Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Virtual learning during the COVID‑19 pandemic: What are the barriers and how to overcome them?

. Sujata Yadneshwar Khobragade; . Htoo Htoo Kyaw Soe; . Yadneshwar Sudam Khobragade; . Adinegara Lutfi bin Abas

Volume 11, Issue 8 , September 2021, , Pages 1-10

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Virtual learning is not without challenges. It can cause stress, lack of motivation, and socialisolation. Due to COVID‑19 pandemic, our college shifted from face‑to‑face ...  Read More CONTEXT: Virtual learning is not without challenges. It can cause stress, lack of motivation, and socialisolation. Due to COVID‑19 pandemic, our college shifted from face‑to‑face to virtual teaching–learningstyle. the aim was to find out the barriers in virtual learning among medical students and providesolutions to overcome them.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was conducted among 3rd‑ and 4th‑yearBachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students in 2020. Prevalidated electronic survey formson institutional barrier, technical barrier, and individual barrier were sent to students, 160 studentsresponded. SPSS version 12 was used to calculate descriptive statistics and independent t‑test.RESULTS: The students had the highest mean score in individual barrier(mean: 2.82 [standard deviation (SD): 0.72]) followed by institutional barrier (mean: 2.79 [SD: 0.74])and technological barrier (mean: 2.72 [SD: 0.75]). Regarding technological barriers, 38.6% of thestudents agreed difficulty in procurement of the laptop and 66.4% faced slow Internet connection.Regarding institutional barriers, 75.9% were stressed to join one lecture to another lecture as thelectures were continuous, 69.6% had limited opportunity to interact with lecturers, and 62.7% hadpoor communication between lecturers and students. Regarding individual barriers, 74.1% of thestudents were not motivated for online learning, 71.5% of the students could not learn as well asthey were in the classroom, and 58.2% disagreed taking online courses in future.CONCLUSION: Low motivation, communication, Internet connectivity, and technical problems werethe main barriers. Smaller size class, highly motivated and well‑trained lecturers, and interactivelectures may help in breaking the barriers of virtual learning.

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Evaluation of the educational services quality from the viewpoint of postgraduate students at Kermanshah University of medical sciences in 2019

. Razie Toghroli; . Farideh Moradi; . Laleh Hassani; . Teamur Aghamolaei; . Nafiul Mehedi; . Fatemeh Mahmoodi; . Azam Faraji; . Ava Sadat Hoseini; . Ali Soroush; . Behdad Ziapour

Volume 11, Issue 8 , September 2021, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: At present, the SERVQUAL model is one of the most significant tools for measuringcustomers’ expectations and perceptions in organizations. Determination of expectations ...  Read More BACKGROUND: At present, the SERVQUAL model is one of the most significant tools for measuringcustomers’ expectations and perceptions in organizations. Determination of expectations andperceptions of students who are the main university customers from educational services can providevaluable information to the programmers to improve the condition of educational services. Therefore,this study aims to measure the quality of education services from the viewpoint of postgraduatestudents at Kermanshah Medical Sciences University using the SERVQUAL model in 2019.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive cross‑sectional study. The population under thestudy consisted of 162 students at the postgraduate education section (Master’s degree and Ph.D.)studying in the second semester of the academic year of 2019 at Kermanshah Medical SciencesUniversity. The standard SERVQUAL questionnaire was used for data collection, which includedfive dimensions of the quality of educational services, and the random‑stratified sampling methodwas employed. The data were analyzed using the  SPSS Statistics software (version 23.0, SPSSInc., Chicago, IL, USA), and descriptive and other statistical tests, including the Pearson correlationcoefficient, and paired and independent t‑tests were performed.RESULTS: Based on the students’ perspective in the provision of service there was quality gapexisted in all services, and the largest gap was in the reliability dimension (−0.37), and after that,empathy (−0.37), guaranty (0.27), and responsiveness (−0.24) dimensions, respectively, and thelowest one was in the tangible dimension (0.15). There was a statistically significant observeddifference between the quality gap in different educational dimensions (P > 0.001).CONCLUSION: Research findings showed that students were not meeting their expectations fromthe presented educational services. Hence, holding a training workshop is suggested in the field ofhow to serve and enhance communication skills for employees and teachers.

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A study comparing depression, anxiety, and coping styles between high school students attending and not attending coaching class for medical entrance examination

. Krishan Kumar Sharma; . Parth Singh Meena; . Charan Singh Jhilowa; . Shubham Jhanwar; . Jitendra Rohilla; . Pinki Tak; . Mahendra Jain

Volume 11, Issue 7 , August 2021, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Various kinds of stressors and psychological problems have been reported inthe adolescent student population. This study assessed and compared depression, anxiety, andvarious ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Various kinds of stressors and psychological problems have been reported inthe adolescent student population. This study assessed and compared depression, anxiety, andvarious coping styles among high school students attending coaching classes for medical entranceexamination (MEE) and those not.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Systemic random sampling technique was used to recruit 400 highschool students with equal number of those attending (Group 1) and those not attending any coachingclass for MEE (Group 2). They underwent screening for depression and anxiety through Patient HealthQuestionnaire‑9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7‑item. Coping styles were assessed throughbrief COPE inventory. Screening positive subjects were assessed in detail by a psychiatrist usingICD‑10 (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision), Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR).The severity of depression and anxiety was measured through HAM‑D and HAM‑A, respectively.RESULTS: Depression and anxiety were reported by higher proportion of Group 1 (36%) thanGroup 2 (22%), χ2 (1) = 9.52; P = 0.002. In both the groups, depressive disorder was the mostcommon, followed by generalised anxiety–disorder and mixed anxiety–depression. The severityof depression (HAM‑D score) and anxiety (HAM‑A Score) was significantly more Group 1. “Activecoping” (χ2 = 4.79 P = 0.02) and “Humor”  (χ2 = 30.90, P ≤ 0.01) were more commonly used byhealthy students, while “Religious coping” (χ2 = 37.92 P ≤ 0.01) were the most common amongthose diagnosed with depression/anxiety disorder.CONCLUSION: Higher prevalence of the psychological problems in adolescent school studentspreparing for MEE highlights the importance of aptitude assessment, career counseling, and schoolmental health program before their exposure to the competitive academic atmosphere.

