:151‑73.
44. Barajas M, Trifonova A. Delli AL. Games and Creativity in
Education and Training. Fridericiana Editrice Universitaria; 2011.
Available from: http://www.fridericiana.it/areadownload/
eBook_118.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jun 29].
45. Hawn C. Games for health: The latest tool in the medical care
arsenal. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009;28:w842‑8.
46. Thai A, Lowenstein D, Ching D. Game changer: Investing in
digital play to advance children’s learning and health. The Joan
Ganz Cooney Center; 2009. http://www.joanganzcooneycenter.
org/wp‑content/uploads/2010/03/game_changer_final_1_.pdf.
[Last accessed on 2014 Jul 17].
47. Roubidoux MA. Breast cancer detective: A computer game
to teach breast cancer screening to Native American patients.
J Cancer Educ 2005;20 1 Suppl:87‑91.
American Cancer Society. Available from: http://www.
cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/
documents/document/acspc‑036845.pdf. [Last accessed on
2013 Sep 23].
2. American Cancer Society. Treatment & Survivorship Facts and
Figures (2012‑2013). Available from: http://www.cancer.org/./
cancerfactsstatistics/cancer‑treatment‑survivorship‑facts‑figures.
pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Feb 23].3. Damien D, Julian A, Jean‑P Jessel, Olivier R. Origins of Serious
Games. Available from: http://www.ludoscience.com/files/
ressources/origins_of_serious_games.pdf[Last accessed on
2014 Feb 28].
4. Anderson C, Gentile A, Dill KE. Prosocial, Antisocial Effects of
Recreational Video Games. In: Singer DG, Singer JL, editors.
Handbook of Children and the Media, 2nd ed., Ch. 13. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage; 2012. p. 249‑72. https://public.psych.iastate.
edu/caa/abstracts/2010‑2014/12agd.pdf [Last accessed on
2014 Feb 18].
5. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2103, Atlanta:
American Cancer Society; 2013. Available from: http://www.
cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/
documents/document/acspc‑036845.pdf. [Last accessed on
2014 Aug 13].
6. California Healthcare Foundation. “Ehealth Initiative Real
Solutions Better Health”, a Study and Report on the Use of Ehealth
Tools for Chronic Disease Care Among Socially Disadvantaged
Populations. An Issue Brief on Ehealth Tools for Cancer Patients;
24 December, 2012. https://ehi‑rails‑app.s3.amazonaws.com/
uploads/article/file/8/2013‑04‑03_‑_CHCF_‑_A_Study_on_
the_Use_of_eHealth_Tools_for_Chronic_Disease_Care_Among_
Socially_Disadvantaged_Populations_‑_Final_‑_Report.pdf
[Last accessed on 2014 Aug 10].
7. Roshan S, Bitaraf F. Survey and Evaluation of Different Types and
Styles of Game Consoles Computer. First National Conference
Electronic Games and Enhanced Health, Iran, Tehran; 2014. [Last
accessed on 2014 July 10].
8. Anderson CA, Wayne AW. The Impacts of Violent Video Games:
An Overview. Available from: http://www.psychology.iastate.
edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/.2014/12AW.pdf. [Last accessed on
2014 Jul 27].
9. Gentile DA. The multiple dimensions of video game effect. Child
Dev Perspectives 2011;5:75‑81. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/10.1111/j. 1750‑8606.2011.00159.x/pdf [Last accessed on
2014 Jun 27].
10. Entertainment Software Association. Essential Facts about Games
and Violence. Available from: http://www.theesa.com/facts/
pdfs/ESA_EF_About_Games_and_Violence.pdf. [Last accessed
on 2014 Jun 07].
11. Engelstätter B, Mannheim ZE, Ward MR. Understanding the
Effects of Violent Video Games on Violent Crime. Available
from: http://www.Ocw.metu.edu.tr/mod/resource/view.
php?id=3099. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 30].
12. Ewoldsen DR, Eno CA, Okdie BM, Velez JA, Guadagno RE,
DeCosterJ. Effect of playing violent video games cooperatively or
competitively on subsequent cooperative behavior. Cyberpsychol
Behav Soc Netw 2012;15:277‑80.
