Journal of Education and Health Promotion

Abstract BACKGROUND: Mothers play an important role in oral health of children. The present study was 
planned, implemented, and evaluated to determine the impact of mothers’ educational program based 
on PRECEDE–PROCEED model on oral health promotion of Rafsanjan 3–6‑year‑old children, in 2020.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 100 mothers with 
children aged 3–6 years divided into two groups. The research tool was developed and approved 
based on the model phases in the form of demographic information, predisposing, enabling, and 
reinforcing factors. At phase five, intervention planning was conducted and the program was 
implemented in four sessions (45 min each) in 30 days. Follow‑up was done 2 months after the last 
training session. The data were analyzed by SPSS18, using Chi‑square, paired t‑test, and independent 
t‑test at the significance level of 0.05.
RESULTS: After implementing the program, a significant difference was observed between 
predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors, as well as oral health‑related behaviors of the two 
groups (P < 0.05). Finally, 30.4% of the changes in oral health‑related behavior resulted from the 
implementation of the designed educational program.
CONCLUSION: Considering the importance of planning to promote children’s oral health and 
hygiene, it is recommended that the PRECEDE–PROCEED model be used to design, implement, 
and evaluate health evidence‑based interventions.

Abstract Introduction: Television (TV) viewing by children may be linked to a range of adverse health
and behavioral outcomes. This study was aimed at examining the relationship between
socioeconomic factors of families and TV watching behavior among 3–5 years old children
in Ardakan, Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: In the cross‑sectional study, mothers of 188
children (93 boys and 95 girls) between 3 and 5 years old completed a researcher‑designed
questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using SPSS, using bivariate correlations and t‑test for
independent samples. Results: The mean of TV viewing was 2.68 ± 1.6 h daily, ranging from
0 to 9 h. There were no statistically significant gender differences on the basis of daily TV
watching. There were positive associations between the children’s daily TV watching and age
as well as children’s daily TV watching and their mothers’ time spent on watching TV. Children
who lived in houses with the yard and could use it as a playground watched less TV than did
the children who lived in houses without the yard. Conclusion: The results suggest that health
care professionals should be aware of the association between different socioeconomic status
aspects of families, such as the children’s and mothers’ time spent on watching TV and having
a yard in the house in an attempt to develop effective strategies and interventions to prevent
excess TV watching.