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The effects of teaching methods on academic motivation in nursing students: A systematic review

. Maryam Saeedi; . Raziyeh Ghafouri; . Fereshteh Javaheri Tehrani; . Zahra Abedini

Volume 11, Issue 6 , July 2021, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  Motivation is one of the key factors in educational achievement. Like any other field of study, motivationin nursing is highly critical. The instructor’s knowledge about the teaching ...  Read More Motivation is one of the key factors in educational achievement. Like any other field of study, motivationin nursing is highly critical. The instructor’s knowledge about the teaching methods that are effectivein academic motivation of students enables them to adopt proper measures to improve the teachingefficiency. The present paper is a systemic review of the efficiency of instructional interventions inimprovement of academic motivation in nursing students. The published papers related to the studyfrom 2000 to February 2020 were searched at different databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Webof Science, PsycInfo, and ERIC. To examine the quality of the articles, critical appraisal instrumentfor reports of educational interventions was used. Totally, 18 articles entered the study for structuredreview. The majority of the articles reported that educational interventions improved academicmotivation in nursing students. The effective teaching methods described in the reviewed articlesthat led to an improvement in academic motivation were simulation, case‑based learning, cooperativelearning, learning contract, peer assessment, and self‑assessment using video typing. As the findingsshowed, implementation of applied and participatory methods in teaching process improved theacademic motivation of nursing students. Therefore, using such methods, nursing instructors canimprove the academic motivation of their students.

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Eliciting preferences of professors and medical group students for evaluation methods of theoretical courses: An application of discrete choice experiment analysis

. Ali Kazemi Karyan; . Satar Rezaei; . Shokooh Etesami; . Leyla Pezhman; . Behzad Karami Matin; . Sajad Delavari

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 1-9

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Evaluation has become an inseparable part of education process which givesfeedback to students and professors to improve education quality. This study aimed to elicitpreferences ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Evaluation has become an inseparable part of education process which givesfeedback to students and professors to improve education quality. This study aimed to elicitpreferences of professors and students about attributes of evaluation methods in theoretical coursesin Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2018.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Discrete choice experiment (DCE) method used for eliciting preferencesof participants of the study. A narrative literature review and interview with eight professors and tenstudents conducted to determine attributes and levels of evaluation methods in the university. Furthermore,experimental design used for making final choice sets of the evaluation methods. We included 213students and 30 professors in the study. Conditional logistic regression model performed to data analysis.RESULTS: Most of the professors (36.67%) preferred to allocate up to 30% of evolution scores tomidterm examination. However, the most percentage of students (30.45%) were agree to includemidterm examination up to 15% of total scores. The majority of students prefer to examinationquestions compromise just presented materials, while 70% of professors prefer to include additionaltexts for evaluation examinations. In case of quiz examination, professors in comparison with studentsprefer that quiz should have higher proportion of total scores. DCE analysis indicated that professorsand students preferred a mix of questions in examinations. In addition, additional resources beyondwhat is taught in class made utility for professors and disutility for students. Quiz, also, increasedthe utility of an evaluation package in professors.CONCLUSION: The findings showed that there is a gap between preferences of professors andstudents regarding some attributes of evaluation methods such as student’s discipline, examinationmaterials, and quiz. Further studies are needed to examining other attributes of evaluation methodsin theatrical and practical courses in Iran and other contexts.

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The relationship between test anxiety and academic procrastination among the dental students

. Marjan Bolbolian; . Shima Asgari; . Fatemeh Sefidi; . Ali Sarvari Zadeh

Volume 11, Issue 2 , February 2021, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Test anxiety is a major educational problem among students all around the world.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic procrastination ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Test anxiety is a major educational problem among students all around the world.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between academic procrastination andtest anxiety among the dental students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a descriptive–analytical study. The studysample consisted of 152 dental students; Solomon and Rothblum’s procrastination scale andFriedman’s test anxiety questionnaire were used to collect data. To analyze the data, descriptiveand analytical statistics (analysis of variance, independent t‑test, and Pearson’s correlation) wereused at a significance level of P < 0.05.RESULTS: The results of the present study showed that there is a significant relationshipbetween procrastination and test anxiety and its components. The relationship between academicprocrastination and gender was not significant, but a significant relationship was found between testanxiety and its dimensions with gender in terms of cognitive error and total test anxiety. No significantrelationship was found between academic procrastination and test anxiety and their componentswith marital status, age, and grade point average.CONCLUSION: According to the findings of the present study, people with academic procrastinationhave more test anxiety and fear of humiliation, irrational and negative thoughts, and more stress.