13. Granic I, Lobel A, Engels RC. The benefits of playing video games.
Am Psychol 2014;69:66‑78.
14. Gerling K, Alberto F, Ralf S, Masuch, M. Designing and Evaluating
Casual Health Games for Children and Teen agers with Cancer.
ICEC, LNCS 6972; 2011. p. 198‑209. https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/220851399_Designing_and_Evaluating_Casual_
Health_Games_for_Children_and_Teenagers_with_Cancer[Last
accessed on 2014 Aug 11].
15. Voortman AJ. Serious Games, Learning skills by means of
computer games. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Available
from: http://www.cs.vu.nl/~eliens/create/local/material/
serious‑games.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Aug 04].
16. Zimmermann C, Burman D, Swami N, Krzyzanowska MK,
Leighl N, Moore M, et al. Determinants of quality of life in patients
with advanced cancer. Support Care Cancer 2011;19:621‑9.
17. National Cancer Institute, 2012. Facing Forward Life After Cancer
Treatment; 2012. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/
cancertopics/coping/life‑after‑treatment.pdf. [Last accessed on
2014 Aug 01].
18. American Cancer Society, 2013. Caring for the Patient with
Cancer at Home: A Guide for Patients and Families. Available
from: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/
webcontent/002818‑pdf.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 June 11].
19. Kato PM, Cole SW, Bradlyn AS, Pollock BH. A video game
improves behavioral outcomes in adolescents and young adults
with cancer: A randomized trial. Pediatrics 2008;122:e305‑17.
20. Baranowski T, Buday R, Thompson D, Lyons EJ, Lu AS,
Baranowski J. Developing Games for Health Behavior Change:
Getting Started. Games Health J 2013;2:183‑190.
21. Ivan L, Beale V, Marín B, Nicole G, Pamela M. Young cancer
patients’ perceptions of a video game used to promote self‑ care.
Int Electron J Health Educ 2006, 2008;9:202‑12. [Last accessed on
2014 Jul 22].
22. Cole SW, Yoo DJ, Knutson B. Interactvity and reward‑related
neural activation during a serious videogame. PLoS One
2012;7:e33909.
23. Kato PM. Video games in health care: Closing the gap. Rev Gen
Psychol 2010;14:113‑21. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/
releases/gpr‑14‑2‑113.pdf [Last accessed 2014 Jul 01].
24. Voortman AJ. Serious Games Learning Skills by Means
of Computer Games. Available from: http://www.cs.vu.
nl/~eliens/create/local/material/serious‑games.pdf. [Last
accessed on 2014 Jul 18].
25. Annetta LA. Video games in education: Why they should be used
and how they are being used. Theory Pract 2008;47:229‑39. http://
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.455.2684&
rep=rep1&type=pdf [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 18].
26. Lippincott W. Quality of life for cancer patients, from diagnosis
to treatment and beyond. Nurs Manage 2012;43:20‑5. Nursing
Management. 2012 Apr‑Jun; 14(3): 20‑5.
27. Warburton D. The Impact of Violent Video Games: An Overview
Growing Up Fast and Furious: Reviewing the Impacts of Violent
and Sexualized Media on Children, 2011. Annandale, NSW, and
Australia: The Federation Press. Available from: http://www.
psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts/2010‑2014/12AW.
pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 11].
28. Medical Xpress. Gentile Cites Positive, Negative Effects of Video
Games on the Brain in Nature Reviews Article. Available from:
http://www.medicalxpress.com/news/2011‑12-gentile-citespositive-negative‑effects.html. [Last accessed on 2014 Jun 29].
29. Parliamentary Office of Science & Technology. Impacts of
Video Games. Available from: http://www.parliament.uk/
briefing‑papers/post‑pn‑405.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jun 19].
30. Lieberman DA, Bates CH, So J. Young Children’s Learning With
Digital Media. Comput Sch 2009;26:271‑83. Available from:
http://www.eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/tta-system/teaching/
Broadcast%20Calls/young-childrens‑learning‑with‑digital‑me
dia.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 19].