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Challenges and strategies of clinical rounds from the perspective of medical students: A qualitative research

. Amin Beigzadeh; . Nikoo Yamani; . Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy; . Peyman Adibi

Volume 11, Issue 1 , January 2021, , Pages 1-12

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Clinical rounds provide opportunities for medical students to acquire essentialskills to practice medicine in the real world. Although this kind of training is one of ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Clinical rounds provide opportunities for medical students to acquire essentialskills to practice medicine in the real world. Although this kind of training is one of the most importantcomponents of medical education, it is replete with barriers in its effective implementation. This studyaimed to investigate medical students’ experiences concerning the barriers and strategies of clinicalrounds in Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KMU).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative research was conducted on 12 medical studentsin KMU in 2017. Purposive sampling was used and participants in three grades (stagers, interns,and residents) were selected, and individual semi‑structured interviews were conducted until datasaturation. The average of the interview time differed among the three batches (stagers, 51 min;interns, 38 min; and residents, 31 min). Content analysis using deductive approach was used fordata analysis. MAXQDA version 10 was used for data analysis.RESULTS: Data analysis yielded the identification of six themes related to the system of clinicaleducation, fields of clinical education, clinical environment, educational program, medical teachers,and medical students concerning the barriers and five themes related to the strategies for clinicalrounds.CONCLUSIONS: Findings revealed a deeper understanding of medical students’ experiences. Ourinvestigation identified multiple challenges embedded in our context and strategies to overcomethem. As teaching in clinical rounds is invaluable, there is a need to take into account the identifiedchallenges and overcome them. Thus, more effective rounds with higher efficacy toward students’professional development can be implemented.

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Determiners of fast‑food consumption in Iranian university students: Application of prototype/willingness model

. Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad,; . Mahmood Mahbobirad; . Mohammad Asadpour; . Ali Akbar Vaezi; . Hossein Fallahzadeh; . Hassan Zareei Mahmoodabadi

Volume 10, Issue 12 , December 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: Today, marked by advanced scientific approach, urbanism, and changing life style,there is an ever‑growing rate of fast‑food consumption, which has significantly affected ...  Read More BACKGROUND: Today, marked by advanced scientific approach, urbanism, and changing life style,there is an ever‑growing rate of fast‑food consumption, which has significantly affected public health.Hence, the present research aimed to predict factors involved in fast‑food consumption in light ofthe prototype/willingness model among the students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present descriptive/analytical research conducted in 2018–2019,350 students in Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences were selected through proportionatestratified random sampling. The required data were collected using a self‑administrated questionnairein light of the constructs within the prototype/willingness model and fast‑food consumption behavior.The data were analyzed in SPSS version 16.0 using descriptive and inferential statistics includingmean scores, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and linear regression.RESULTS: Behavioral intention of fast‑food consumption showed to be positively correlated withpositive willingness, positive prototype, positive subjective norms, and positive attitude toward fast‑foodconsumption. Furthermore, the correlation between positive behavioral intention of consuming fastfood and positive subjective norms and positive attitude toward fast‑food consumption was statisticallysignificant (P < 0.05). The underlying constructs of prototype/willingness model altogether managedto explain 13% of the total variance of fast‑food consumption behavior. Behavioral intention showedto be the strongest predictor of the behavior (β = 1.613).CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the preventive measures aimed to reduce fast‑food consumptionamong the youth focus more on strengthening negative attitudes and subjective norms concerningfast‑food consumption.

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Development of health literacy among postgraduate students: From information literacy perspective

. Abolfazl Taheri; . Mostafa Langarizadeh; . Jalil Ghani Dehkordi; . Omid Yousefianzadeh

Volume 10, Issue 12 , December 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  OBJECTIVES: Involving the patients in health‑related decisions requires high health literacy. Healthliteracy is related to the concept of information literacy through its emphasis ...  Read More OBJECTIVES: Involving the patients in health‑related decisions requires high health literacy. Healthliteracy is related to the concept of information literacy through its emphasis on information skills.Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between information literacy andhealth literacy.STUDY DESIGN: We carried out an original research.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an applied research that is carried out in a survey method.The statistical population of this study is MSc and PhD students at School of Health Managementand Information Science in Iran University of Medical Sciences who were selected by stratifiedrandom sampling. A standard health literacy questionnaire including access dimensions, readingskills, comprehension, evaluation, decision‑making, and application of health information was used toassess the health literacy status of the students. To measure information literacy, the questionnaireincludes identifying information needs, locating information, organizing information, and evaluatinginformation were used. The data were analyzed by tests of one‑sample t‑test, Pearson correlation,and simple linear regression with spss software version 18 produced by IBM located at New York.RESULTS: The results showed that the level of information literacy among students was higherthan the average level. The average of information literacy rate in the sample is 49.09. In thisregard, the most frequent information is gained from the internet, interacting with friends, and askingpractitioners and health workers. In addition, there is a positive and significant relationship betweenall dimensions of information literacy with health literacy and information literacy affects 35.4% ofhealth literacy changes.CONCLUSIONS: It can be said that information literacy is a predictor of health literacy. Furthermore,the pattern of people’s health information has moved to new information environments and to improvehealth having sufficient information seeking and information literacy skills are essential.

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Education promotion based on “mobile technology” in the Critical Care Nursing Department: Four‑phase intervention

. Somayeh Ghafari; . Ahmadreza Yazdannik; . Shahla Mohamadirizi

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of students’ clinical performance is an essential part of nursingeducation. Mobile technology is one of the new methods of evaluation that has opened ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of students’ clinical performance is an essential part of nursingeducation. Mobile technology is one of the new methods of evaluation that has opened a new horizonfor nursing professors. Therefore, this study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate mobile healthtechnology in critical care nursing department in four‑phase intervention.METHODS: This study was a four‑stage educational intervention in which all postgraduate studentsof intensive care nursing in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences participated in the study. The foursteps were designing and developing a logbook, needs assessment, designing and implementingan Android app, and evaluating users (students) of the Android app. Subjects' satisfaction scoreswere collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 14 questions. Data were analyzed usingSPSS 14 software.RESULTS: In this study, a clinical practice evaluation app was designed at four levels ofaccess (student, professor, department manager, and faculty dean). The results showed that morethan half of app users reported this technology in terms of an overall response to the tool (87.5%),tool specificity (100%), the amount of information displayed (75%), page layout (62.5%), informationrate (75%), recall information (87.5%), and ease of doing instructions (100%) were positive.CONCLUSION: Evaluation of clinical practice using technology was associated with increasingstudents’ satisfaction with evaluation method. In addition, this application enabled the simultaneousinteraction between the professor with the higher and lower ranks, including the department managerand student and vice versa and the simultaneous recording of this interaction.

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Service learning experiences of doctor of physical therapy students with a severe mental illness population

. Sean Karyczak; . Ann A. Murphy; . Michelle Zechner; . Ellen Z. Anderson; . Anthony Zazzarino

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Physical therapists provide important services to improve physical health forthe general population; however, physical therapy interventions are less utilized with underservedpopulations ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Physical therapists provide important services to improve physical health forthe general population; however, physical therapy interventions are less utilized with underservedpopulations such as those with severe mental illness (SMI). The quality of services for thesepopulations is impacted in part by negative provider attitudes and lack of preparation to work withthe SMI population. This study examined the impact of structured educational field experience on thephysical therapist’s attitudes and knowledge about working with the SMI population. This will informfuture educational practices to best prepare students to provide quality of healthcare to the population.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven graduates of a doctor of physical therapy (DPT) programfrom a Mid‑Atlantic University in the United States who participated in an SMI service‑learning (SL)experience completed a semi‑structured qualitative interview in 2016. Questions about how theexperience impacted their current work were asked. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed,and examined using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Coding and investigator triangulationwere conducted. All interviews reached thematic saturation.RESULTS: The graduated DPT students reported attitudinal changes toward people with SMI throughqualitative interviews. They reported an improvement in their skills, greater competence to work withthe SMI population, and an increased focus in the use of person‑centered services.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that DPT students gain an understanding of boththe SMI population and themselves during SL. Using SL as part of the DPT educational curriculumcan offer students and the opportunity to build confidence in working with the SMI population. SLcan also improve their skills and attitudes toward the population, key areas that are identified asbarriers to receiving quality physical healthcare among the SMI population.

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Epidemiologic assessment of self‑concept and academic self‑efficacy in Iranian high school students: Multilevel analysis

. Zahra Hosseinkhani; . Hamidreza Hassanabadi; . Mahboubeh Parsaeian; . Saharnaz Nedjat

Volume 10, Issue 11 , November 2020, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: In social cognitive theory, self‑efficacy and self‑concept (SC) have been introducedas important constructs that associate with adolescents’ achievements. The ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: In social cognitive theory, self‑efficacy and self‑concept (SC) have been introducedas important constructs that associate with adolescents’ achievements. The aim of this study wasto investigate the determinant factors of academic self‑efficacy (ASE) and SC in Iranian high schoolstudents based on the multilevel analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive‑analytical cross‑sectional study, 1740 studentsfrom 53 high schools selected with stratified random sampling method in 2018 in Qazvin,Iran. Data collection tools were the Morgan and Jinks Self‑Efficacy Scale and the Piers‑HarrisChildren’s  SC Scale‑Second Edition. The association between some of the students and schoolvariables with ASE and SC was analyzed by hierarchical linear regression models.RESULTS: The score of the students’ standardized ASE was lower than SC. ASE and SC had astrong positive significant association with economic status, grade point average, and the educationalperiod of high school. Sex had no association with any of them. Physical activity had a positivesignificant association with SC but was no found association by ASE.CONCLUSION:  These findings revealed that for improving the adolescents’ ASE and SC should beattention to the adolescents’ family condition and school‑related factors. Proper educational, sports,and supportive programs can be effective on the adolescents’ self‑efficacy and SC.

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Exploring the educational opportunity and implementation of CARE among dental students in India