31. Hirumi A, Stapleton C. Applying Pedagogy During Game
Development to Enhance Game‑Based Learning. Available
from: http://www.hrast.pef.uni‑lj.si/docs/research/Serious
games/pedagogy and game develomn.pdf. [Last accessed on
2014 Jul 25].
32. Peng W, Liu M. An Overview of Using Electronic Games
for Health Purposes. Available from: https://www.msu.
edu/~pengwei/Peng%20Liu.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 15].
33. Prot S, McDonald KA, Anderson CA, Gentile DA. Video games:
Good, bad, or other? Pediatr Clin North Am 2012;59:647‑58, viii.
34. Rashidi M, Rameshat MH, Gharib H, Rouzbahani R, Ghias M,
Poursafa P. The association between spatial distribution of
common malignancies and soil lead concentration in Isfahan,
Iran. J Res Med Sci 2012;17:348‑54.
35. Rowan C. The Ways in which we are Raising and Educating
Children with Technology are no Longer Sustainable. Child
Development, Research, Technology and Children. Available
from: http://www.movingtolearn.ca/2014/the-ways-in-whichwe-are-raising-and-educating-children-with-technology-are-nolonger-sustainable. [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 23].
36. Gallagher D. 7 Health Benefits of Playing Video Games;
2013. Available from: http://www.theweek.com/article/
index/241121/7-health-benefits-of-playing-video-games. [Last
accessed on 2014 Jul 11].
37. SafdariR, GhazisaeidiM, Goodini A,MirzaeeM, FarziJ. Electronic
game: A key effective technology to promote behavioral change
in cancer patients. J Cancer Res Ther 2016;12:474‑80.
38. Safdari R, Ebrahimi M. The Effect Usage of in Neuro‑feedback
Games and Virtual Reality to Treat Psychological Disorders and
the Promotion of Physical and Mental Abilities and Skills. First
National Conference Electronic Games and Enhanced Health,
Iran, Tehran; 2014.
39. Anderson C, Gentile D, Buckley K, Violent Video Game Effects on
Children and Adolescents: Theory, Research and Public Policy;
2008. p. 142. http://drdouglas.org/drdpdfs/Gentile_Stone_2005.
pdf [Last accessed 2014 Jun 16].
40. Granic I, Lobel A, Rutger E. The benefits of playing video games.
Am Psychol Assoc 2014; 69:66‑78. Available from: https://
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/amp‑a0034857.pdf [Last
accessed on 2014 Jun 17].
41. American Cancer Society. Caring for the Patient with Cancer
at Home: A Guide for Patients and Families; 2013. Available
from: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/
webcontent/002818‑pdf.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jun 07].
42. Beale IL, Kato PM, Marin‑Bowling VM, Guthrie N, Cole SW.
Improvement in cancer‑related knowledge following use of a
psychoeducational video game for adolescents and young adults
with cancer. J Adolesc Health 2007;41:263‑70.
43. Anderson CA, Shibuya A, Ihori N, Swing EL, Bushman BJ,
Sakamoto A, et al. Violent video game effects on aggression,
empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries:
A meta‑analytic review. Psychol Bull 2010;136:151‑73.
44. Barajas M, Trifonova A. Delli AL. Games and Creativity in
Education and Training. Fridericiana Editrice Universitaria; 2011.
Available from: http://www.fridericiana.it/areadownload/
eBook_118.pdf. [Last accessed on 2014 Jun 29].
45. Hawn C. Games for health: The latest tool in the medical care
arsenal. Health Aff (Millwood) 2009;28:w842‑8.
46. Thai A, Lowenstein D, Ching D. Game changer: Investing in
digital play to advance children’s learning and health. The Joan
Ganz Cooney Center; 2009. http://www.joanganzcooneycenter.
org/wp‑content/uploads/2010/03/game_changer_final_1_.pdf.
[Last accessed on 2014 Jul 17].
47. Roubidoux MA. Breast cancer detective: A computer game
to teach breast cancer screening to Native American patients.
J Cancer Educ 2005;20 1 Suppl:87‑91.
)