. Soni Rajput; . Amit Kumar; . Manjunath P. Puranik; . Namita Shanbhag

Volume 10, Issue 9 , September 2020, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  CONTEXT: Empathy is considered to be backbone of the patient–physician relationship. Theconsultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure is widely used internationally to measureempathy. ...  Read More CONTEXT: Empathy is considered to be backbone of the patient–physician relationship. Theconsultation and relational empathy (CARE) measure is widely used internationally to measureempathy. However, no validated tool is available to gather patient feedback on dentists’ empathyin India.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore the reliability and validity of a CARE measureand to assess the factors influencing CARE score and to determine if there was an associationbetween their CARE score and satisfaction of the patient.SETTING AND DESIGN: A cross‑sectional study was done in dental colleges.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire study was carried out among 100 patients from 6dental colleges in Bangalore using validated CARE measure.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Internal consistency of items was evaluated by the Cronbach’s alpha,and construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis. Satisfaction was assessed bya question response on 5‑point Likert scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performedwith significance set at 5%.RESULTS: The mean CARE score was 43.80 ± 5.36. Internal reliability was high (Cronbach’salpha: 0.859) and was reduced by the removal of any of 10 items. High corrected item‑total correlationsranged from 0.752 to 0.847. Factor analysis showed a single solution with high item loadings (>0.80).Self‑perception of overall health (odds ratio [OR] = 3.78), relationship with family (OR = 4.61) andfriends (OR = 3.78), and previous dental experience (OR = 16.00) were more likely, whereasdentist‑provided treatment (OR = 0.20), number (OR = 0.07) and dental treatment taken (OR = 0.13),presence of anxiety (OR = 0.03), and fear (OR = 0.05) were less likely to have CARE score. Thesatisfaction of the patient regressed significantly with the relationship with family members (ß = 0.77)and CARE score (ß = 0.21).CONCLUSION: This study confirms the educational opportunity and implementation of CARE indental students. CARE scores among patients varied depending on personal factors and dentaltreatment‑related factors. The satisfaction of the patient was influenced by the relationship withfamily members and CARE scores.

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A comparison of learning styles of undergraduate health‑care professional students at the beginning, middle, and end of the educational course over a 4‑year study period (2015–2018)

. Hamid Reza Koohestani; . Nayereh Baghcheghi

Volume 10, Issue 8 , August 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND AIM: There is a growing interest in learning styles of undergraduate health‑careprofessional students; however, the evidences about learning styles over time during ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND AIM: There is a growing interest in learning styles of undergraduate health‑careprofessional students; however, the evidences about learning styles over time during undergraduateprograms are rare. In this study, the learning styles of undergraduate health‑care professionalstudents from the beginning to the completion of the program were examined to determine changesin learning style over time.METHODOLOGY: This is a longitudinal descriptive study from 2015 to 2018. A total of 101 health‑careprofessional students were selected by census method. Learning styles were evaluated using thePerceptual Learning‑Style Preference Questionnaire three times in the study at the beginning (T1),the middle (T2), and the end of the educational course (T3). The data were analyzed using repeatedmeasures ANOVA.RESULTS: In T1, auditory (mean = 13.99) and visual (mean = 13.54) styles were preferred as majorlearning styles, whereas at T2, visual style (mean = 13.6) was the only preferred major learningstyle. At T3, the major learning styles were kinesthetic (mean = 14.32), tactile (mean = 13.98), andvisual (mean = 13.58). There were statistically significant differences in auditory, kinesthetic, tactileand group scale scores between the three time points (P < 0.05). Group learning style was in thenegative type at all three time points.CONCLUSIONS: Learning styles can change depending on the context, environment, teachingmethod, and the subject of learning material and are probably a flexible changing feature rather thana fixed inherent feature a student possesses.

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A study of internet addiction and its effects on mental health: A study based on Iranian University Students

. Javad Yoosefi Lebni; . Razie Toghroli; . Jaffar Abbas; . Nazila NeJhaddadgar; . Mohammad Reza Salahshoor; . Morteza Mansourian; . Hadi Darvishi Gilan; . Neda Kianipour; . Fakhreddin Chaboksavar; . Seyyed Amar Azizi; . Arash Ziapour

Volume 10, Issue 8 , August 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The Internet has drastically affected human behavior, and it has positive andnegative effects; however, its excessive usage exposes users to internet addiction. The diagnosis ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The Internet has drastically affected human behavior, and it has positive andnegative effects; however, its excessive usage exposes users to internet addiction. The diagnosis ofstudents’ mental dysfunction is vital to monitor their academic progress and success by preventingthis technology through proper handling of the usage addiction.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive‑analytical study selected 447 students (232 femalesand 215 males) of the first and second semesters enrolled at Kermanshah University of MedicalSciences, Iran, in 2018 by using Cochrane’s sample size formula and stratified random sampling.The study applied Young’s Internet Addiction Test and Goldberg General Health Questionnaire 28for data collection. The study screened the data received and analyzed valid data set through thet‑test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient by incorporating SPSS Statistics software version 23.0.RESULTS: The results of the current study specified that the total mean score of the students forinternet addiction and mental health was 3.81 ± 0.88 and 2.56 ± 0.33, correspondingly. The resultsrevealed that internet addiction positively correlated with depression and mental health, whichindicated a negative relationship (P > 0.001). The multiple regression analysis results showed students’five significant vulnerability predictors toward internet addiction, such as the critical reason for usingthe Internet, faculty, depression, the central place for using the Internet, and somatic symptoms.CONCLUSIONS: The study findings specified that students’ excessive internet usage leads toanxiety, depression, and adverse mental health, which affect their academic performance. Monitoringand controlling students’ internet addiction through informative sessions on how to use the Internetadequately is useful.

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The effect of educational intervention on health-promoting lifestyle: Intervention mapping approach

. Mahnaz Solhi; . Farbod Ebadi Fard Azar; . Jamileh Abolghasemi; . Mina Maheri; . Seyed Fahim Irandoost; . Saeede Khalili

Volume 10, Issue 8 , August 2020, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: The health-promoting lifestyle by empowering individuals will increase control overtheir health, improve quality of life, and prevent diseases. The purpose of the present ...  Read More BACKGROUND: The health-promoting lifestyle by empowering individuals will increase control overtheir health, improve quality of life, and prevent diseases. The purpose of the present study was todetermine the effect of the educational intervention based on the intervention mapping approach onhealth-promoting lifestyle in Iranian college students.METHODS: This study is a quasi-experimental control study that was conducted in two groups of65 students of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2018–2019. The data were collected using theHealth-Promoting Lifestyle Standard Profile II questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnairebased on the mapping approach, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The educationalintervention was designed according to the pretest results, including five training sessions andperformed for the intervention group. The two groups were evaluated with the same questionnaires1 month and 3 months later, and the data were analyzed using independent t-test, Spearman,ANCOVA, ANOVA test, and covariance.Results: Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between the mean scores ofhealth-promoting behaviors in the two groups, but after the intervention, the mean scores of attitude,subjective norms, enabling factors, and perceived self-efficacy and mean scores of health-promotinglifestyle and its dimensions increased significantly in the intervention group (P < 0.001) comparedto the control group.Conclusion: The educational intervention is effective in improving behaviors related to healthpromoting lifestyle and its dimensions. Therefore, performing educational interventions are suggestedto adopt and adhere to behaviors related to health-promoting lifestyle by utilizing and reinforcingperceived self-efficacy, subjective norms, enabling factors, and attitudinal change.

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Effect of health literacy among students on the adoption of osteoporosispreventive behaviors in Iran

. Rahman Panahi; . Leili Yekefallah; . Mahya Shafaei; . Leila Dehghankar; . Mohamad Anbari; . Narges Hosseini; . Elham Hasannia

Volume 10, Issue 7 , July 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: In chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, understanding the factors that improveprevention, such as health literacy (HL), is essential in reducing the incidence of these ...  Read More BACKGROUND: In chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, understanding the factors that improveprevention, such as health literacy (HL), is essential in reducing the incidence of these diseases.This study aimed to determine the association between HL and adoption of osteoporosis‑preventivebehaviors among students in Qazvin.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study in which 375 female students(aged 15–18 years) at high schools (grades 10th, 11th, and 12th) in Qazvin city were selected, in2019. Sampling method was multistage. To collect data, the standardized questionnaire for measuringHL in adolescents (health literacy measure in adolescents), in addition to another questionnaire forassessing osteoporosis‑preventive behaviors, was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 bydescriptive statistics and logistic regression. The association considered significant when P < 0.05.RESULTS: The mean scores of adoption of osteoporosis‑preventive behaviors and HL were22.43 ± 5.60 and 70.84 ± 12.58, respectively. Logistic regression showed that there was a significantassociation between the adoption of osteoporosis‑preventive behaviors and HL (P = 0.001). Inaddition, the association between the adoption of osteoporosis‑preventive behaviors and age wasalso significant (P = 0.048 and odds ratio = 3.35).CONCLUSIONS: Young students and those of low HL showed less adoption of osteoporosis‑preventivebehaviors. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to design educational programs that mayraise the knowledge and awareness of those students about such these diseases, mainly prevention.

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Knowledge, attitude, and behavior of elementary teachers regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

. Maede Hosseinnia; . Maryam Amidi Mazaheri; . Zahra Heidari

Volume 10, Issue 5 , May 2020, , Pages 1-6

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder in childpsychiatry, which has a greater impact on the future life of the children affected in case ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder in childpsychiatry, which has a greater impact on the future life of the children affected in case of beinguntreated and undiagnosed. Given the undeniable role of teachers in improving this disorder andpreventing its destructive consequences on children, the present research has examined theknowledge, attitude, and practice of elementary school teachers regarding ADHD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross‑sectional study carried out in 2019.One hundred and twenty teachers were randomly selected as samples among public and privateschools in three districts of Isfahan. Data were collected by a self‑administrated questionnaireincluding demographic variables, knowledge, attitude, and practice of teachers regarding ADHDand were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics. The Spearman’s and Kendall’ correlationcoefficient, t‑test, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test were employed, and P < 0.50 was consideredstatistically significant.RESULTS: The findings indicated that 65% of teachers had favorable knowledge toward ADHD, 50%of them had a favorable attitude, and 56% of their practice was desirable. The questionnaire showedthat only their knowledge about ADHD symptoms was desirable, but their knowledge about causeof the disorder and its treatment was not sufficient. There was an inverse relationship between theknowledge, attitude, and practice of teachers with age, and between education and having a child, asignificant direct relationship was discovered. Teachers of public schools compared to private schoolteachers had significantly better knowledge, attitude, and practice.CONCLUSION: Teachers’ knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding ADHD was relatively high.However, it is necessary to educate teachers about etiology and methods of treatment of this disorderand behavior management of these students, especially private school teachers who need moreeducation.

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Comparison of readiness for e‑learning from the perspective of students and professors of Medical Sciences

. Parisa Mokaripour; . Nasrin Shokrpour; . Leila Bazrafkan

Volume 10, Issue 5 , May 2020, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cognitive, psychomotor, and attitudinalreadiness of faculty members and students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cognitive, psychomotor, and attitudinalreadiness of faculty members and students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for usinge‑learning in 2019 in order to move toward the desired future of e‑learning in medical education,promote the benefits of e‑learning in the country, and provide training to each of the research groupsif needed.METHODS: This is a cross‑sectional study conducted in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,Iran, in 2019. The study population consisted of 379 students and 281 professors selected throughthe systematic random sampling in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The e‑learning readinessquestionnaire developed by Zarif Sanaei et al. was used to evaluate the students’ and teachers’viewpoints.RESULTS: The results showed that the average level of skill, knowledge, and attitude among studentsand teachers was positive and higher than the mean (P < 0.05). It had only a significant relationshipin the level of education of the teachers and the marital status of the participants. There was also asignificant interaction between skill, knowledge, and attitude.CONCLUSION: There is a need for successful implementation of e‑learning by creating appropriateinfrastructure, applying the required standards, as well as taking measures to reduce the existingresistance in this regard, which can be achieved through training workshops. The experience ofsuccessful universities in the country and abroad can also be used to implement e‑learning.

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Exploration of mental health problems in association with health‑promoting lifestyle profile in Iranian medical students: A cross‑sectional study

. Nilufar Safaie; . Sara Ketabi; . Naimossadat Kia; . Majid Mirmohammadkhani; . Mohammad Reza Moonesan; . Fatemeh Paknazar

Volume 10, Issue 4 , April 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  OBJECTIVE: The aim was to explore the relationship between mental health problems (MHPs) andhealth‑promoting lifestyle (HPL) in the medical students.METHODS: This cross‑sectional ...  Read More OBJECTIVE: The aim was to explore the relationship between mental health problems (MHPs) andhealth‑promoting lifestyle (HPL) in the medical students.METHODS: This cross‑sectional study was carried out on medical students in 2017 at SemnanUniversity of Medical Sciences applying a stratified random sampling. The Symptom Checklist‑25and the HPL profile scales were used. Logistic regression models were used to analysis.RESULTS: Of the participants, 84 were male and 148 were female. The mean age was22.69 years (±2.42). Most students (95.3%) were single and 40.1% were in the preclinical stage.The mean MHP score was 44.14 (±13.99), and 3% were in the severe category. The mean HPLscore was 104.88  (±16.84); 95.7% and 4.3% of them had average and satisfactory lifestyles,respectively. The MHP score of the female (P < 0.001), younger (P < 0.001), single (P = 0.045),preclinical (P < 0.001), and who were away from home (P  =  0.009) were significantly higher.The HPL score of female (P < 0.001), older (P = 0.041), and married students (P = 0.028) weresignificantly higher. The female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 4.45, P < 0.001) and studying in the clinicallevel (OR = 0.30, P < 0.001) were the most important associated factors with MHP. Adjusting forthem, there was a significant relationship between an increase in the HPL score and a decrease inthe likelihood of MHP (OR = 0.96, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The mental health of medical students was shown to be in association with lifestyleindependent of other important determinants, including gender and academic level. It seems thatmodifying the lifestyle to a healthier way can improve students’ mental health.

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Psychiatry gamification from blended learning models and efficacy of this program on students

. Leili Mosalanejad; . Saeed Abdollahifard; . Tahereh Abdian

Volume 10, Issue 3 , March 2020, , Pages 1-8

Abstract

  BACKGROUND: New gamification technology with a detailed understanding of the goals andprospects, and with the help of game elements and techniques, leads to promotion of motivationand ...  Read More BACKGROUND: New gamification technology with a detailed understanding of the goals andprospects, and with the help of game elements and techniques, leads to promotion of motivationand participation, and ultimately behavior change. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate theimplementation of a mental gamification from blended learning based on the flex model and efficacyof this program on students.METHODS: In this study, with the design of mental illness lessons for undergraduate and executivegroups, using flex model, two parts of technical and educational design were used. In the technicalsection, three parts on dynamics, mechanisms, and elements of gaming were considered. Interventionwas studied on different groups of medical students including medical, health, and laboratorysciences. Effect of this educational program and its impact on their students’ learning, motivation,and satisfaction was studied using quantitative and qualitative analyses.RESULTS: The results of the students’ prospective about the efficacy of the method showed that themean scores of most of the items were higher than the average. This implies that students’ attitudetoward using gamification was positive. In the other part, the qualitative results of the study wereanalyzed and the students’ analysis of their advantages and disadvantages and their perceptionson the impact of the intervention was examined.CONCLUSION: Based on the flex model, mental gamification based on blended learning is effectivein shaping the students’ satisfaction.

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Prioritization of needs among students of University of Medical Sciences: A needs assessment

. Esmaeil Fattahi; . Mahnaz Solhi; . Jaffar Abbas; . Parisa Kasmaei; . Sedighe Rastaghi; . Mahnaz Pouresmaeil; . Arash Ziapour; . Hadi Darvishi Gilan

Volume 10, Issue 3 , March 2020, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: The need assessment is a fundamental part of any planning, and almost byneglecting it, the effectiveness of the programs is impossible. The purpose of this study was theprioritization ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: The need assessment is a fundamental part of any planning, and almost byneglecting it, the effectiveness of the programs is impossible. The purpose of this study was theprioritization of needs among students of the Iran University of Medical Sciences.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The design study was conducted in two parts; in the first part, thedesign of the questionnaire was done by qualitative methods. The questionnaires were extractedby interviewing and obtained acceptable validity and reliability. Moreover, the second part createda questionnaire consisting of four categories: education, welfare, economic, and psychological andsocial. A simple random sampling method was used to select 363 people using the Cochran formula.Finally, 336 people (including 28 people excluded) completed the questionnaire. A questionnairedesigned to collect sample data was used and analyzed using version 23 of SPSS.RESULTS: A total of 336 students (26.77 ± 5.45 years) participated in the study. 123 (36.6%) weremale and 213 (63.4%) were female. Psychological and social needs of students were prioritized,and educational priorities were ranked second. The findings showed that there was no significantstatistical difference between the scores of welfares and psychosocial and educational needs andthe gender of the research units (P > 0.05). However, in the mean of economic needs scores, thereis a significant statistical difference between the marital status of the research units (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: The results of our study in the research units showed that the priority of psychosocialneeds was more than other needs and the educational priority was the next. According to the resultsof this study, we suggest that, in future educational and educational planning, policymakers andplanners should pay attention to psychological and social issues.

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Comparing the effect of “learning based on classic education” and “learning based on participatory education” on nursing students critical thinking: A case–control study

. Ali Reza Salar; . Bahman Fouladi; . Afsane Sarabandi

Volume 10, Issue 2 , February 2020, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Medical education is facing a challenge in meeting society’s demands about theirhealth improvement. Due to this, it seems necessary to educate creative and thoughtful ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Medical education is facing a challenge in meeting society’s demands about theirhealth improvement. Due to this, it seems necessary to educate creative and thoughtful staff forhealth‑care system. By this introduction, this study aimed to compare the effect of “learning based onclassic education” and “learning based on participatory education” on nursing students critical thinking.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty‑eight nursing students participated in this study. Students werechosen by census method and were divided into two groups randomly. The California critical thinkingquestionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 19 by descriptivestatistics and t‑test.RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference between the mean score of critical thinkingbefore and after conducting the “learning based on participatory education” method. Differencebetween mean score was significant between the two groups. This mean score was more increasedin group which “learning based on participatory education” method was conducted.CONCLUSION: The increased score of critical thinking among students with “learning based onparticipatory education” method showed the welcome of students toward new and dynamic methodsof teaching the critical thinking and proved this that critical thinking can be useful in nursing education.

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Formulating a structural model of self‑compassion based on the spiritual intelligence of the students of medical library and information sciences in Iranian Universities of Medical Sciences

. Zarrin Zarrinabadi; . Alireza Isfandyari‑Moghaddam; . Nasrolah Erfani; . Mohsen Ahmadi Tahour Soltani

Volume 10, Issue 2 , February 2020, , Pages 1-7

Abstract

  INTRODUCTION: Effective communication is one of the most important factors in advancing the goalsof library services and the identifying factors affecting it and having a single model ...  Read More INTRODUCTION: Effective communication is one of the most important factors in advancing the goalsof library services and the identifying factors affecting it and having a single model for such factorsare of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of self‑compassionmeasured based on spiritual intelligence (SQ) as factors affecting communication in medical libraryand information science students.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a correlational study done by structural equation modelingmethod. A total of 290 undergraduate and graduate students of Medical Library and InformationSciences of Iran’s Universities of Medical Sciences were selected by simple random sampling. In thisstudy, the data were collected by the Neff’s Self‑Compassion Scale and the King’s Spiritual IntelligenceSelf‑report Inventory. Self‑compassion measured based on SQ was tested by goodness‑of‑fit indices.Statistical analysis was performed using SmartPLS software.RESULTS: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between SQ andself‑compassion. Furthermore, the positive values of predictive indices could confirm theself‑compassion measured based on SQ. Composite reliability indicated the high reliability of SQand self‑compassion.CONCLUSION: According to the fitting indices of the model, it can be concluded that theself‑compassion model has an acceptable fit on the basis of SQ.

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Assessment of school resilience in disasters: A cross‑sectional study

. Samaneh Mirzaei; . Hossein Falahzade; . Leila Mohammadinia; . Khadijeh Nasiriani; . Abbas Ali Dehghani Tafti; . Zohreh Rahaei; . Hamid Reza Amiri

Volume 10, Issue 1 , January 2020, , Pages 1-5

Abstract

  BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: School resilience is defined as risk‑reducing strategies used tocreate a safe environment for students when faced natural disasters. Resilient schools, ...  Read More BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: School resilience is defined as risk‑reducing strategies used tocreate a safe environment for students when faced natural disasters. Resilient schools, in addition totheir educational role, provide a suitable capacity for responding to disasters and rehabilitation afterthe incidence. This study determined the level of disaster resilience of schools in Yazd, central Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a descriptive‑analytic study conducted among 400 schoolsand 367 participants in Yazd, 2018. To collect data, we used the school resilience in disastersquestionnaire (α =0.95 and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.97 [95% confidence interval:0.96–0.98]) containing 48 questions. We also analyzed the gleaned data through the Pearsoncorrelation coefficient, one‑way ANOVA, and independent t‑test.RESULTS: The total score of school disaster resilience was 153.30 ± 29.57. In these schools, thefunction had the highest (47.76 ± 13.96), and safety had the lowest (6.74 ± 3.18) score amongall areas of school disaster resilience. There was a positive significant correlation between totalresilience and areas of function, education, structural, nonstructural, architecture, commute routes,safety, location, and equipment (P < 0.001). Location had the smallest (r = 0.424) and function hadthe greatest (r = 0.854) correlation with total resilience.CONCLUSION: It can help the school management board in assessing the level of resilience of theirschool and determining the priorities for disaster risk reduction. Awareness of the status of resiliencecan help policy‑makers and experts create an effective program for increasing resilience.

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